MOTION, SOUND AND LIGHT

Motion is fundamental in marine engineering, governing the movement of ships and marine structures. It
encompasses various types of motion, each crucial for the efficient operation of vessels.
Motion is continuous change of position with respect to a specific frame of reference with a given time.

Types of Motion:

1. LINEAR MOTION: Motion along the STRAIGHT LINE (e.g. ship moving forward)
Describe motion in terms of speed, velocity, and acceleration.
 Speed is the rate of how fast an object is going.
NOTE: In marine navigation, the term "knot" is used to measure SPEED
One knot equals one nautical mile per hour, or roughly 1.15 statute mph.
 Velocity is the rate of speed and the direction (where) it is going as well
 Acceleration is the rate of speed, speed up or slow down and the sudden
change in direction.
distance
Speed=
time

EXAMPLE:

 A ship travels a distance of 200 nautical miles in 10 hours. Calculate the average speed of the ship.
(Use 1 nautical mile=1.852 kilometers)

200 nautical miles ×1.852 km/nautical miles

Speed=
10 hours

ANSWER: Speed=37.04 km/hour

2. ROTATIONAL MOTION: Circular or spinning rotation (e.g. Propeller rotation)

Note: Example of this is the movement of a ship's propeller as it turns to generate thrust

Change∈ Angle
Angular Speed =
Time
EXAMPLE:

 A ship's propeller rotates at an angular speed of 30 revolutions per minute (RPM). Calculate the angular speed
in radians per second. (Use 1 revolution=2 π radians)

Change∈ Angle
Angular Speed =
Time

30 RPM ×2 π radians/revolution
Angular Speed =
60 seconds /minute

ANSWER: Angular Speed =π radians /second

 3. VIBRATIONAL MOTION: Oscillating or Vibrating motion (e.g. engine vibration)

1
Frequency=
Time period

EXAMPLE:

 An engine produces vibrations with a frequency of 10 Hz. Calculate the time period of the vibrations.

1
Frequency=
10 Hz
Frequency=0.1 second .

SHIP STABILITY:
Understanding and ensuring stability is paramount in marine engineering to prevent accidents and maintain
safe ship operations.

1. METACENTRIC HEIGHT ( GM)

The distance between the center of gravity (G) and the metacenter (M).
I
GM =
V

Application: Calculate GM to assess a ship's stability and its susceptibility to tilting.

The distance between G and M is known as the metacentric height (GM). A stable vessel when upright is said to
have a positive metacentric height (GM), i.e. when the metacentre (M) is found to be above the centre of gravity (G).
This is usually referred to as having a positive GM or a positive initial stability.

2. RIGHTING ARM (GZ): The horizontal distance between the center of gravity and the center of buoyancy.

GZ =GM ×sin ⁡(θ)

Application: Evaluate the ship's ability to return to an upright position after tilting.

EXAMPLE:

A ship has a metacentric height (GM) of 2 meters. Determine the righting arm (GZ) when the ship tilts at an
angle of 30 °.

Solution:

GZ=GM ×sin ⁡(θ)

GZ =2 meters× sin ( 30° )
GZ =1 meter
Navigation and Motion:

Navigation involves the precise control of a ship's motion, especially in challenging conditions.

1. Course and Speed Calculation:

Change∈ distance ∆ d
Velocity= =
Change∈Time ∆t

Application: Determine the ship's velocity for accurate navigation and collision avoidance.

EXAMPLE:
A ship travels a distance of 150 meters in 30 seconds. Calculate its velocity.

Change∈ distance
Velocity=
Change∈Time
150 meters
Velocity=
30 seconds
ANSWER: Velocity=5 m/s

2. Maneuvering and Turning Circle:

Formula: Various formulas involving ship dimensions and rudder characteristics.

Application: Solve problems related to ship maneuvering and turning radius in different sea conditions.
EXAMPLE:
 A ship with a rudder angle of 30 ° executes a turn with a turning radius of 150 meters in 25 minutes (1500
seconds) . Calculate the speed of the ship during the turn.
Rudder angle× Turning Radius
Speed duringturn=
Time
30 ° × 150 meters
Speed duringturn=
1500 seconds
Speed duringturn=3 m/ s
ISAAC NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION
Newton's First Law of Motion: The net force on an object is the cause of its acceleration
 If there is no net force, there is no acceleration, and the object's velocity will remain constant
 If the velocity is 0 (at rest), then the object will stay at rest
 If it is moving, it will continue moving in a straight line at the same velocity
 If we see an object accelerating, then Newton's first law tells us that there must be a nonzero force acting on it

Inertia: the tendency to keep the same motion (to remain at rest or to maintain the same
velocity)
 Newton's first law is also called the law of inertia
 Inertia is measured by mass; larger objects usually have more mass and therefore more inertia
 It is harder to make them move if they are at rest or to stop them/change direction if they are already moving
Mass: the measure of the amount of matter in something
Two basic ways to measure mass
  Use the fact that mass and weight on Earth are directly proportional to teach other
 Compare each mass with a known mass, using a balance
 Mass is not the same as weight (the force of gravity on an object)

Newton's First Law of Motion - Law of Inertia:

"An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted on by an unbalanced external force."

Marine Application:
In marine engineering, this law is evident in a ship's behavior in still water and in response to external forces. Consider a
ship at rest. It remains stationary unless a force (such as the propulsion system) is applied to set it in motion. Similarly,
once a ship is moving, it will continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by external forces like wind,
waves, or currents.

Newton's Second Law of Motion - Law of Acceleration:

"The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon the object and inversely proportional to
the object's mass."

Force=mass × acceleration due ¿ gravity

Marine Application:
In marine engineering, this law is crucial for understanding the forces acting on a ship. For example, the force applied by
the ship's engines (propulsion) must overcome resistance forces like water resistance and wind. This law helps in
calculating the necessary force (thrust) to achieve a desired acceleration or maintain a constant speed.

Newton's Third Law of Motion - Action and Reaction:

"For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."

Marine Application:
This law is evident in the propulsion system of a ship. When the ship's propeller exerts a force backward (action) on the
water, the water exerts an equal and opposite force forward (reaction) on the ship. Understanding this law is essential
for designing efficient propulsion systems and predicting the ship's response to the applied forces.