Haramaya University

Research Proposal, Thesis and Dissertation

Writing Manual
Second Edition

October, 2011
Haramaya, Ethiopia
 Manual Authors

First Edition (2004) by:

Dr. Fekadu Lemessa
Dr. Chemeda Fininsa
Dr. Fekadu Yohannes
Dr. Heluf Gebrekidan
Dr. Teressa Adugna
Dr. D. Sundaraa Rajan

Second Edition (2011) by:

Dr. Amare Ayalew, Primary Author
Dr. Thomas Syre, Primary Author
Mr. Jeylan Woliye
Dr. D. Sundaraa Rajan
Dr. Yohannes Petros
Dr. Getachew Animut

Copyright © Haramaya University, 2011

ii
 Table of Contents

Preface ................................................................................................... v
Forward ................................................................................................. vi

Part 1. Style and Formatting ................................................................ 1

A. Font ........................................................................................................... 1
B. Margins ..................................................................................................... 1
C. Headings and Subheadings ........................................................................ 1
D. Line Spacing and Paragraph Format .......................................................... 2
E. Page Numbering and Set Up ...................................................................... 2
F. Tables and Figures..................................................................................... 3
G. Other Style and Formatting Issues ............................................................. 3

Part 2. Research Proposal Writing ....................................................... 5

A. Introduction ............................................................................................... 5
B. Contents of the Research Proposal ............................................................. 5
1. Cover Page ................................................................................................ 6
2. Acknowledgements (optional) ................................................................... 6
3. Abbreviations and Acronyms..................................................................... 6
4. Table of Contents ...................................................................................... 6
5. List of Tables (if any) ................................................................................ 7
6. List of Figures (if any) ............................................................................... 7
7. Summary (optional) ................................................................................... 7
8. Introduction ............................................................................................... 7
9. Literature Review ...................................................................................... 8
10. Materials and Methods .............................................................................. 8
11. Plan of Activities .....................................................................................10
12. Budget .....................................................................................................10
13. References ...............................................................................................11
14. Appendix (if any) .....................................................................................11
15. Approval Sheet .........................................................................................11

Part 3. Thesis or Dissertation Writing ............................................... 12

A. Two Writing Options for the Ph.D. Dissertation .......................................12

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 B. General Structure of the Thesis or Dissertation .........................................13
C. Preliminary Sections .................................................................................14
1. The Cover Page ........................................................................................14
2. Title Page .................................................................................................14
3. Approval Sheet .........................................................................................14
4. Dedication (if any) ....................................................................................14
5. Statement of the Author ............................................................................15
6. Biographical Sketch..................................................................................15
7. Acknowledgements ..................................................................................15
8. Acronyms and Abbreviations....................................................................15
9. Table of Contents .....................................................................................16
10. List of Tables ...........................................................................................16
11. List of Figures..........................................................................................16
12. List of Tables in the Appendix .................................................................16
13. List of Figures in the Appendix ................................................................16
14. Abstract ....................................................................................................16
D. Narrative of the Thesis or Dissertation ......................................................17
1. Introduction ..............................................................................................17
2. Literature Review .....................................................................................17
3. Materials and Methods .............................................................................17
4. Results and Discussion .............................................................................18
5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations .........................................19
6. References ................................................................................................20
7. Appendix ..................................................................................................21

Part 4. Reference Citation Style ......................................................... 22

A. In-text Citations ........................................................................................22
B. Reference Listing in Reference Chapter ....................................................24

Part 5. Sample Pages........................................................................... 29

Author's Checklist...48

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Preface
Haramaya University President
It is a pleasure to write the preface for this updated manual for the School of Graduate
Studies, our graduate students and staff members at Haramaya University. It has been
long awaited since the manual was first published in 2004.

There was a real need for this updated manual. The university has grown significantly
since the publication of the last manual. We have become a major and comprehensive
university in Ethiopia with many new colleges, and master’s and doctoral programs.
This updated manual reflects our growth and academic diversity. The manual brings
uniformity and standardization across the university and its campuses for formatting
and style of research proposals, theses and dissertations.

Under the direction of Dr. Tena Alamirew, former Academic Vice President
Haramaya University, a committee was formed to conduct this writing activity in
2010. With the chairmanship of Dr. Amare Ayalew and membership of Dr. Thomas
Syre, Dr. D. Sundaraa Rajan, Ato Jeylan Woliye, Dr. Getachew Animut and Dr.
Yohannes Petros, the committee worked on the rewriting of the manual over the past
year. They took into consideration all of the graduate programs at Haramaya
University.

A draft of the revised manual was distributed throughout the university and to all
university staff members and they were provided an opportunity to critique and
recommend changes to the draft. These recommendations for changes were forwarded
to the committee and the revisions were considered and completed.

I take this opportunity to thank Dr. Tena Alamirew our former Academic Vice
President, for forming this committee. I thank Dr. Yoseph Mekasha, Dean of the
School of Graduate Studies, for his support of the committee. I thank each member of
the committee for his sincere and dedicated work in the preparation of the revised
manual.

I am confident that this manual will provide the necessary guidance in writing
proposals, theses and dissertations at Haramaya University.

Regards,

Professor Belay Kassa (Ph.D.)

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Forward
Dean of the School of Graduate Studies and
Acting Academic Vice President

For a university graduate school to be successful in educating scholars for the future
in Ethiopia, it must provide clear guidelines in the scholarly research and writing
activities of its graduate students. This manual does precisely that for research
proposals, theses and dissertations at Haramaya University.

The 2011 manual has been updated and revised from the last manual. Rather than
considering a number of different formats for the varied academic disciplines, we now
have a single format to accommodate all of the academic disciplines. This manual
presents the format and style and provides guidance to graduate students and advising
staff members about what the research proposal, thesis and dissertation should include
and what it should look like from the cover page to the last page of the document
regardless of academic discipline.

The Manual Revision Committee made an effort to recognize the variety of the
university academic disciplines. While the last manual may have favored agriculture,
this manual is greatly expanded in scope. It accommodates, for example, the social
sciences, education, the humanities, computing and informatics, continuing and
distance education, business and economics, veterinary medicine, and health and
medical sciences among many other academic disciplines that are now an important
part of our many graduate programs at Haramaya University.

This new manual also emphasizes the importance of bringing our documented
research and writing up to date. With the fast pace of research in Ethiopia and
globally, citations and references in the 1980s and 1990s are fast becoming a thing of
the past. With the benefit of the internet, we now have a global library at our
fingertips as the resources along with our fine university libraries. There is now no
reason for in-text citations and references to be older than ten years. Graduate students
are strongly encouraged to see the new opportunities afforded by new technology and
for an enhanced commitment to current research.

Research designs and research methodologies are quickly becoming more and more
sophisticated for research proposals, theses and dissertations globally. It is my sincere
hope that our graduate students will recognize these innovations and embrace them in
their preliminary work in the creation of their research projects.

It is my sincere hope that students and staff members will study this manual and
embrace the revised format and style. With the guidance of their advisors, this
manual will assist and direct graduate students in the preparation of commendable and
scholarly research proposals, theses and dissertations at Haramaya University.

Regards,

Yoseph Mekasha (Dr.)

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Part 1. Style and Formatting

Scientific writing requires consistency in style and format in research proposals, theses and
dissertations. Certain rules are followed consistently throughout these documents. These
rules are presented below.

