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Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252 (2022) 012045 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1252/1/012045

Renovation of dormitory campus using the principles of

sustainable development

E Luzay1, D Shafieva1, M Zeleňáková2* and Š Petkanič2

1
Institute of Economics, Management and Information Systems in Civil Engineering
and Real Estate, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Yaroslavskoe shosse,
26, Moscow, 129337, Russia
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, 042
00 Košice, Slovakia
*
E-mail: martina.zelenakova@tuke.sk

Abstract. This study presents the new look on the dormitory's territory, which is located in
Jedlikova 5, Kosice, Slovakia. Landscaping design has a significant impact on people, and
touches both aesthetic and physical needs, environmental integrity of the area and has an impact
on nature habitants. Good landscaping helps to provide a conducive living environment for
students by creating needful places for recreation, physical education and studying, as well as
producing the natural and healthy ambience to the surrounding by using green roofs, creating a
pond for collection of rainwater and planting a lot of greenery. The study framework covers
aspects, which are related to the ecological state of the territory, existing environmental
problems, natural features and needs of the residents of the dormitory. The aim of the study is to
create such a sustainable space, where both students and nature will be in harmony.

1. Introduction
People from the very beginning of their existence have been changing the surrounding space by creating
a habitat. After many years, the appearance of their housing has changed fundamentally, but one thing
has remained the same – the dwelling should provide a human with a sense of safety and security. In the
realities of the modern world, the following criterias have also been added: the house should reflect
people's interests and tastes, be visually pleasant, built of high-quality, durable materials, be physically
and psychologically comfortable, and should also be located close to transport and social infrastructure
facilities. This is very important because the environment can create or destroy interactions among
people, can influence people' behavior, activity, mood and effect on their health.
One of the most important stages of a person's life is going to university. According to [1], the number
of students who lives in the dormitory is 25-41% of the total number. The dormitory provides students
with not only a place to live, but also creates space for socialization, atmosphere of learning, affects
their mood, forms habits, creates the basis for further life. It is revealed, that architecture and interior
design that meets the student's desires and requirements has a positive impact on the well-being and
health. Moreover, with a properly organized space, students improve their study performance [2].
Students are now looking for housing with security, community spaces, and privacy [3]. If universities
are unable to provide housing for students, the lack of affordable accomondation may become a
significant problem, so many universities are renovating existing dormitories all over Europe now, for

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Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252 (2022) 012045 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1252/1/012045

example, Comenius University in Bratislava [4], Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania [5],
University of Split in Croatia [6].
The role of landscape design is increasing and expanding, and in this article we pay attention to the
improvement of dormitories, because here the student spends most of the day. Therefore, the main task
of architectural and planning design and landscaping of the dormitory territory is to create optimal
environmental conditions that have a beneficial effect on the aesthetic, moral and mental development
of the student. Such a place will encourage them to study and establish contacts with each other, provide
them with a place to relax, play sports, and should be as effective and harmless to the environment as
possible. The most beneficial way to achieve this goal is to use the green infrastructure: creating green
roofs, planting greenery, rainwater harvesting, waste recycling and using energy efficient technologies.
With the help of green spaces in the yard, we can not only improve microclimatic conditions, but also
create shaded areas for rest and quiet activities. Planting allows you to isolate different territories from
each other for their intended purpose and fence off areas from adjacent streets and harmful emissions of
vehicles.
The aim of this work is to develop a landscaping project of the TUKE’s dormitory campus in
Jedlikova 5, Kosice, Slovakia with an increase of green areas that improve aesthetic, quality and
microclimate conditions of the object, as well as create favourable conditions for the residents.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
- create places for entertainment, recreation, sports and studying
- design plant seating plan
- improve lighting (with low energy consumption)
- create convenient pedestrian paths
- "green up" the building with green roofs
- make the field in front of the dorms completely pedestrian

2. Methods
In this research the methods of analysis of the existing environment and landscaping of the territory of
the dormitory were applied. The research also provides a comparison of green roofs. Based on the results
of the analyses, the most optimal ways to solve the problems were chosen. The research methodology
is presented on flowchart (Figure 1).

