NATSCI HEHE MAG ARAL KA ANO BA!
spontaneous breakdown of an atomic
Gusto mo maging dra.?
O Gusto mo na humimlay?
Siguro uhm.. ano.. ayusin mo na buhay mo
Okay
SIGE NA PLS!!
Dra. Yiee….
EARTH'S INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES
1. Where does the Magma come from?
-Magma originates in the lower part of the
Earth's crust and in the upper portion of
the mantle. Most of the mantle and crust is
solid, so the presence of magma is crucial to
understanding the geology and morphology
of the mantle.
2. How does the internal structure of
Earth produce magma?
- Transfer of heat often happens at
convergent boundaries, where tectonic
plates are crashing together. As the denser
tectonic plate subducts or sinks below, or
the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock
from below can intrude into the cooler
plate above. This process transfers heat and
creates magma.
3. What can you infer about the Earth’s
internal temperature?
- The Earth's internal heat source provides
the energy for our dynamic planet,
supplying it with the driving force for
plate-tectonic motion, and for ongoing
catastrophic events such as earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions.
EARTH'S INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES
1. Primordial heat of the planet remains
from its early stage - the internal heat
energy accumulated by dissipation in a
planet during its first few million years of
evolution
It has two major components:
• Accretional heat
• Gravitational release
2. Heat from the decay of radioactive
elements - radioactive decay by which the
nucleus causes the release of energy and
matter from the nucleus
Some of the isotopes are:
• Potassium – 40,
• Uranium - 235,
• Uranium – 238
• Thorium – 232
3. Gravitational pressure - a phenomenon
in which gravity, acting on the mass of an
object, compresses it, reducing its size and
increasing the object's density.
4. Dense core material in the center of the
planet - The inner core’s intense pressure
prevents the iron and another minimal
amount of some elements from melting.
The pressure and density are simply too
great for the iron atoms to move into a
liquid state.
WEATHERING
*The on-site breakdown of rock and its
eventual transformation into sediments.
TYPES OF WEATHERING:
 Physical (Mechanical) Weathering –
is the physical breakdown of rock into
sediments without changing its
chemical composition.
 Chemical Weathering – The altering
of rocks as a result of exposure to
different substances.
TYPES OF PHYSICAL WEATHERING:
1. Root Wedging – When plant grows,
its root may cause the rock joints to
break.
2. Frost Wedging – Water inside the
fractures of rock freeze, it will cause
the joints of rocks to expand and
grow, causing the pieces of rocks to
detach.
3. Exfoliation – The process of splitting
rocks into onion-like sheets parallel
to the surface.
4. Abrasion – Wearing down of rocks by
friction, water or wind.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING: The boundary between the crust and the
Mantle – Mohorovicic discontinuity
1. Oxidation – The reaction of rock
minerals with oxygen, changing the Dra. ay naghihintay!
mineral composition of the rock. Philo ay isaisip!
2. Carbonation – Mixing water with Piloto ay isapuso!
carbon dioxide. Occurs on rocks that Luh na-type ehehehe
contain calcium carbonate such as
limestone and chalk.
3. Biological Weathering – When plant,
fungi lichens secrete organic acids
that dissolve minerals.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEATHERING

1. Climate
2. Hardness
3. Surface Area

IMPORTANCE OF WEATHERING TO
HUMAN LIFE?
o Weathering is the initial stage in the
formation of soil It breaks down the
initial rock mass into smaller
fragments thus preparing the rock
material for the formation of the soil.
o Weathering produces other natural
resources such as clay which is used
for making bricks.
o Another significance of weathering is
that weathering weakens rocks
making them easier for people to
exploit for example by mining and
quarrying