A. Font

Times New Roman font is required throughout the documents. There should be no
variation in the type of font used throughout the research proposal, thesis or dissertation.
The cover page of the thesis or dissertation proposal is presented in 14 point font size. The
thesis or dissertation will also have an additional title page where 14 point font size shall
be used. The text in the cover page and title page in the thesis and dissertation will be in
bold face font. The first level headings in the research proposal, thesis or dissertation will
be in 14 point font size. Aside from this variation in font size, all of the narrative in the
research proposals, theses and dissertations are in 12 point font size.

B. Margins

A margin of 3.0 cm on the left is for binding. A margin of 2.5 cm each on the right, top and
bottom of the page is required. The same margins should be applied to all pages including
those of the figures and tables.

C. Headings and Subheadings

Each of the titles of the preliminary sections and the chapters of the narrative should be
written in bold upper case letters and be centered.

The chapter headings of the narrative must be numbered with Arabic numerals starting
from 1 for the Introduction and ending with 7 or 8 for the Appendix. The Arabic numerals
shall be followed by a period, a space and the title of the chapter without the word
“chapter.” Note that the titles of the preliminary sections are not numbered.

The second level headings, i.e. subheadings, are numbered consecutively with Arabic
numerals in an outline numbering system (e.g., 1.1., 1.2., etc. for subheadings of Chapter 1;
2.1., 2.2., etc. for Chapter 2; etc.). Likewise, the outline numbering system will be used for

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lower level headings (e.g. 1.1.1., 1.1.2., etc. for subheadings under 1.1.; 2.1.1., 2.1.2., etc.
for those under 2.1.1.; 1.1.1.1., 1.1.1.2., etc. for subheadings under 1.1.1; and 2.1.1.1.,
2.1.1.2, etc. under 2.1.1.; etc.).

To have a numbered subheading, there ought to be at least two subheadings discussed

under the higher level heading. It is unacceptable to number headings as 1.1., 1.1.1.,
1.1.1.1. etc. unless there is at least one heading to be numbered as 1.2., 1.1.2., 1.1.1.2., etc.,
respectively.

Second level headings are written in bold title case letters, i.e. the first letter of each major
word of the headings is written in upper case letters. All remaining lower level headings
are written in sentence case, i.e. only the first letter of the heading will be in upper case
unless required by grammatical or nomenclature rules.

Second level headings and lower level headings should be flush left. An extra line should
separate the headings from the narrative. No headings, subheadings or captions of tables or
figures are underlined.

D. Line Spacing and Paragraph Format

The line spacing for all of the narrative is 1.5 although single line spacing is to be applied
to captions of tables and figures. An extra line (1.5 spacing) is kept between paragraphs
above and below all headings, sub-headings and captions. All paragraphs should be in
block paragraph format.

E. Page Numbering and Set Up

Each component of the preliminary section, each chapter of the narrative, the References
chapter and the Appendix must start on a new page. As a rule, each component of the
preliminary section should be short and not exceed one page. Exceptions to the latter may
be for the Table of Contents, Acronyms and Abbreviations and the List of Tables and List
of Figures.

Except for the cover page, every page of the thesis or dissertation is assigned a page
number. The use of two different types of page numbering is recommended. Small Roman

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numerals such as ii, iii, etc. are used for the preliminary section from the title page to the
page preceding the Introduction. However, a page number should not appear on the title
page and the subsequent page will be numbered with ii. Arabic numerals such as 1, 2, 3,
etc. are used from the first page of the Introduction to the last page of the Appendix. Page
numbers are centered at the bottom of the page. Page numbers will not include periods or
dashes.

F. Tables and Figures

Students should decide the most appropriate way to present their data. They should not use
tables and figures for the same data discussed in the narrative. Tables and figures should be
single line spaced. Borders are required above and below the column headings and below
the last row of the table. Tables and figures should be logically placed in the narrative of
the thesis or dissertation and should be as close as possible to the results narrative where
those tables and figures are first cited.

The headings within the Tables and Figures can be bolded. Tables and figures should be
consistent in format throughout the document. Tables and Figures which are more than one
page in length are strongly discouraged. Also, the author is responsible for checking
computational correctness in the tables and figures. In addition, the numerical values cited
in the narrative should match those in the tables. Significance levels should be indicated by
the use of an asterisk.

All tables and figures should have a clear and concise caption. Table notes may be used to
describe the contents of the caption or column headings cross-referenced using super-
scripted numbers. For ease in readability, landscaping of tables and figures is encouraged
as necessary. Empty space between the tables and figures and the narrative should not
exceed two double spaces. Tables and figures should be clearly presented and self-
explanatory. The reader should be able to understand them without reading the narrative of
the results.

G. Other Style and Formatting Issues

 Where required, scientific names in any part of the research proposal, thesis or
dissertation should be written in italic font with the genus name starting with a capital

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 letter. The species epithet will appear in a small letter. Similarly, no English language
terminology such as words, nouns, or pronouns shall be italicized.
 All measurements should be given in metric units.
 Only the Ethiopian Birr (ETB) shall be used for budget currency discussions.
 Complicated, long or awkward sentences should be avoided.
 Correct grammatical rules should be followed.
 Contractions such as shouldn’t, can’t, and won’t should not be used.
 The use of personal pronouns such as I, you and we should be avoided.
 Colloquial language (slang) should be avoided.
 Technical jargon should be minimized.
 There should be no misspelled words in a proposal, thesis and dissertation. Nor should
there be any grammatical errors. Students are strongly encouraged to use the “Spelling
and Grammar” check in the Microsoft Word to avoid any such language problems.

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Part 2. Research Proposal Writing

A. Introduction

The preparation and submission of a research proposal is required of all graduate students
in all disciplines at Haramaya University. The ultimate success of a master’s thesis or
doctoral dissertation depends upon the preparation of a sound research proposal. The
following sections describe the format that graduate students at Haramaya University
should follow when writing their research proposals.

B. Contents of the Research Proposal

The research proposal submitted by a graduate student for a master’s or Ph.D. degree is
expected to have the following sections although there can be some limited variation
based on the academic discipline and the study in question. Each of these sections should
start on a new page. Again, all section titles should be capitalized.

Research Proposal Structure:

1. Cover Page
2. Acknowledgements (optional)
3. Acronyms and Abbreviations
4. Table of Contents
5. List of Tables (if any)
6. List of Figures (if any)
7. Summary (optional)
8. Introduction
9. Literature Review
10. Materials and Methods
11. Plan of Activities
12. Budget
13. References
14. Appendix
15. Approval Sheet
A description of the sections of the research proposal follows:

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 1. Cover Page

The cover page should be informative and consist of the names of Haramaya University
and the School of Graduate Studies, the title of the research proposal, the name of the
graduate student, the college, school or department, program of study and the advisors.
The month and year followed by the location are the last items on the cover page. Title
case letters are recommended in the style of writing although the names of Haramaya
University and School of Graduate Studies should be in bold capital letters in 14 point
font size. Sample cover pages for master’s thesis research proposals and Ph.D.
dissertation are provided.

Title: The title of the thesis or dissertation research proposal should be clear, specific
and concise. Words such as "The Study of" or "An Investigation on" are not essential.
The title should accurately capture and reflect the main theme of the proposed study.
Scientific, botanical and medical words and phrases can be included in the title.