Analysis of the input data: location, climatic and

environmental characteristics

Determination of the disadvantages

Search for solutions

Landscaping design:
Green
-determining of the functional zones
infrastructure: Creation of the pond
-plant seating plan
green roofs
-lightning

Development of the
renovation plan

Figure 1. Methodology of research.

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Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252 (2022) 012045 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1252/1/012045

2.1 Input data

The subject of our research is located in the Košice - West district, close to the Optima shopping center.
It is a 7 - storey dormitory consisting of 4 blocks interconnected by corridors. The dormitory provides
accommodation for 1316 people.
Speaking of the environmental conditions of this territory, air quality in Kosice is polluted by nearby
industrial complexes (coke, iron, steel, and cement manufacturing). Relatively favourable circumstance
is prevailing convection from north directions [7]. This region has a temperate continental climate,
which is characterized by warm, humid summers and mild winters. The amount of precipitation in
Kosice is significant, with precipitation even in the driest month. There is east wind mostly appeared in
Kosice.

2.2 Determination of disadvantages

Before developing new landscaping plan, existing situation was considered and disadvantages were
identified. Firstly, the complete absence of green building technologies. In the modern world, this is one
of the most developing trends. Many universities have already implemented this technology in the
construction of new dormitories. Next, the complete absence of lighting in the territory in front of the
building. When trees were cut down, it was very difficult to navigate in complete darkness and not to
fall. From a visual and aesthetic point of view, the improvement of the dormitory can’t be positively
assessed because of absence of vegetation, benches and garbage cans.

2.3 Proposed improvements

After that, we propose the following features how to improve the current situation. For the proper facility
arrangement of the main parts of the territory, it was necessary to analyse pedestrian routes, requirements
and needs of a modern student. For the comfortable living we decided to create place for playing sports,
for entertainment, relaxation, studying. Another important step to replace and update the lighting near
the dormitories to increase the safety in areas that people use, create aids in geographic orientation, as
people can use well-lit focal points as landmarks to help them find their way.
For the improving of the ecological situation, we updated the dormitory with the green roofs. Green
roof has many positive qualities, there are ability to improve the microclimate, helps to filter out dust,
smog particles, absorb nitrates, increase rainwater retention by 50–90%, improve noise protection by
reducing reflective sound by up to 3 dB, improve sound insulation by up to 8 dB and protect the
waterproofing [8-13].
Furthermore, we decided to create a pond in this area because ponds are one of the single best ways
of bringing more wildlife into an area. Ponds are a key tool in improving biodiversity because they
provide an essential habitat for plants, invertebrates, fish, birds, amphibians and mammals.

3. Results and discussions

After the analysis of the incoming data, identification the disadvantages and ways to further change for
the territory to the better, we created the most suitable landscape plan for the territory of our dormitory
and its building. We have included data and explanations of our choice about the using of green roofs,
the creation of a pond and the installation of a new park light.

3.1 Landscaping design

3.1.1 Determination of the functional zones. Firstly, we have analysed the location (Figure 2), pedestrian
routes to the neighbourhoods (to Kaufland, to bus stop “Stodolova’, to bus stop near “OPTIMA’) and
the needs of students and divided territory into 5 semantic parts (Figure 3).

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Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252 (2022) 012045 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1252/1/012045

Figure 2. Pedestrian paths. Figure 3. Zones of landscape. Reference.

1. Place to relax, to interact

An open, welcoming gathering space provides a place to make new friends, a place to share
experiences, a place to develop a sense of belonging. Main elements: pond, branches, trees, benches
2. Place for studying, co-working and nutrition
Today’s students are frequently required to engage in group projects and collaborative work as part
of their regular course of study. However, many campuses suffer from a lack of collaborative learning
space to support this group work. Spaces like this can fill this need, supporting the academic
development of its students and fostering a culture of learning. Moreover, students can grab a coffee
and delicious sandwich here, also it is an opportunity to get a job. Main element: cafe
3. Place for playing sports
Like we say in Russia “in a healthy body - healthy mind”, so create places where students can go for
sports. It is important to take a break from studying and improve yourself. Main element: sportsgrounds
4. Place for entertainment
Modern students are really artistic and imaginative, it is important to create a place where they could
arrange concerts, festivals. Main element: stage
5. Dormitory by itself

