AJECTIVE CLAUSE

 It is a kind of Dependent clause that describes a noun or

pronoun.
 Adjective clause functions the same as adjective.
 It is introduced by the three things below:
1- Relative Pronouns: (Who, whom, which, that)
2- Relative Adjective: (Whose)
3- Relative Adverbs: (When, where, why, how)
 Examples of Adjective Clause.
The person who taught you was my brother.
The man who gave you money went to India.
The woman who cooked the food was her sister.
The students who graduated from school were from Kabul.
I saw the boy who got the first position.
They awarded the girl who won the competition.
The worker whom we selected will come tomorrow.
The man whom I guided had lost his way.
I went there with the person whom you work with.
The question which he solved was very hard.
The book in which we believe is the holy Quran.
The car which Ahmad bought is very expensive.
Computer is a machine which can ease our work.
He bought a bike which had four tyres.
He brought a smartphone which helped us a lot.
It is the time when we perform prayer.
Friday is the day when our class is off.
Kabul is the place where I lived before.
I talked about the institute where I learnt English.
I bought a taxi whose price is $2000.
He helped the children whose parents died.
We hired the people whose economy was weak.

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 ADVERB CLAUSE
 It is a kind of Dependent clause that functions as an adverb.
 Adverb clause shows when, where, why, how and for what
purpose an action happens.
 It cannot be used alone i.e. without independent clause.
 It is introduced by Subordinating Conjunctions: (When,
before, where, anywhere, because, since, to, in order to, as,
as if, whereas, although, so … that, such … that, if, etc.)
 Examples of Adverb Clause.
When he learnt English, he went abroad.
I played Cricket until the meal was ready.
Wherever he plays, he wins matches.
He taught anywhere he hoped to teach.
Since he was poor, he could not continue his studies.
They seem very sad seeing that they lost the match.
In order to earn more money, Asad works for 12 hours.
He stays in the city so that he can find a job.
They designed the building as he wanted.
He consoles me as if he is my father.
Although he is intelligent, his brother is lazy.
We won three matches whereas they won only one.
She studied so hard that she got the first position.
He is such a lazy student that he only passed two exams.
If you practice a lot, you will learn better.
I would help him if he informed me.
If they had gone home, they would not have seen us.
If they see you here, you get arrested.
If you squeeze lemon, water comes out of it.
If you don’t eat, you die.
The weather gets hot if it does not rain.
They win the competition if he comes to it.

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 MIXED CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:
 It is a kind of Conditional Adverb clause that is used in six
different cases for expressing different conditions.
 It has got six structures which are as follows.
Action Result
1- Past – Present: (past - present time expressions)
Str: If+Past perfect tense+,+sub+would+V1+obj/com.
 It shows the present result of a past action/state.
If he had gone to Kabul yesterday, he would have a job now.
2- Past – Future: (past - future time expressions)
Str: If+Past perfect tense+,+sub+would+be+V+ing+obj/com.
 It shows the future result of a past action/state.
If you had not missed the lessons last week, you would be
passing the exam tomorrow.
3- Present – Past: (present - past time expressions)
Str: If+Simple past tense+,+sub+would+have+V3+obj/com.
 It shows the past result of a present action/state.
If she were clever, she would not have wasted all her money.
4- Present – Future: (present - future time expressions)
Str: If+Simple past tense+,+sub+would+V1+obj/com.
 It shows the future result of a present action/state.
If we were not sick, we would go to a restaurant in the
evening.
5- Future – Past: (future - past time expressions)
Str: If+Simple past/past continuous tense+,+sub+would+have
+V3+ obj/com.
 It shows the past result of a future action/state.
If I did not have exams next week, I would have gone to
Kabul yesterday.
6- Future – Present: (future - present time expressions)
Str: If+Simple past/past continuous tense+,+sub+would+V1+
obj/com.
 It shows the present result of a future action/state.
If he did not marry tomorrow, he would not be happy now.

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 NOUN CLAUSE
 It is a kind of Dependent clause that functions the same as a
noun.
 Noun clause fills the same slot a noun fills in a sentence
 It is made from:
1- A Statement: (They will go abroad next month.)
2- A Yes/No question: (Does he come on time?)
3- A W-h question: (Why does he come late?)

1- From a Statement: Noun clause which is made from a

statement is introduced by (That).
 It is used as the subject, object of a sentence, as the
complement of BE and after (It).

 Examples of Noun Clause beginning with (That):

That he missed the bus was his own mistake.
That they failed the test made us sad.
That he won the competition was a great success.
We believe that Islam is the only accurate religion.
He doesn’t know that Asad has gone abroad.
Ahmad said that she is intelligent.
My opinion is that they will not join the party.
The problem was that we didn’t have money.
His weakness is that he can’t speak English.
It is true that Zakir Naik is the best preacher.
It is clear to everyone that math is hard.
It was enough that he came and attended your wedding party.

2- From a Yes/no question: Noun clause which is made

from a yes/no question is introduced by (Whether …. Or not)
and (If …. Or not).
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  It is used as the subject, object of a sentence, as the object of
preposition and complement of BE.

 Examples of Noun Clause beginning with

(Whether….Or not) and (If….Or not).
Whether he goes to school or not is his own merit/demerit.
Whether Ghani came to Kbl or not is a secret.
Whether or not he gave them money is still unknown.
We haven’t decided whether we will go abroad or not.
I asked him if he comes here or not.
He doesn’t know whether they passed the test or not.
Ahmad didn’t tell me about whether he went there or not.
Dr. Naik gave a speech on if music is permissible or not.
The question is whether he is intelligent or not.
The point is whether he will teach us or not.
His doubt is whether they stole the money or not.

3- From a W-h question: Noun clause which is made from a

w-h question is introduced by the same (w-h word).
 It is used as the subject, object of a sentence, as the object of
preposition and complement of BE.

Examples of Noun Clause beginning with (W-h word):

When they left school is unknown.
Why he is coming here is a secret.
Where Ahmad wants to go is not clear.
I know how to use computer.
He doesn’t remember who broke the chair.
The video was about how we can speak fast.
There was enough food for whom we invited.
The question is not related to what we talk about.
The question is why you make absentees.
The point is where we will meet them.

5|Page| By: Mohammad Anas Wisal