2. Acknowledgements (optional)

The acknowledgements section recognizes the persons and/or institutions the student is
grateful to for guidance or assistance received and those to whom the student extends
thanks for special aid or support in the preparation of the proposal.

3. Abbreviations and Acronyms

The Abbreviations and Acronyms section follows. In alphabetical order, it lists the items
first written in the abbreviation or acronym followed by the full name. Standard
International (S.I.) units of measurement should be used in the proposal. In the narrative,
each abbreviation other than S.I. units and each acronym should be defined in full when it
is first used and then followed by its abbreviation or acronym in parentheses. Standard
units and internationally known abbreviations do not need to be listed. Abbreviations and
symbols such as i.e. and etc. should not be italicized. A sample page illustrates how the
list of abbreviations and acronyms will be prepared.

4. Table of Contents

All of the headings and entries in the Table of Contents should correspond exactly in
wording, font and case with the headings or entries as they appear in the text of the

6
proposal. Do not use “title” and “page” at the top of the page in the Table of Contents.
Also, there should be no dotted lines connecting headings and respective pages.
Subdivisions of headings should not exceed four levels. A Table of Contents is shown in
the sample pages that illustrate the capitalization, indentation, line spacing between the
headings and the numbering of sections. You may wish to use the built-in style of
Microsoft Word or other word processing program to create the Table of Contents.

5. List of Tables (if any)

The sample List of Tables illustrates how the list is prepared in the dissertation or thesis
research proposal. It should be noted that a list of tables rarely occurs in a research
proposal.

6. List of Figures (if any)

The list of figures also seldom appears in the dissertation or thesis research proposal. The
sample shows how the list of figures for the research proposal shall be presented.

7. Summary (optional)

The summary should include the background of the research proposal topic, objectives of
the study and the methods to be used in the research project. It should be concise and less
than one page in length. The summary should be presented in one single block paragraph
in 1.5 line spacing without subtitles or any divisions.

8. Introduction

The introduction of the research proposal provides pertinent background information on

the research project and should be as brief as possible. Ideally, it should not exceed four
pages in length. Using the future tense as appropriate, the introduction includes:

a) Clear statement of the problem, nature, symptoms, and extent of the problem and
variables influencing the problem, thus leading to a clear set of research objectives.

b) Objectives that specify the goals of the research, research information to be gathered,
research questions to be answered or research hypotheses developed and to be tested.
Writing the introduction without dividing it into sub-headings is preferred. However,
Ph.D. students in all fields and master’s students in Agricultural Economics, Rural

7
 Development and Agricultural Extension, Agricultural and Food Marketing, and
Health Sciences and Medical Sciences may include subheadings in the following
sequence.
i) Background
ii) Statement of the Problem
iii) Significance of the Study
iv) Objectives of the Study (General Objective and Specific Objectives)

9. Literature Review

The literature review is chapter two. It should be a critical analysis of the relevant existing
knowledge on the proposed research topic. It includes the strengths, the limitations and
gaps of previous studies. The literature review should be relevant with recent citations on
the topic. Citations within the past five years are ideal and generally considered current.
Citations ten years and older should be used sparingly and only when necessary.
Unpublished documents and lay sources like encyclopedias are discouraged. Serious care
must be given to avoid any possible consideration of plagiarism. This is done by the
student carefully tracking and referencing each and every document used in the research.
Examples of the style used for research proposals, theses and dissertations are shown in
Part 4 of this manual.

10. Materials and Methods

Chapter three may also be called “Methods.” It describes precisely what will be done and
how it will be done, what data will be recorded, the proposed tools or instruments to be
used in data collection and the methods of analyzing the data.

In this section, the student should give clear, specific, appropriate and credible procedures
that will be followed to attain the proposed objectives of the study. The research design
planned for use should be clearly stated. The research methods should be appropriate to
the problem area, i.e., the statement of the problem, the objectives and the hypotheses. In
selecting appropriate research methods and techniques, the student should be able to
answer the question: "Precisely how will I conduct the proposed research.” The logistics
of implementation should be viewed parallel to the choice of the research design.

8
The student should consider affordability, time issues, feasibility of the study and
availability of equipment and supplies. The student should also address the methods of
data collection, data quality control and methods of data analysis.
Materials and Methods also called Methods should also include:
1. Definition of Terms (optional)
2. Definition of Variables (optional)
3. Description of the Study Area or Experimental Site
4. Study Period when Data Will Be Collected
5. Study Design or Experimental Design
6. Description of Population. This includes inclusive and exclusive
criteria, the source population, the study population and sample
population (optional).
7. Sampling Methods. This includes sample size calculation and
sampling methods (optional).
8. Data Collection. This includes questionnaires, use of observation,
focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, laboratory analysis and
similar methods. The description should outline the data to be
collected in the study, the methods of measurement and the units of
measurement.
9. Data Analysis. The student should decide how the data generated
will be analyzed. Descriptions of the data analytical methods,
techniques, tools and statistical tests that will be used in analyzing
the data should be provided. Software planned for use in statistical
analysis may also be mentioned.
10. Data Quality Control. Where required, discuss how to check the data
collection instruments, the plans for ensuring confidentiality of data
when appropriate, and describe the reliability and validity of
instruments used in the research.
Ethics in Conducting Research
Ethical considerations are critical to the completion of any social sciences, health,
medical or veterinary medicine research. It is required that ethics be discussed when
researching people or animals. Examples of ethical issues include:
1. Known benefits and risks of participant involvement in the research.
2. Exact description of the information to be delivered to the subjects of

9
 the study.
3. When appropriate, indicate any special incentives for treatment that
human subjects will receive through their participation in the study.
4. Discuss the procedures for informed consent by the study participants
where applicable.
5. Indicate how the data collected in the study will be kept secure and
confidential.
6. Lists drugs, vaccines, diagnoses, clinical procedures and instruments to
be used and whether they are registered, unregistered, new or currently
in use in Ethiopia.

When studying human and animal subjects, ethical principles include respect for the
subjects, beneficence, justice, whether the objectives of the study are ethically achievable,
and the ethical soundness of the methods. In recognizing the critical nature of ethics, the
formal approval of the planned research study by a university or national ethics review
committee must be conducted and must be stated in the research proposal.

Where applicable, students are encouraged to refer to the National Health Research Ethics
Review Guidelines dated 2005, 4th Edition (Revised) prepared by the Ethiopian Science
and Technology Council. These guidelines are available in university libraries.

11. Plan of Activities

This chapter five focuses on the budgeting of time for the implementation of the research
project. The student assigns time frames for the completion of various activities of the
proposed research. The plan of activities can be presented in the form of a table. Only
major activities for accomplishing the research activities and corresponding time frames
should be included in the table.

12. Budget

Often university, governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations

financially support graduate research by students. The budget of a research proposal is
chapter six and clearly describes the financial resources required to conduct the project.
The budget chapter should include both a narrative discussion requesting funds and
reasons for funds followed by a related set of tables. This involves first discussing and

10
then listing the necessary and required personnel, per diem days required to conduct
research, travel, equipment, expendable supplies and materials and any associated
services for the project. Every budget item must be justified if funds are to be expected to
support the research.

The students shall have done preliminary work prior to budget preparation so that item
cost, like bags to carry questionnaires or photocopy costs, are accurate and reflect a fair
and reasonable current market price. The budget should be prepared in accordance with
any and all Haramaya University policies. The budget chapter will then have a series of
separate tables for items as personnel with days and per diem costs, advisor costs,
stationery costs, equipment and supplies and transportation costs. A budget summary
table should be included at the end of this chapter.