3.1.2. Plants selection. We have analysed the plants that grow on the territory of the Slovak Republic
and decided which trees should be used to improve the park in front of the dormitories. According to
the [14], the following tree species (Common beech, European hornbeam, Sessile oak, Sycamore,
European ash, Goat willow, European larch, Rowan, Common aspen, Norway spruce, Scots pine) are
mainly spread in the Slovak Republic.
There is a grass covering on the territory in front of the dormitory now, but during renovation it will
first be completely demolished for laying walking paths, creating cafe and stage, and then planted again,
since the grass covering is an ecologically valuable element of the urbanized landscape. The advantage
of such a surfacing is the drainage of rainwater directly into the soil. It is also called a plant covering.
Grass covering will support ecological diversity in this area.

3.1.3. Lightning. For the lightning we have chosen ES-SYSTEM luminaires (Figure 4) for the territory
of the dormitory, because this system is characterized by exceptional durability and resistance to
damaging environmental conditions, and with the development of LED technology, they have become
more energy-saving, reliable and functional. LED light sources guarantee low operating costs and many
years of trouble-free operation. Aside from appropriate lighting settings, the design plays an essential
role, blending in quietly with its surroundings during the day and offering a sense of security at night,
giving lit areas a distinct character and aesthetic appeal. Each luminaire has a local controller that

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Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252 (2022) 012045 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1252/1/012045

controls and monitors its operation. The luminous flux of individual luminaires or entire pre-
programmed luminaire groups can be controlled via any web browser. The operating parameters of the
luminaires, such as their power, power supply voltage, reactive power and the amount of emitted CO 2
can be checked using the interface [15].

Figure 4. Type of the luminaire.

3.2 Green infrastructure
Next, we have chosen a new greening of the dormitory. There are many types of green roofs, but we
settled on an extensive green roof for a number of reasons (Table 1).
Table 1. Comparison of different types of green roofs [16].

Extensive Green Roofs Intensive Green Roofs

Maintenance Minimal maintenance required Regular maintenance required

- inspection 1–2 x / year - garden maintenance such as mowing,
- supply of water and nutrients fertilizing, watering, weeding etc.
mostly by natural processes

Adapted plant - undemanding, drought-tolerant - substrate with higher amount of

communities - self-regenerating organic material, with depth > 150 mm

Weight Little weight and shallow build-up Weight and build-up height
height depending on plant selection
- mainly mineral substrate with - substrate with higher amount of
depth up to 120 mm organic material, with depth > 150 mm
- weight >150 kg/m²

Surface Surface protection with ecological Surface protection with ecological functions
protection functions

Because irrigation takes place beneath the substrate, the Irrigated Extensive Green Roof (Figure 5)
will assist to achieve a harmony between a cost-effective solution and the long-term correct functioning
of green roofs in dry areas. As a result, water is available where it is needed most by plants: in the root
zone. The system, on the other hand, just provides the quantity of water that the plants require for
optimum development. Because of the lesser substrate depth, the green roof build-up is not only lighter,
but it also allows for the utilization of different plant communities [17].

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Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252 (2022) 012045 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1252/1/012045

Figure 5. The composition of the green roof.

3.3 Pond
Wet Ponds (Figure 6) are permanent pools of water and provide both quality and quantity control in
regards to stormwater. Water quality is controlled when the fast-moving stormwater exits and outfalls
and meets with the stationary water of the wet pond. As the water slows down, debris and sediments can
settle to the bottom of the pond. The wet pond is designed to slowly release the stormwater over the next
24 - 48 hours to reduce erosion and to delay causing flooding.

Figure 6. Plan of the pond.

3.4 Renovation plan

As a result of the analysis, we managed to create a new landscape plan for the improvement of the
territory in front of the dormitory (Figure 7), as well as to improve the characteristics of the building
itself. This image shows the location of new sports fields, a stage, a pond and other entertainment. All
these innovations will help to improve unused land, improve the environmental situation around the
dormitory and make students feel at home.