Some weathered rocks act as a tourist

attraction

METAMORPHISM
- Is the process that changes
preexisting rocks into new forms
because of increases in temperature,
pressure, and chemically active fluids.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF
METAMORPHISM
1. Temperature – The heat affects the
rock’s chemical composition
mineralogy and texture. Ex. Shale
become buried in the rock and will
begin to recrystallize and form new
minerals, such as micas in slate. With
additional burial, at greater depth,
where the temperature is higher,
begin to transform into a new
mineral garnet in Schist.
*Geothermal Gradient – Rate at which
temperature increases with depth in the
Earth’s crust.
2. Pressure – It changes the
composition, mineralogy, and texture
of rocks. Pressure is different in
various tectonic settings, similar to
temperature. Ex. Metamorphism in
the subduction zone is characterized
by high-pressure metamorphism. In
contrast, the collision zone between
two continental crusts is marked by
moderate-pressure metamorphism.
2 TYPES OF PRESSURE KNOWN ALSO AS
STRESSES
A. Confining Pressure – or vertical stress
is the pressure or stress exerted on
the rock by the weight of overlying
material such as in burial
metamorphism.
B. Directed or Differential pressure –
Imposed by a force in a particular
direction. Differential Pressure is
dominant at convergent boundaries
where plates move towards each
other and collide thus exerting force
and causing rocks to deform.
Foliation – A set of flat or wavy parallel
cleavage planes produced by deformation
under directed pressures. In the figure
below, the effect of compression due to
pressure, aligned the minerals as they
recrystallize during metamorphism.
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
1. Regional Metamorphism – Both high
temperature and high pressure are
imposed to large parts of the crust.
Most regional metamorphism occurs
within the continental crust.
2. Contact Metamorphism – Prominent
in areas where surrounding rocks are
exposed to heat coming from magma
intrusion within the layers of the
rocks. Marble, quartzite and other
granoblastic rocks with large visible
crystals of minerals maybe formed
through contact metamorphism.
OTHER TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
 Shock Metamorphism – This takes
place when the heat and shock waves
from a meteor or asteroid impact
transform rocks immediately around
the impact site. Ex. The
transformation of mineral graphite
into ultra-high-pressure polymorphs
diamond and conversion of quartz
minerals into coesite under high
shock pressures.
 Burial Metamorphism – Occurs at
lower temperature and pressure
which transform sedimentary rocks
that had undergone diagenesis into
low grade metamorphic rocks
through relatively low temperature
and pressure. Partial alteration of the
mineralogy and texture may occur
while other sedimentary structures
are usually preserved.
 High-pressure Metamorphism –
Occurs at subduction zones, between
two converging plates. Metamorphic
rocks created through these
processes are rarely found on the
earth surface as they were formed in
such a great depth.
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES: PLUTONISM AND
VOLCANISM
WHAT IS MAGMA?
 Magma is a combination of molten rocks,
And gases of the Earth’s mantle and cores,
Temperature ranges from 500-1200 degree
Celsius,
And mainly comprised of alkaline salts.
Magma varies widely in composition,
But in general, only 8 elements are on,
Namely oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron
Potassium, sodium, magnesium, and
calcium.
The most abundant element in magma is
oxygen,
Which comprises a little less than half of the
total,
And over one-quarter, followed by silicon,
The other one-quarter are for other
elements in all.
Vast amount of heat causes magma’s
temperature to rise,
In that case, melting point may reach for
some minerals,
But pressure also plays an important role as
well,
For materials to melt partially this way.
Magma’s properties and composition,
Are truly impressive and awesome,
But what happens after it was formed?
That’s a question, I want to be informed.
Endogenic Process - a geological process
that was formed, originated and located
below the surface of the earth. It involves
geologic activities such as tectonic
movements, metamorphism, seismic
activities, and magmatism.
HOW IS MAGMA FORMED?
- Magma forms from the partial
melting of mantle rocks.
- Rocks undergo partial melting
because the minerals that compose
them melt at different temperatures.
Partial melting takes place because
rocks are not pure materials.
Two main mechanisms through which
rocks melt:
1. Decompression Melting - This takes
place within Earth when a body of
rock is held at approximately the
same temperature but the pressure is
reduced. This happens because the
rock is being moved toward the
surface, either at a mantle plume
(a.k.a., hot spot), or in the upwelling
part of a mantle convection cell.
2. Flux Melting – Happens if a rock is
close to its melting point and some
water or carbon dioxide is added to
the rock, the melting temperature is
reduced and partial melting starts.
What happens after magma is formed?
1. Intrusion – is magma that moves up
into a volcano without erupting. Like
a balloon, this causes the volcano
grows on the inside.
Plutonism – refers to all sorts of igneous
geological activities taking place below the
Earth’s surface. In cases where magma
infiltrates the Earth’s crust but fails to make
it to the surface, the process of magma
differentiation gives birth to ideal
conditions for metallogenesis and that is a
kind of Plutonism.
Plutonites – are igneous rocks formation
that created when the process of
crystallization and solidification of magma
takes place below the Earth’s surface and
particularly in the crust.
2. Extrusion – is an eruption of
magmatic materials that causes land
formation on the surface of the Earth.
Magma that came out to the surface
of the earth is called the eruption.
Magma that came to the surface of
the earth is called lava.
Volcanism – is used to describe all
geological phenomena that occur on the
natural terrestrial surface, such as the
creation of volcanoes and hot springs. It
refers to all sorts of geological activities
correlated with the flow and transportation
of igneous material from the planet’s
interior towards the natural terrestrial
surface.
Volcanites – are composed of gray, dull pink
colored trakibasaltic lava with large
phenocrystal and pyroclastic.
CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS:
ROCK BEHAVIORS UNDER STRESS
(sana ol maraming types ang stress)
Ako lutang lang everyday eh…
Stress – The force per unit area that is
placed on a rock.
1. Tensional Stress – Causes rocks to be
pulled apart resulting to lengthening
and breaking apart. This type of
stress can be found at divergent plate
boundaries.
2. Compressional Stress – Causes rocks
to fold or fracture. It squeezes rocks
together. Compression is the most
common type of stress in convergent
plate boundaries.
3. Shear Stress – This happens when
forces slide past each other in the
opposite direction which results in
slippage and translation. This is the
most common stress found in
transform plate boundaries.
while the hanging wall is below the
fault.
1. Normal Faults – are the most
common faults at divergent
boundaries. In relation to the
footwall, it develops as the hanging
wall drops down. East African Rift is
one of the examples of this types of
fault.
2. Reverse Faults – This type of faults is
the most common at the convergent
boundaries. It forms when the
hanging wall moves up. It creates the
world’s highest mountain ranges such
as Himalayas Mountain and Rocky
Mountains.
3. Strike slip Faults – This types of faults
formed when the walls move
sideways. It is mostly common on
transform plate boundaries. The most
popular example of this type is San
Andreas fault.

GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES:
1. Folds – are formed when rocks
experienced compressive stress and
deformed plastically. It causes the
bending of rocks.

THREE TYPES OF FOLDS

 Monocline – is a simple bend in
the rock layers where the oldest
rocks are at the bottom and the
youngest are at the top.
 Anticline – is a fold that arches
upward where the oldest rocks are
found at the center of an anticline.
 Syncline – is a fold that bends
downward which rocks are curved
down to a center.

2. Faults – A rock under ample stress

can crack, or fracture. A fracture is
called a joint because there is a block
of rock left standing on either side of
a fracture line. The footwall is the
rock that places on top of the fault,