13. References

The references chapter must include all works cited in the research proposal. All citations
appearing in the narrative of the proposal must be included in the references chapter and
vice versa. In-text citations and references should carefully follow the style shown in Part
4 of this manual which provides many samples.

14. Appendix (if any)

The appendix is the last chapter. It includes, for example, information such as drafts of
questionnaires in English and other languages, participant informed consent forms,
observation check lists, pictures and specifications of the equipment used in the research,
mathematical formulae
or derivations, a map of the study area, a detailed description of the sample selection
procedures and dummy tables.

15. Approval Sheet

The approval sheet is the last page of a master’s research proposal or a Ph.D. dissertation
research proposal. Students may obtain the format for the approval sheet from their
respective colleges, schools or departments or from the office of the Dean of the School
of Graduate Studies. An example of an approval sheet is provided in the sample pages.

11
Part 3. Thesis or Dissertation Writing

A. Two Writing Options for the Ph.D. Dissertation

The Ph.D. student has two options in writing of his or her dissertation for the doctor
of philosophy degree. One option is the traditional and more common format known
as the “monograph” format. The monograph format is traditional in many countries
including the United States. The other dissertation format is more common to many
European counties and is referred to the “manuscript” format.

Monograph Format. The monograph format will share a similar format with the
traditional thesis. It will have sections including an introduction chapter, a literature
review chapter, materials and methods chapter, a results and discussion chapter
(which may be written in two chapters), a summary, conclusions and
recommendations chapter, a references chapter and an appendix.

Manuscript Format. The manuscript format, however, will be different in both

appearance and format. The manuscript format will first include a summary of the
dissertation of perhaps twenty to thirty pages in length. In preparing the dissertation
summary, the student will be cautious to minimize redundancy in making references
to the respective manuscripts which follow in the dissertation while presenting the
methods and presenting the results and discussion. This dissertation summary will
then be followed by a collection of both published and unpublished articles on the
subject matter that he or she and members of the advisory committee have written
together. These articles will be either reprints of publications with prior permission
from the journal editor or drafts in manuscript format. So, the manuscript format will
have a summary of the dissertation which is followed by a collection of published and
unpublished articles originating from the dissertation research.

These two options are now offered to the doctoral students to provide some variety in
the preparation of their dissertations. The two options also provide an opportunity for
students who have published extensively to highlight their writing and publishing
activities while working on their dissertations.

12
These two formats should be discussed with the student’s academic advisors.
Decisions about the choice of format can be made during the preparation of the
dissertation. Both formats will be accepted by the School of Graduate Studies for
bestowing the Ph.D. degree.

The discussion below focuses on the more common monograph format. This format
will be the only accepted format for master’s degree thesis preparation although it will
be one of two options for Ph.D. dissertations.

B. General Structure of the Thesis or Dissertation

Preliminary Sections of the Thesis or Dissertation

1. Cover Page
2. Title Page
3. Approval Sheet
4. Dedication (optional)
5. Statement of the Author
6. Biographical Sketch
7. Acknowledgements
8. Acronyms and Abbreviations
9. Table of Contents
10. Lists of Tables
11. List of Figures (if any)
12. Abstract

The Narrative Chapters of the Thesis or Dissertation

1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods

4. Results and Discussion (Students may write their results and discussion in
two separate chapters.)
5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
6. References

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 7. Appendix

C. Preliminary Sections
1. Cover Page

The cover page is the first page of a thesis or dissertation. It is preferably printed on
hard paper. It includes the title of the thesis or dissertation, the degree for which the
work is conducted, the full name of the student and the month and year in which the
thesis or dissertation is formally submitted. This is the only page of a thesis or
dissertation for which a page number is not assigned. Please refer to the sample pages
for the thesis and dissertation.

2. Title Page

The title page is the second page of a thesis or dissertation and the first page for which
a page number is assigned although it does not have a number typed on it. It includes
the title of the thesis or dissertation, the name of the college or school, Haramaya
University, the degree for which the thesis or dissertation is presented, the name of the
candidate and the month, year and place of submission. Samples are provided. The
names of the members of the advisory committee of the Ph.D. candidate are given.
Likewise, the advisor and co-advisor of the master’s thesis are provided in this title
page.

3. Approval Sheet

The approval sheet is available from respective colleges, schools, departments or from
the School of Graduate Studies. The final approval page will be incorporated into the
student’s thesis or dissertation after being signed by the board of examiners and
members of the advisory committee or advisors. The signing of the document will
occur after a successful open defense and all required revisions to the document
arising from the defense

4. Dedication (if any)

The dedication should be short and concise and ideally no more than one sentence
long.

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 5. Statement of the Author

This is the page where the candidate declares that the thesis or dissertation is his or
her own work entirely. The student states that the information that he or she has
included in the thesis or dissertation have been cited. The student also declares that
the thesis or dissertation is not submitted to any other institution for the award of a
degree, diploma or certificate. A template of the Statement of the Author is shown in
the sample pages.

6. Biographical Sketch

The biographical sketch should be brief. It is suggested that it include only the
student’s date and place of birth, schools attended and professional work experience.
A student may, however, choose to include his or her Curriculum Vitae in the
Appendix.

7. Acknowledgements

The Acknowledgements page recognizes the persons and/or institutions the student is
indebted to for guidance and assistance received, and those to whom he or she is
thankful for special aid or support. Acknowledgments should be expressed simply and
concisely. Any reference to religious deities in a research proposal, thesis or
dissertation should be avoided.

8. Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronyms and abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order of the terms when written
in full form. Abbreviations can be used in the thesis or dissertation title. Well known
abbreviations such as FAO, WHO and HIV do not need to be listed. While not listed
in the Acronyms and Abbreviations, Standard International (S.I.) units of
measurement should be used in the thesis or dissertation. Other than S.I., units, each
abbreviation and acronym should be defined in full when it is first used and followed
by its abbreviation or acronym in parenthesis. Standard units such as g, kg, m, and km
should not be listed. Internationally known abbreviations such as i.e. and etc. are not
italicized. A sample is provided in the sample pages.

15
 9. Table of Contents

All of the headings and entries in the Table of Contents should correspond exactly in
wording, fonts, and cases with the headings or entries as they appear in the narrative
of the thesis or dissertation. Also, there should be no dotted lines connecting headings
and respective page numbers. The headings and sub-headings in the Table of Contents
should not exceed four levels. A sample Table of Contents is shown in the sample
pages that illustrate the capitalization, indentation and line spacing. It is advisable to
use the built-in style of Microsoft Word or other word processing program to create
the Table of Contents so long as it is in keeping with the sample shown. If the Table
of Contents is more than one page, the title followed in parenthesis with the word
“Continued” must appear.

10. List of Tables

A List of Tables is included in a sample page.

11. List of Figures

A List of Figures is included in a sample page.

12. List of Tables in the Appendix

A List of Tables in the Appendix is included in a sample page.

13. List of Figures in the Appendix

A List of Figures in the Appendix is included in a sample page.

14. Abstract

The word “abstract” is written in capital letters and is centered. The name of the
student is below the title and is also centered. The abstract should be one single block
paragraph. It should be no longer than a single page in length. The abstract should not
be divided into sections or paragraphs. The appropriate 1.5 line spacing should be
used. The abstract should summarize the background of the study, the methods used,
data analysis methods, results obtained, conclusions drawn and recommendations.

