EARTH

LIFE SCIENCE
 Makati High School
Gen. Luna St., Poblacion Makati City

IGNEOUS ROCKS AND

METAMORPHISM
 Learning Objectives
Learning Competency #6: Describe the physical
and chemical changes in rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature (metamorphism)

Learning Competency #7: Compare and contrast

the formation of the different types of igneous
rocks. S11/12ES-Ic-18
 Learning Objectives
Learning
Competency Unpacked Learning Objective 1:
#6: Describe the
physical and Understand the process of
chemical changes
in rocks due to metamorphism
changes in
pressure and
temperature Unpacked Learning Objective 2:
(metamorphism)
Identify the factors needed for
metamorphic rocks formation
Essential Questions:
1. What are the conditions of
magma that changes the chemical
composition of rocks?
2. What are the effects of
temperature on the resulting type of
a rock?
 Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type
of rock, but have been substantially changed from
their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier
metamorphic form. Metamorphic rocks form when
rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot
mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some
combination of these factors. Conditions like these
are found deep within the Earth or where tectonic
plates meet. Common metamorphic rocks include
phyllite, schist, gneiss, quartzite and marble.
Conditions of magma that changes chemical
composition of rocks
•Temperature
•Pressure
•Silica content
Temperature
As we go down into the earth due to
geothermal gradient (Geothermal
gradient is a term used by geologists to
define that after every 1 km depth there
is an increase in temperature up to 25-30
Degree Centigrade). With increase in
temperature the solid rock masses begin
to vibrate first then bonding between
them breaks and finally they convert into
liquid we see as magma.
Pressure
This is the most important factor in the
formation of magma. As we do down into
the earth, the pressure is increased due
to overlying rocks above but somehow,
due to tectonic uplift or areas where
rocks are displaced from above, the
pressure is removed and due to
decompression melting (sudden release
of pressure) rocks molecules are given
more space and they convert into
magma.
Silica content
This refers to the abundance of silicate minerals in the
magma. It is the silica content that controls the viscosity
of the magma, and hence the nature of the volcanism
that is seen. The low levels of silica mean that Hawaiian
magma has a low viscosity, which explains why we see
lava readily cascading downslope, and being churned
up in the air in great fire fountains.
Effect of temperature on the type of rock
Rocks extend due to the heat and contract
with cold. As the rocks consist of minerals
with different thermal expansion, the rock
extension and contraction differ in different
directions. Temperature changes cause the
stress between mineral grains, resulting in
microfracture formations.
At depth, slow-cooling lava forms coarse-
grained, volcanic rock such as granite. Finer-
grained rock such as basalt occurs when lava
erupts or oozes to the surface and cools quickly.

In metamorphic rocks, intense heat or pressure

change the minerals of volcanic or sedimentary
rocks. Metamorphism can occur at depth or at
Earth’s surface, whenever a sheet of lava flows
over and bakes other rocks.
Uses of common metamorphic rocks
Effects of temperature on the type of rock

extends and contracts

microfracture formations
crystallization
metamorphism
1. Metamorphism is the change that takes place within
a body of rock because of being subjected to
conditions such as heat and pressure.
2. In general, the chemical composition of
metamorphic rocks does not drastically change during
metamorphism.
3. Metamorphic grade pertains to the temperature
and/or pressure condition(s) to which a rock has been
subjected during metamorphism.
4. Foliation is the pervasive planar structure that
results from the nearly parallel alignment
of sheet silicate minerals and/or compositional
and mineralogical layering in the rock.
5. Differential stress is happening when the
pressure applied to a rock at depth is not equal
in all directions.
6. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a
platy or sheet-like structure.
 True or False: Write T if the statement is TRUE
and F if the statement is False.
1. Metamorphism is the change that takes place
within a body of rock because of being subjected
to conditions such as heat and pressure.
2. In general, the chemical composition of
metamorphic rocks does not drastically change
during metamorphism.
3. Metamorphic grade pertains to the
temperature and/or pressure condition(s) to
which a rock has been subjected during
metamorphism.
4. Foliation is the pervasive planar structure
that results from the nearly parallel alignment
of sheet silicate minerals and/or
compositional and mineralogical layering in
the rock.
5. Differential stress is happening
when the pressure applied to a
rock at depth is not equal in all
directions.
6. Non-foliated metamorphic
rocks have a platy or sheet-like
structure.
 Learning Objectives
Learning
Competency Unpacked Learning Objective 1:
#7: Compare and
contrast the Describe the different types of
formation of the igneous rock
different types of
igneous rocks
S11/12ES-Ic-18 Unpacked Learning Objective 2:
Classify the formation of the different
igneous rock according to their types
 ACROSS DOWN
2 the name given to 1 rocks that come from
molten rock from the mantle
volcanos
1
6 a vent extrusive 3 a common intrusive
2 3 igneous rocks igneous rock
8 the common name 4 one of the eight basic
4 5 for magma flowing rock forming minerals
from a volcano
6 7 8 9 igneous rocks that 5 an igneous rock with
form from magma that a low silica content
reaches the surface of that flows easily
9 10 the earth
11 a light colored 7 volcanic glass with
igneous rock with high no crystalline
silica content, structure, breaks with
11 explosive eruptions very sharp edges
12 igneous rocks that 10 a very light igneous
form below the surface rock, honeycombed
12 of the earth and cool volcanic glass
slowly
 1
2 3