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Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252 (2022) 012045 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1252/1/012045

Figure 7. Final result of renovation of the territory.

4. Conclusion
The current territory of the dormitory, although rich in plants, still does not meet the requirements of
sustainable development, students living in the absence of space for recreation, sports and study. Our
task was to design this place in such a way that answers all the needs of a contemporary young person.
The living conditions of a student affects not only their well-being but also their study achievements.
Studies, preparation time for lectures and assessments is stressful enough, therefore, the living
environment must be pleasant and cosy. Taking into account the needs and requirements of a
contemporary student, the area will be divided into several functional zones, such as physical education,
relaxation zone and other spaces.
During the project, we placed a basketball and tennis court, established a summer stage for the
performances, built a café with the place for studying, dig out a pond for rainwater runoff, placed
benches, think over the lightning, plant greenery and placed a green roof on it.

5. References
[1] Eurostudent vi 2016-2018 [online] https://www.eurostudent.eu/download_files/documents/
EUROSTUDENT_VI_Synopsis_of_Indicators.pdf
[2] Araujo P and Murray J 2010 Estimating the effects of dormitory living on student performance
Economics Bulletin AccessEcon vol 30 pages 866-878
[3] Peck S, Callaghan C, Bass B and Kuhn M Greenbacks from green roofs: forging a new industry
in Canada
[4] Comenius university is planning an extensive dormitory renovation official website [online]
https://uniba.sk/en/news-detail/back_to_page/aktuality-1/article/comenius-university-is-
planning-an-extensive-dormitory-renovation/
[5] KTU dormitory renovation plan: 5 buildings in 5 years official website [online]
https://en.ktu.edu/news/ktu-dormitory-renovation-plan-5-buildings-in-5-years
[6] Reconstruction of Student Dormitory “Bruno Bušić” official website [online]
http://www.unist.hr/en/science-and-innovation/projects-office/university-
projects/reconstruction-of-student-dormitory-bruno-busic

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Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252 (2022) 012045 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1252/1/012045

[7] Air pollution in the slovak republic [online]

https://www.shmu.sk/File/oko/rocenky/SHMU_Air_Pollution_in_the_SR_v1.pdf
[8] Bevilacqua P, Mazzeo D and Arcuri N 2018 Thermal inertia assessment of an experimental
extensive green roof in summer conditions Building and Environment 264-276
[9] Bevilacqua P, Mazzeo D, Bruno R and Arcuri N 2017 Surface Temperature Analysis of an
Extensive Green Roof for the Mitigation of Urban Heat Island in Southern Mediterranean
Climate Energy and Buildings 318-327
[10] Dunichkin I, Naboni E, Korobeinikova A and Poddaeva O 2019 Issues of wind mode visualization
and pedestrian comfort assessment when designing residential buildings on sloping territories
in the Arctic zone SHS Web of Conferences 64
[11] Korol E and Shushunova N 2016 Benefits of a Modular Green Roof Technology Procedia
Engineering 1820-1826
[12] Korol E, Shushunova N and Rerikh S 2019 New green roof and green wall systems for
implementation in the coverings E3S Web of Conferences 97
[13] Korol O, Shushunova N, Lopatkin D, Zanin A and Shushunova T 2018 Application of High-tech
Solutions in Ecodevelopment MATEC Web of Conferences
[14] Pajtík J, Konôpka B and Šeben V 2018 Mathematical biomass models for young individuals of
forest tree species in the region of the western carpathians
[15] Park lighting [online] https://www.essystem.pl/en/download
[16] Smith J 2000 Great expectations Buildings 94 28–32
[17] Nophadrain Extensive Green Roof Systems [online]
https://www.nophadrain.com/media/231163/02-design-and-installation-guide-for-extensive-
green-roof-systems_en_02-2020_web.pdf

Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by project of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak
Republic ID 20210812131460210: Tvorba zelených zón na TUKE a zvyšovanie
povedomia o zmene klímy.
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the Contract no.
APVV-20-0281, and a project funded by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic
VEGA1/0308/20 “Mitigation of hydrological hazards, floods, and droughts by exploring extreme
hydroclimatic phenomena in river basins”.