16
 D. Narrative of the Thesis or Dissertation

The thesis or dissertation is divided into chapters. These chapters include the
Introduction, Literature Review, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion,
summary, Conclusions and Recommendations, References and Appendix. The results
and discussion may be placed in two separate chapters.

1. Introduction

This chapter includes the background information on the subject, a statement of the
problem, significance of the study, the need for the study and objectives of the study.
The introduction should not be divided into subchapters or divisions. Rather, all the
contents of the chapter must be presented in a logical order and well organized to
maintain a flow of ideas.

The chapter should be brief. Ideally, the chapter is no more than four pages for a
master’s thesis and five pages for a Ph.D. dissertation using 1.5 line spacing. The first
page of the Introduction will begin with page 1.

2. Literature Review

The Literature Review chapter should be a critical analysis of the existing knowledge
on the research topic. It includes the strengths, the limitations and gaps of previous
studies justifying the need for the current research. The Literature Review should be
relevant with recent citations on the topic. Citations within the past five years are
ideal and generally considered current. Citations ten years and older should be used
sparingly and only when absolutely necessary. Part 4 of this manual provides the
information required to present the citations correctly in the thesis and dissertation.

3. Materials and Methods.

Depending upon the academic discipline, this chapter may also be named “Methods.”
It presents the sources of data and the methods and procedures of data collection and
analysis. Using past tense, a concise description of the conditions under which the
investigation was carried out and the materials, procedures, techniques, treatments,
experimental design/techniques and the treatments and inputs used should be provided

17
in this chapter. It can be divided into sub-headings depending on the nature of the
study.

This chapter should also include the study area and time period, the populations
(source and study), sampling methods used, data collection methods, study variables,
quality control methods, data processing and analysis procedures, ethical
considerations and limitations of the study. A more detailed description of this chapter
is found in Part 2 (Research Proposal) of this manual.

4. Results and Discussion

This is the fourth chapter of the thesis or dissertation. This part of the narrative
presents the results and analyses and interprets them. Students may also choose to
present the results and discussion in separate chapters, as Chapters 4 and 5,
respectively.

Results. With the results, students present their findings without interpretation in
narrative and also in the form of tables and figures. Presenting the same data both in
tables and in figures should be avoided. However, when data are presented in the form
of a figure, the raw data may be shown in the appendix.

The narrative for each table and figure should focus on observations that are most
relevant. Students should write the results narrative in a way that is not highly
redundant with the information in the tables and figures. Whether students write their
results and discussion separately or not, the results part should be an objective report
of their findings. The students’ interpretation of the results should then be made in the
discussion section or chapter.

The chapter is divided into subheadings sequenced similar to the major subheadings
of the materials and methods chapter. However, subheadings of the materials and
methods chapter should not be copied verbatim as subheadings for the results but
should be modified to reflect the findings of the study. Each subheading may then be
further divided into various levels of subheadings. In summary, the students clearly

18
present their results and focus on answering the research questions described in the
Introduction chapter.

Discussion. In the discussion, the students interpret their results. The discussion is
used to highlight the importance of the study and describe the limitations of the study
and implications for future research. If students choose to write the results and
discussion as one chapter, they should follow the description of major findings with
appropriate interpretation and discussion. However, when writing the discussion as a
separate chapter, students synthesize the discussion to flow with the results chapter.

Results and discussion are conceptually different. In the discussion, interpreting and
synthesizing the research results should be conducted. Restating the results should be
avoided. A common mistake in the discussion section is to present a superficial
interpretation that merely restates the results.

If the results differ from earlier published reports, explain why that may have
happened. If the results agree with the student’s expectations, then describe the
reports and interpretations to support them. It is not adequate to simply state that the
data agreed with earlier reports. In addition, students should not attempt to discuss
each and every finding. The discussion should focus on the major findings which call
for interpretation. Besides these, the discussion should not include any findings that
have not been described in the results.

5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter of the narrative is the fifth or sixth chapter of the thesis or dissertation.
This chapter provides a brief account of the objectives, materials and methods, and
the major findings of the study. It presents the more important findings of the
research. It draws conclusions and then gives recommendations on such issues as
organizational development, procedural issues, educational matters, clinical issues,
policy implications and other relevant concerns based on the results obtained from the
research.

Ideally, the chapter does not exceed four pages. Also in this chapter, citations of
previous studies and references to tables or figures in the narrative or the appendix

19
should be avoided. Where required, references to numerical values and probability
levels can be made.

The Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations should be presented in narrative

format. This chapter can be divided into three sections. Bulleting and numbering
should not be used in presenting the conclusions and recommendations. A narrative
in sentence format is appropriate.

Recommendations resulting from the research findings are an important facet of this
chapter of the thesis or dissertation. Recommendations should be developed and
written thoughtfully, comprehensively and again in a narrative format.
Recommendations should be relevant to the research and only derive from the
research findings.

6. References

The references chapter includes all works cited in the thesis or dissertation. All
references appearing in the references chapter of the thesis or dissertation must have
been cited in the narrative. This chapter should include a complete list of on-line
searches, journal articles, books, book chapters, governmental reports, non-
governmental reports and any other reference materials cited in the narrative. As
mentioned previously, references should be relevant and recent. The majority of the
citations should be articles published from peer-reviewed journals or recognized
official reports from national and international agencies. Ideally, these publications
have been published within the last five years and no more than ten years old. Also,
any dependence on unpublished materials as references is strongly discouraged. All
in-text citations and the reference list in the references chapter should follow in detail
the style shown in Part 4 of this manual.

There are various styles and forms that must be followed in presenting references in
this References chapter. Care should be used to follow these styles and forms exactly.
It is the responsibility of the student to accurately present the references in accordance
with Part 4 of this manual.

20
 7. Appendix

The Appendix is the last separate chapter of the thesis or dissertation. It will include,
for example, the questionnaires used in the research, focus group discussion
guidelines, maps, observation check-lists, mathematical formulae, supplementary
illustrative material and any other relevant materials related to conducting and
completing the research.

The Appendix chapter begins with a new page containing the single capitalized word
“APPENDIX” in the center of the page. It has a page number. Each appendix should
be labeled by a capital letter such as Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, etc..
Each Appendix should start on a new page and have a clear, precise and appropriate
title all in capital letters.

21
Part 4. Reference Citation Style

A. In-text Citations

For in-text citations, the author-date method is used. There are two possible ways of
in-text citation, namely, the subject-centered and author-centered citation. In the
subject-centered citation, the author’s last name followed by a comma, a space, and
the year of publication are written in parenthesis usually at the end of the sentence. In
the author-centered citation, only the year of publication is placed in parenthesis.
Recognizing country tradition and culture, Ethiopian authors’ names should be
presented as they appear in the publication.

