Rocks

Ø natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals.

Ø an aggregate of mineral grains.

Monomineralic
Ø contain only one mineral species.
Polymineralic
Ø contains two or more minerals.
Petrology
Ø study of rocks.
Petrologist/Geologist
Ø a person who studies rocks.
Classification of Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks

Igneous Rocks
Ø does not include any fossil deposits
Ø Include more thanone mineral deposit
Ø Glassy or Coarse
Ø do not react with acids
Ø patches with different size
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Ø which crystallized before magma reach the Earth’s surface.
Ø before magma; glassy, smooth, and only one color.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Ø from layers of lava that were solidified.
Ø after magma; large grain ang rough.

Types of Igneous Rocks

- Andesite - Pegmatite
- Basalt - Peridotite
- Diorite - Pumice
- Gabbro - Tuff
- Granite - Obsidian

Sedimentary Rocks
Ø formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface.
Ø Accumulate in low-lying areas.
Ø Characteristics: STRATA (layers), VOLCANIC ROCK(tuff), Dry
Ø Fossils are found in sedimentary rock
Types of Sedimentary Rocks

- Glacial Conglomerate - Sandstone

- Shale - Chalk
- Shelly Limestone - Anthracite
- Banded Iron

Metamorphic Rocks
Ø transformed by pressure, heat, or the intrusion of fluids.
Ø heat may come from nearby magma or hot water.
Ø Subduction - when tectonic forces draw rocks deep the Earth's surface.
Metamorphism
Ø is a process of mineral assemblage and texture variation
Ø It can be REGIONAL, CONTACT, DYNAMIC and METASOMATIC.
Regional Metamorphism
Ø There will be certain region usually results in the formation of rocks that are strongly foliated, such
as slates, schists, and gneisses.
Ø Contact- typically occurs around intrusive igneous rocks
Dynamic Metamorphism
Ø pressure is the only cause of rock alteration.
Ø minerals in the altered rocks do not change chemically.
Ø extreme pressures associated with mountain building can cause this type of metamorphism.
Metasomatic Metamorphism
Ø involves chemical replacement of elements in rock minerals when gases and liquid permeated
into bedrock.

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

- Quartzite - Gneiss
- Slate - Schist
- Marble - Serpentinite

Exogenic Processes
Ø that take place at or near the Earth’s surface that makes the surface wear away.
Ø are very destructive, they are responsible for degradation and sculpting the earth’s surface.
Ø operate on or close to the surface of the Earth and which involve weathering, mass movement,
fluvial, aeolian, glacial, periglacial, and coastal processes.
Weathering – large pieces of rock are broken down into sediments.
– Mechanical Weathering and Chemical Weathering
Erosion – sediments are move to a new location.
Deposition – sediments are dropped in a new location.
Earth’s Internal Heat and Magmatism

Ø Radiogenic Heat
Ø Primordial Heat
Ø Earth’s Interior (Mantle)
Ø Magma
Ø Magmatism
Ø Partial Melting

Earth’s Layer

Crust
Ø thinnest layer
Mantle
Ø largest layer with estimated 1800 miles thick
Ø composed of very hot dense rock called magma, because of high temperatures with the Mantle, the
rock is kept in a semi-liquefied state.
Outer Core
Ø liquefied metals such as nickel and iron.
Ø kept liquefied because of the immense heat in this layer.

Inner Core
Ø also composed of metals but not kept liquefied.
Ø temperature and pressure at dept are so great that the metals are squeezed tightly together restricting
movement, that the particles have to vibrated in place almost like a solid structure.
Heat Energy
Ø plays a vital role in our planet.
Ø one of the extreme factors in what makes the world livable.
Heat
Ø result of the movement of tiny particles called ATOMS, MOLECULES or IONS in solid, liquid,
and gases.
Ø
Sources of Earth’s Internal Heat
Primordial Heat
Ø internal heat energy accumulated by dissipation in a planet during its first few million yrs.
Ø is the heat lost by the Earth as it continues to cool from its original formation
Ø heat flows from the earth to the space through RADIATION.
Accretional Energy – deposited during the early formation of a planet.

The Heat is constantly lost to the outer silicate layers of the mantle and crust of the earth through
Convection and Conduction.

Radiogenic Heat
Ø thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration of natural radioactive
element inside the planet like Uranium (232,238), Thorium (235) and Potassium (40).
Ø exist everywhere on earth in fairly significant concentration.
Process of Heat Transfer

Conduction
Ø directs the thermal settings in almost entire solid portions of the earth and plays a very important role
in the lithosphere.
Ø process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or
molecules.
Ø falls directly to the earth’s surface.

Convection
Ø transfer heat by the movement of mass.
Ø it is more effective mode of heat transport in the earth than pure conduction.
Ø dominates the thermal conditions in zones with significant amounts of fluids [molten rocks] and thus
governs the heat transport in the fluid outer core and the mantle.
Ø warm air rises
Convection
Ø the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid between areas of different temperature.
Radiation
Ø process of heat exchanges between Sun and the Earth.
Ø responsible for controlling the temperatures of the Earth’s surface.
Magma
Ø molten semi-liquid hot molten rocks located beneath the surface of the earth, specifically in the
melted mantle rock and oceanic plate.
Ø temp ranges between 700℃ to 1300℃
Magmatism
Ø process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of magma occur.
Asthenosphere
Ø happen in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle.
Partial Melting
Ø different minerals in rock melt at different temperature and pressure.
Ø occur in the lower crust and mantle.

Melting Point
Ø temperature at which a given solid melt.

1. Increase in Temperature – hot molten rocks → heat → cold crust

– partial melting

2. Decrease of Temperature – mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure.

Decompression Melting

3. Addition of Volatiles – rock is already close to its melting point, the effect of adding these
volatiles can be enough to trigger partial melting. It occurs around Subduction Zones.

Ø Volatiles - substance with low boiling point

Ø Flux Melting - adding of impurities like water and gas to lower the melting point of rocks.