 Study of the interior of the earth is done by Geologist.

This study is based on

 density of materials and
 behaviour of earthquake waves

 temperature inside the earth increase with the increase in depth. Temperature at centre is about 5000°C. So it is
not possible to access at interior of the earth.
 Earth behaves like a solid body up to 2900 km from the surface

Structure of the earth

Earth is divided into 3 concentric layers- crust, mantle and core (Arrangement like onion)

CRUST / lithosphere (Outermost layer)

1. Solid but thin layer

2. Av Density- 3g /CC
3. Made of Rock, soil & Minerals (most of the Minerals found here) – details given below

Crust have 2 Parts:-

Continental crust Oceanic crust

upper part off crust lower part off crust
35 km thick 5 km thick
Called- Sial (Made of- Si+Al )** Called- Sima (Made of- Si+Ma)**

**{ Si- Silica, Al- Aluminium, Ma-magnesium}

MANTLE (Between crust and core)

1. 2900 kilometre thick layer (beneath the crust )

2. Av Density- 3.5g to 5.5g /CC
3. Made up of heavy material like Ma and Iron.
4. Temperature is very high & magma found here.

CORE /Barysphere (Below mantle)

1. Av R= 3500 Km
2. Av Density- 5g to 13g /CC
3. Made up of heavy material like Nickle and Iron (also called- Nife – Ni +Fe)
4. Temperature - 2200°C to 5000°C

Material of the earth crust

Rock: -
 Obtained from earth crust
 They include both hard materials (granite, marble) and soft & loose material ( chalk, clay sand, salt )
Minerals: -
 Solid substances which occur naturally in the rock
 Have definite chemical composition
Ore:-
 A rock in which a mineral is found in a large percentage is called ore of that material.
 In mining area ore are mostly found.
 Types of rocks
3 major type of rocks

Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic

 Igneous Rock ( ‘Ignis’ -Means Fire in Latin)-

 They are formed when magma cools down and solidifies (Associated with volcanic eruption.)
 Known as primary rocks as they formed first.
 Hard & Compact
 Do not occur indistinct beds or strata
 Don't have remains of animals or plants
 Don't allow water to percolate through them
 Other types of rocks are formed from them
 Valuable minerals found in this rock (Ex- Iron, gold, silver and Al)
They are 2 types

Intrusive igneous rocks Extrusive igneous rocks

Rocks that cool below the surface of the
earth
crystals are large because rate of cooling
is slow inside the earth.
Ex- Granite, Dolerite
Rocks that cool on the surface of the
earth
crystals are fine grained due to rapid
cooling.
Ex- Basalt (* Deccan Plateau made up of
Basalt Rock)

Sedimentary rock (75% of total land area)

 Formed due to deposition of broken rock fragments in layers

 Formed either by-
 Mechanically (sand stone) ,
 chemically (salt)
 organically (coal)
 Softer than igneous rock
 Have horizontal layers arranged one above the other
 Mostly formed underwater and have marks of waves and mud cracks
 Contain remains of animals and plants between the layers called- Fossils
 Ex- sandstone, limestone, coal, ##Gems

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

 They are Igneous or sedimentary rocks which have been changed due to excessive heat and pressure inside the
earth. (excessive heat and pressure Change the original properties like colour, hardness, texture and mineral
composition
 Metamorphisms take hundreds of years
 Remain in their original position after changes.
 Very hard have high specific gravity
 Don't have any empty space in them.
 Example: -
 Limestone to Marble
 Shell to Slate
 Granite to Gneiss
 Sandstone to Quartzite.
Use of Rocks-

 Making Tools weapons by ancient people

 Used for roads, house and building construction
 Minerals like coal and petroleum used for source of power
 Soil formed from rock
 Chemicals found in some sedimentary rock used for making fertilizers

Rock cycle

The change of one type of rock into another in a cyclic manner is known as rock cycle.

Hot and molten magma form igneous rock by cooling

Igneous rock exposed to weathering and erosion on the earth’s surface

Rock fragments when transported and deposited in basins, form sedimentary rocks

Leftover Igneous and newly formed sedimentary rocks changed into metamorphic rock due to excessive heat and pressure
inside the earth

Sedimentary and Metamorphic rock buried, and it again melt to form magma

Magma again cool down and form igneous rocks