Single Author
Subject-centered citation: (Armadeep, 2009)
Author-centered citation: Armadeep (2009)

Two Authors
Subject- centered citation: Smith and Brown, 2010
Author- centered citation: Smith and Brown (2010)

For Ethiopian Names:

Subject-centered citation: (Ayalu A. Reda and Negga Baracki, 2010)
Author-centered citation: Ayalu A. Reda and Negga Baracki, (2010)

Three or more Authors

Subject-centered citation: (Rashid et al., 2008)
Author-centered citation: Rashid et al. (2008)

Citation of Two or More Works:

When citing two or more works, order them chronologically by the year of
publication and separate them by a semi-colon.
Subject-centered citation: (Sophia, 2008; Towson, 2010; Williams, 2011)
Authors-centered citation: Sophia (2008), Towson (2010), and Williams (2011)

22
Same Last Name Authors
When citing authors with the same last name, use the first initials with the last names
again separated by a semi-colon.
Subject-centered citation: (B. Becker, 2010; T. Becker, 2011)
Author-centered citation: B. Becker (2010) and T Becker (2011)

Same Author and Same Year Published Works

When citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, use
lower case letters (a, b, c) to distinguish the different works.
Subject-centered citation: (Smith, 2011a), (Yabsira Wolde, 2010a)
Author-centered citation: Smith (2011a), Yabsira Wolde (2010a)

Personal Communications
When citing interviews, phone conversations, letters or email messages include the
communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication and the date of the
communication. Do not, however, include personal communications in the References
chapter of the research proposal, thesis or dissertation. Personal communications
should be used sparingly if at all.
(K. Yared, personal communication, January 9, 2011)
K. Yared (January 9, 2011)

Organizational Author
When citing the work of an organization as author, use the full name of the
organization the first time when citing the source. When citing the work in subsequent
citations, use the acronym.
Subject-centered citation: (World Health Organization, 2010) followed by
(WHO, 2010)
Author-centered citation: World Health Organization (2010) followed by
WHO (2010)

Unknown Authors
When the work has no named author, cite it as “Anonymous” as below.
Subject-centered citation: (Anonymous, 2011)

23
Author-centered citation: Anonymous (2011)

Undated Works
When the works are not dated, cite the year of publication as “n.d.”
Subject-centered citation: (Anonymous, n.d.)
Author-center citation: Anonymous (n.d.)

B. References List in References Chapter

The reference list should start on a new page following the single numbered
REFERENCE page. Each listing should use the hanging indent method where all
lines after the first one are indented twelve spaces or one tab. The list should be in
alphabetical order by the last name of the author with first and middle names using
initials.

Please note that for Ethiopian names, you are to write the full name of the author
beginning with his or her first name first. For example, Yabsira B. Tesfaye would be
placed in alphabetical order under the letter “Y” for the listing of Yabsira B. Tesfaye
in the References chapter listing.

Care should be given to italicizing in the References chapter. The titles of books and
journals should be italicized. No abbreviations for journals should be used in the
listing such publications.

Note the use of spacing, periods, semi-colons, colons, backstrokes (/), the parenthesis,
and italicizing in the reference listings. These are all important to the proper
presentation of the references. Care should be conducted with each.

Electronic Source Citations for Publications Identified on the Internet

The internet is a powerful tool in conducting literature reviews and identifying and
selecting the most current citations and references. Students should give attention to
assure that internet citations are both complete and correct.

24
The author should make every effort to provide the required information to allow the
reader to visit the web site cited should he or she wish to read the primary source of
the information. URL addresses are always in parenthesis. The date that the student
accessed the publication should be stated. Included below are the major types of on-
line citations.

Journal Article with DOI (with or without volume number):

Long, L. 2011. Treatment outcomes and cost effectiveness of shifting management
of stable ART patients to nurses in South Africa: an observational cohort.
HIV/AIDS Research in Africa, 21, 15-29. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001055.
Accessed on July 22, 2011.

Michaels, H.W., Bultosa, G. and Pant, L.M. 2011. Nutritional contents of three edible
oyster mushrooms grown on two substrates at Haramaya University, Ethiopia,
and sensory properties of boiled mushroom and mushroom sauce.
International Journal of Food Science and Technology. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2621.2010.02543.x. Accessed on March 31, 2011.

Zhao, Y. 2010. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annual Review
of Plant Biology, 61, 4-64. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042808-112308.
Accessed on September 13, 2011.

Journal Article without DOI:

If no doi has been assigned to the article, provide the homepage URL.

Ayalu A. Reda. 2011. Reliability and Validity of the Ethiopian Version of the
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in HIV-infected Patients.
PLoS One Journal;n6(1): el6049.IF 4.35. (URL: www.plos.com) Accessed on
July 29, 2011.

DeRose, L.F. 2008. Does discussion of family planning improve the partner’s attitude
towards contraceptives? International Family Planning Perspectives, 18, 159-
175. (http://www.agiusa.org/pubs/journal/3008704.html.) Accessed on
February 28, 2011.

25
Non- Periodical Web Document:
WHO. 2002. Adolescent-friendly health services: an agenda for change.
(http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health) Accessed on June 1, 2010.

Web Document with No Author’s Name or Date of Publication:

Anonymous (n.d.) Census data revisited, Harvard Psychology of Population web site,
(http://harvard.edu/data/index.php.) Accessed on March 9, 2009.

Electronic Book:
Biersteker, P.J., Spiro, P.J., Sprira M, and Raffo, V. 2007. International law and
international relations.
(http://www.4shared.com/gate/OKYHLz/Interational_law_and_internat.html)
Accessed on June 15, 2011.

Hard Copy Source Citations

Journal Articles
Single Author:
Mehta, G.S. 2011. Characteristics and implications of migration. Journal of Rural
Development, 0(6): 731-744.

Shah, I. 2005. Aplastic Anemia in an HIV-infected child: a case report. Indian

Journal of Pediatrics. 72: 359-361.

Kebede Yemane. 2008. Cigarette smoking and khat chewing among university
instructors in Ethiopia. East African Medical Journal. 16(1): 9-17.

Two or More Authors:

Animut Asrat and Tadesse Gebre-Michael. 2008. Assessment of distribution,
knowledge and utilization of insecticide-treated nets in selected malaria prone
areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 22(3): 268-274.

26
Strauss, H. M., Hughes, J. and Schmieder, P. 2005. Heteronuclear solution-stata
NMR studies of the chromophore in cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1.
Biochemistry, 44, 8244-8250.

Books
Dyckman, T.R. and Pfeiffer, G.M. 2010. Financial Accounting 3rd Edition. Boston,
MA, USA: Cambridge Business Press.

Robertson, J. 2008. Coaching Educational Leadership: Building Leadership

Capacity through Partnership. London, England: Sage Publications.

Thrusfield, M.V. 2007. Veterinary Epidemiology 3rd Edition. Oxford, England:

Blackwell Science, Ltd.

Chapter in Edited Book

Abu-Elteen, K. H. and Hamad, M. 2007. Determination of the virulence factors of
Candida albicans and related yeast species. In K. Kavanagh (Ed.) Medical
Mycology: Cellular and Molecular Techniques pp. 69-91. Chichester, West
Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Atelay Alem and Dereje Kabede. 2005. Gender and health in Ethiopia. In Yemane
Berhane, Damen Haile Mariam, Kloos, H. (Eds.) Epidemiology and Ecology
of Health and Disease in Ethiopia. pp. 196-216. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia:
Shama Books.

Paper in Conference Proceedings

Kenyon, T. 2011. Keynote Address. Proceedings of the 21st Annual conference of
Ethiopian Public Health Association. October 26-28, 2010 (pp.3-4) Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Public Health Association.