4 5
6 7 8

9 10

11

12
Essential Questions:
1. How will you compare and contrast
the different types of igneous rocks?
2. What is the role of magma in igneous
rock formation?
3. How will you differentiate the types of
igneous rocks based on formation and
texture?
 Based on our past lesson, of the three
principal rock types, the igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic, we can
say that igneous rock is the "primary"
rocks because they crystallize and
formed from a liquid. Sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks may be thought of as
derivative rocks.
Formation of different types of
igneous rocks
Extrusive Igneous Rocks (Volcanic Rocks)
Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth
from lava, which is magma that has emerged from
underground.

Intrusive Igneous Rocks (Plutonic Rocks)

Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and
solidifies within the crust of the planet.
 Texture describes the
physical characteristics of
the minerals, such as
grain size. This relates to
the cooling history of the
molten magma from
which it came.
Types of Igneous Rocks According to Texture
1) Aphanitic rock has crystals
that are too fine-grained to be
seen by the naked eye or even
with the help of a hand lens.
Ex. rhyolite and basalt

2) Phaneritic rock has grains that

are coarse enough to be visible to
the eye.
Ex. granite
3) Pegmatitic rock has
crystals are greater than 3
cm due to very slow cooling.
Ex. Pegmatite
4) Vesicular rock contains
tiny holes called vesicles
due to gas bubbles in the
lava or magma. Ex. scoria
5) Porphyritic are rocks
where larger crystals are
embedded in smaller
crystals. Ex. andesite
6) Amygdaloidal is when
vesicles are filled by low-
temperature minerals after
the solidification of magma.
Ex. basalt

7) Pyroclastic is formed from

the consolidation of
individual rock fragments
that are ejected during a
volcanic eruption.
Ex. welded tuff
Types of Igneous Rocks According to Silica Content
Uses of common igneous rocks
 Formation of Igneous
rocks

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Rocks that are formed on the Intrusive Igneous Rocks
surface of the Earth from lava, formed from magma that
which is magma that has cools and solidifies within the
emerged from underground. crust of the planet.
 Aphanitic

Pyroclastic Phaneritic

Types of
Igneous
Rocks based
Amygdaloidal on Texture Pegmatitic

Porphyritic Vesicular
1. Igneous rocks are rocks formed from the
crystallization of molten rock or magma.
2. The temperature and the rate of cooling
affects the texture of the igneous rock.
3. Igneous rock can be classified according
to texture. This are phaneritic, aphanitic,
porphyritic, vesicular and glassy.
4. Igneous rock can also be classified
according to silica content. These are Felsic,
intermediate, mafic and ultramafic.
5. Felsic igneous rock contains more than
56% of silica.
6. Mafic igneous rock contains 45%-55% of
silica.
7. Ultramafic igneous rock contains less than
45% of Silica
 Complete the statement below by supplying the
missing word.
1. The extrusive compositional equivalent of gabbro is
___________.
2. The intrusive compositional equivalent of andesite is
____________.
3. An intrusive igneous rock composed of crystals that
are large enough to see with the naked eye is said to
exhibit a _____________ texture.
4. An extrusive igneous rock composed of
crystals that are so small that you can not
detect them with the naked eye is said to
exhibit a/an _____________ texture.
5. Felsic igneous rock is compost of more
than 65% of ____________.