Theses and Dissertations

Published:
Tamire Zewde, 2007. Garlic White Rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.) in Shewa:

27
 significance, variability and management options (Published doctoral
dissertation) Doctoral thesis no. 2007:03. Haramaya University, Haramaya,
Ethiopia.

Unpublished:
Harrison, J. 2008. Results or process? Alternate approaches to the performance
measure of New Zealand secondary schools, (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Yemane Belay. 2007. Reproductive health needs and service utilization of

Addis Ababa University students. (Unpublished MPH thesis), Addis Ababa
University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Technical Reports
Costar W, Deeney T, Haltiwanger J, and Haley, S. 2008. School Function
Assessment Technical Report. Pearson Education, Inc., Boston, MA, USA.

HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office (HAPCO). 2007. Accelerated access to

HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment in Ethiopia: a road map for 2007-
2008. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Health.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2011. Technical Report on Food

Insecurity in US Households with Children: Prevalence, Severity and
Household Characteristics. Washington, DC: USDA.

28
Part 5. Sample Pages
Samples of selected pages with page numbers of the research proposals, theses and
dissertations follow. The samples pages are reproduced from actual research
proposals and theses and dissertations although the originals were modified in
accordance with these new guidelines. The content, fonts, spacing, and margins in the
sample pages are to be followed in their entirety.

A. Thesis or Dissertation Research Proposal

1. Thesis Proposal Cover Page, page 31.
2. Dissertation Cover Page, page 32
3. Table of Contents, pages 33 and 34

B. Theses or Dissertations
1. Thesis Cover Page, page 35
2. Thesis Title Page, page 36
3. Dissertation Cover Page, page 37
4. Dissertation Title Page, page 38
5. Table of Contents, page 39 and 40
6. Statement of the Author, page 41
7. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms, page 42
8. List of Tables, page 43
9. List of Figures, page 44
10. List of Tables in the Appendix, page 45
11. List of Figures in the Appendix, page 46
12. Approval Sheet, page 47

29
 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES TOWARDS

MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV AND ITS
PREVENTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN OF ANTENATAL
CARE ATTENDANTS, JIJIGA TOWN, ETHIOPIA

MPH Research Proposal

Tesfaye Tolera

College: Health Sciences

School/Department: Public Health
Program: Reproductive Health

Major Advisor: Tesfaye Gobina (MPH, Ph.D. Candidate)

Co-Advisor: Nega Assefa (MPH, Ph.D. Candidate)

July, 2010
Haramaya, Ethiopia

30
 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF COMMON BEAN

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL

Ph.D. Dissertation Research Proposal

Hirpa Legesse

College: Agriculture and Environmental Sciences

School/Department: Plant Sciences
Program: Agronomy

Advisory Committee:
Negussie Dechassa (Ph.D.), Chairman
Setegn Gebeyehu (Ph.D.)
Geremew Bultosa (Ph.D.)
Firew Mekbib (Ph.D.)

July, 2009
Haramaya, Ethiopia

31
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. Soil Properties and Fertility 5
2.1.1. Soil Physical Properties 6
2.1.1.1. Soil Structure 6
2.1.1.2. Soil Texture 7
2.1.1.3. Organic Matter 7
2.1.2. Chemical Properties 8
2.1.2.1. Soil Ph 8
2.1.2.2. Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation 8
2.1.3. Role of Nitrogen 9
2.1.4. Role of Phosphorus 11
2.1.5. Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Seed Quality 12
2.2. Seed Quality 15
2.3. Seed Quality Testing 16
2.3.1. Physical Purity 17
2.3.2. Physiological Seed Quality 18
2.4. Importance of Maize Production in Ethiopia 22
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 23
3.1. Description of Experimental Site 23
3.2. Treatments and Experimental Design 23
3.3. Soil Fertility Analysis 24
3.3.1. Soil Sampling 24
3.3.2. Analysis of Soil Physical Properties 24
3.3.3. Analysis of Soil Chemical Properties 24
3.3.4. Data Analysis for Influence of N and P Fertilizer on Yield and Quality 27
3.4. Seed Quality 28
3.4.1. Seed Sampling 28
3.4.2. Laboratory Analysis of Seed 28
3.4.2.1. Determination of Physical Quality 28
3.4.2.2. Determination of Physiological Quality 28
3.4.2.3. Design and Data Analysis for Seed Quality 29

32
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

4. PLAN OF ACTIVITIES 30
5. BUDGET 31
6. REFERENCES 34
7. APPENDIX

33
 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

CHILD IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE FACTORS IN

DIRE DAWA, ETHIOPIA

MPH Thesis

Amsale Ashagre

July, 2010
Haramaya, Ethiopia

34
 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION INTENSION AND ITS

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN AWEDAY, EASTERN ETHIOPIA

A Thesis Submitted to the College of Health Sciences, School of

Graduate Studies, Haramaya University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Public Health in Reproductive Health)

Dureti Abdurahman

Major Advisor: Nega Assefa (MPH, Ph.D. Candidate)

Co-Advisor: Tadesse Alemayahu (M.Phil.)

October, 2010
Haramaya, Ethiopia

35
 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

PHENOTYPIC EVALUATION AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF

PARENTS AND RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES OF TEF
(Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter)

Ph.D. Dissertation

Solomon Chanyalew

February, 2007
Haramaya, Ethiopia

36
 HARARMAYA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS OF

CHOCOLATE SPOT DISEASE (Botrytis fabae Sard.) ON FABA BEAN
(Vicia faba L.) IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies

Haramaya University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of

Philosophy in Plant Pathology

Samuel Sahile

Advisors:
Chemeda Fininsa (Ph.D.) (Chairman)
P.K. Sakhuja (Ph.D.)
Seid Ahmed (Ph.D.)

December, 2008
Haramaya, Ethiopia

37
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR iii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS iv
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX x
LIST OF FIGURE IN THE APPENDIX xi
ABSTRACT xi
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1. Common Leaf Rust of Maize and its Distribution 4
2.2. Economic Importance 4
2.3. Manifestation of Disease 5
2.4. Epidemiology 6
2.5. Host Plant Resistance 7
2.6. Disease Management 9
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 11
3.1. Experimental Site 11
3.2. Fungicidal Trial 11
3.2.1. Treatments and experimental design 11
3.2.2. Disease assessment 12
3.2.3. Yield data 15
3.2.4. Statistical analysis 15
3.3. Varietal Trial 16
3.3.1. Maize varieties and experimental design 16
3.3.2. Disease assessment 17
3.3.3. Yield data 18
3.3.4. Statistical analysis 18
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19
4.1. Effect of Fungicides on Common Leaf Rust of Maize 19
4.1.1. Disease onset and level of incidence 19
4.1.2. Disease development 22
4.1.2.1. Disease severity 22
4.1.2.2. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) 25
4.1.2.3. Common rust progress rate 26
4.1.3. Grain yield and thousand-grain weight 28
4.1.3.1. Grain yield 28

38
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

4.1.3.2. Thousand-grain weight 29

4.1.3.3. Yield loss due to the disease 30
4.1.3.4. Relationship between disease parameters and crop yields 32
4.2. Reaction of Maize Genotypes to Common Leaf Rust 35
4.2.1. Disease incidence 35
4.2.2. Disease development on maize varieties 38
4.2.2.1. Disease severity 38
4.2.2.2. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) 42
4.2.2.3. Common leaf rust progress rate on the maize genotypes tested 42
4.2.2.4. Time required for severity to reach 10% (T10) 42
4.2.3. Relative yields of maize varieties 45
4.2.3.1. Grain yield 45
4.2.3.2. Thousand-grain weight 47
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48
5.1. Summary 48
5.2. Conclusions and Recommendations 50
6. REFERENCES 52
7. APPENDICES 57
7.1. Appendix A 58
7.2. Appendix B 61

39
 STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR

By my signature below, I declare and affirm that this thesis is my own work. I have
followed all ethical principles of scholarship in the preparation, data collection, data
analysis and completion of this thesis. All scholarly matter that is included in the thesis
has been given recognition through citation. I affirm that I have cited and referenced all
sources used in this document. Every serious effort has been made to avoid any
plagiarism in the preparation of this thesis.

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a degree from the
School of Graduate Studies at Haramaya University. The thesis is deposited in the
Haramaya University Library and is made available to borrowers under the rules of the
library. I solemnly declare that this thesis has not been submitted to any other institution
anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma or certificate.

Brief quotations from this thesis may be used without special permission provided that
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granted by the Head of the School or Department or the Dean of the School of Graduate
Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of
scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author
of the thesis.

Name: Signature: ______________________

Date:
School/Department:

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 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ARH Adolescent Reproductive Health

ART Antiretroviral Therapy
BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
BCC Behavioral Change Communication
CHO Carbohydrate
EPHA Ethiopian Public Health Association
EPI Expanded Program on Immunization
EBF Exclusive Breast Feeding
FGM Female Genital Mutilation
FP Family Planning
HAART Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
HAI Hospital Acquired Infection
HE Health Education
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IP Infection Prevention
LBW Low Birth Weight
MOH Ministry of Health (Ethiopia)
NHD Normal Hospital Diet
OI Opportunistic Infection
PLWH People Living with HIV/AIDS
PAC Post Abortion Care
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
RH ` Reproductive Health
RNHD Recommended Normal Hospital Diet
SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health
TBA Traditional Birth Attendant
UP Universal Precautions
UNAIDS United Nations Joint Program for International Development
VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing
VLBW Very Low Birth Weight

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Guideline for selecting assessment tools..................................................................... 10

Table 2. Summary of perception of biology teachers on CA (N=100) ..................................... 33
Table 3. Responses of biology teachers on the extent of using CA techniques.......................... 38
Table 4. Association of class size with frequency of CA practice ............................................. 40
Table 5. Association of workload with frequency of CA practice ............................................. 41
Table 6. Association of teaching experience with frequency of CA practice............................. 42
Table 7. Association of additional training with frequency of CA practice ............................... 43
Table 8. Association of some selected methods of teaching with frequency of CA
practice ...................................................................................................................... 45
Table 9. Association of school facilities with frequency of CA practice ................................... 47
Table 10. Association of additional incentives with frequency of CA practice ......................... 48
Table 11. Association of attitude towards teaching profession with frequency of CA
practice .................................................................................................................... 49
Table 12. Association of perceived students’ performance level and frequency of CA
practice .................................................................................................................... 50
Table 13. Association of teachers’ attitude towards students with frequency of CA
practice .................................................................................................................... 52
Table 14. Association of job satisfaction with frequency of CA practice .................................. 53
Table 15. Association of achievement motivation with frequency of CA practice .................... 54
Table 16. Association of positiveness with frequency of CA practice....................................... 55
Table 17. Association of plasma instruction with frequency of CA practice ............................. 56
Table 18. Association of work environment with frequency of CA practice ............................. 58
Table 19. Relationship between dependent variable and independent variables ........................ 60
Table 20. Variable Inflation Factor for the continuous\discrete explanatory variables .............. 62
Table 21. Contingency Coefficient for categorized variables.................................................... 63
Table 22. Effect of selected independent variables on frequency of CA practice ...................... 65
Table 23. Practice of CA in biology classes ............................................................................. 68

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of the study area 35

Figure 2. Mapping units developed by Proximity analysis 41
Figure 3. Cartographic model 49
Figure 4. DEM of the study area 50
Figure 5. Texture map of the study area 51
Figure 6. Water table depth map of the study area 52
Figure 7. Flood depth map of the study area 53
Figure 8. Overall irrigation suitability map of the study area 54

43
 LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX

Appendix Table

1. Classification of salt affected soils based on their chemical properties 63

2. Classification of irrigation water based on salinity (EC) sodicity (SAR) and
residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 63
3. Use of different salinity (EC) and sodicity (SAR) quality classes of irrigation
waters 63
4. Classification of irrigation waters based on their boron concentration 64
o
5. Response of plants to soil salinity at different ranges of ECe at 25 C 64
6. Ten years (1996-2005) monthly average rainfall and temperature records at the
Alage ATVET College 65
7. Description of soil site and soil profile opened at the water-logged vegetable
crops farm 65
8. Description of soil site and soil profile opened at the rained wheat farm 66
9. Description of soil site and soil profile opened at the irrigated fruit farm 67
10. Description of site and soil profile opened at the crop-abandoned fallow land 68

44
 LIST OF FIGURES IN THE APPENDIX

Appendix Figure

1. Effects of drum speed and load position on Throughput 116

2. Effects of drum speed and load position on Machine capacity ......................................116
3. Effects of drum speed and load position on milling yield ............................................117
4. Effects of drum speed and load position on percentage whole grain ............................117
5. Effects of drum speed and load position on Percentage broken grain............................117

45
 APPROVAL SHEET
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

Insecticide-treated Mosquito Net Coverage and Utilization among Household

Members in Gode District of Eastern Ethiopia

Submitted by:

____________________ __________________ ________________

Name of Student Signature Date

Approved by:

1. ___________________ __________________ ________________

Name of Major Advisor Signature Date

2. ___________________ __________________ ________________

Name of Co-Advisor Signature Date

3. ___________________ __________________ ________________

Name of Chairman, DGC Signature Date

4. ___________________ __________________ ________________

Name of Dean, SGS Signature Date

5. ___________________ __________________ ________________

Name of Chairman, CGS Signature Date

46
 Author’s Checklist for Research Proposal, Thesis and Dissertation
Preparation and Submission

 Title Page is exactly in the format presented in the sample page. The other many sample
pages in the manual have been carefully examined and followed for the research proposal,
thesis or dissertation.

 Style and formatting have been followed regarding capitalization, font size, margins,
spacing, page numbering, bolding, indentation and the presentation of tables and figures.

 The English language is carefully reviewed from cover page to the last page. You have
had your advisor(s), in particular, and at least one other language-skilled colleague proof-
read your document for language clarity before submitting it.

 “Spelling/Grammar Check” software has been used from the title page to the last page of
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action.

 The numbers and names of the chapters have been carefully identified.

 All in-text citation including internet citations have been checked for completeness and
formatting. Special care has been given to Ethiopian names in accordance with the
manual.

 Each reference in the References chapter has been alphabetized and completely and
correctly presented. Special care has been given to Ethiopian names in accordance with the
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 The student has planned ahead. Major advisors, co-advisors and committee members have
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47
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deadline.

 Students shall have checked with either Haramaya University’s School of Graduate
Studies or with the Graduate Program Coordinating Office to learn the necessary number
and type of bound copies required for submission. Any binding should be in accordance
with the office guidelines.

 The document is submitted early but, at the very latest, on the day and time announced for
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document submitted late may lead to delays in their graduation.

***

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