S.1.

2 The nuclear atom

S.1.2.1 Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, electrons (charge/location)

S.1.2.2 Isotopes

S.1.2.3 Isotope abundance mass spectroscopy (HL)

S.1.3 Electron configurations

S.1.3.1 Emission spectra

S.1.3.2 Connecting line spectrum of hydrogen to Bohr model

S.1.3.3 Main energy levels in atoms (n) can hold 2n^2 electrons

S.1.3.4 s, p, d, f sublevels in atoms

S.1.3.5 Orbitals can hold two electrons of opposite spins

S.1 Structure 1: Models of the particulate nature of matter

S.1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter

S.1.1.1 Elements as the fundamental unit of matter; law of definite proportions; mixtures

S.1.1.2 Kinetic molecular theory and changes of state

S.1.1.3 Kelvin temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles

S.1.4 Counting particles by mass: The mole

S.1.4.1 Defining the mole

S.1.4.2 Masses of atoms are compared on a scale relative to 12C

S.1.4.3 Units of molar mass

S.1.4.4 Empirical & molecular formulas

S.1.4.5 Molar concentration of solutions

S.1.4.6 Avogadro's law of gases

S.1.5 Ideal gases

S.1.5.1 Definition of an ideal gas

S.1.5.2 Deviations from the ideal gas model at low T and high P

S.1.5.3 Standard molar volume

S.1.5.4 Ideal gas law and combined gas law

Revisit structure 1.3

S.1.3.6 The limit of convergence at higher frequency corresponds to ionization

S.1.3.7 Successive IE data give information about electron configuration

S.3 Structure 3: Classification of matter

S.3.1 The periodic table: Classification of elements

S.3.1.1 Structure of the periodic table: periods, groups, blocks

S.3.1.2 Period number/group number vs. electron configuration

S.3.1.3 Definition of periodicity & periodic trends

S.3.1.4 Trends in properties within group 1 (w/ water) and group 17 (displacement)

S.3.1.5 Continuum of trends in pH of oxides of group 1 and 2 metals, C, S

S.3.1.6 Oxidation states

S.2 Structure 2: Models of bonding and structure

S.2.1 The ionic model

S.2.1.1 Formation of cations and anions

S.2.1.2 Definition of ionic bonding and naming binary ionic compounds

S.2.1.3 Lattice structure of ionic compounds

S.2.2 The covalent model

S.2.2.1 Covalent bond formation and the octet rule

S.2.2.2 Single, double, and triple bond formation

S.2.2.3 Coordination bonds

S.2.2.4 VSEPR theory (1, 2, 3, 4 electron domains)

S.2.2.5 Bond polarity

S.2.2.6 Molecular polarity

S.2.2.7 Giant covalent structures: allotropes of C, Si, SiO2

S.2.2.8 Intermolecular forces: LDF, dipole-induced dipole, dipole-dipole, H-bonding

S.2.2.9 Relative strengths of intermolecular forces

S.2.2.10 Chromatography
S.2.3 The metallic model

S.2.3.1 Definition of a metallic bond

S.2.3.2 Metallic bond strength

S.2.4 From models to materials

S.2.4.1 Bonding models and the bonding triangle

S.2.4.2 Three bonding types and position in the bonding triangle

S.2.4.3 Alloys as mixtures of metals and/or non-metals

S.2.4.4 Polymers as repeating subunits of monomers

S.4.4.5 Addition polymers

R.1 Reactivity 1: What drives chemical reactions?

R.1.1 Measuring enthalpy changes

R.1.1.1 Energy transfer in reactions and law of conservation of energy

R.1.1.2 Exothermic and endothermic reactions

R.1.1.3 Reaction profiles for exothermic and endothermic reactions

R.1.1.4 Calculating energy changes in reactions (q=mcΔT and ΔH=q/n)

R.1.2 Energy cycles in reactions

R.1.2.1 Energy changes during bond breaking and formation

R.1.2.2 Hess's law

R.2 Reactivity 2: How much, how fast, and how far?

R.2.1 How much? The amount of chemical change

R.2.1.1 Chemical equations show the ratio of reactants and products in a reaction

R.2.1.2 Mole ratios can be used to determine masses/volumes/concentrations

R.2.1.3 The limiting reactant determines the theoretical yield

R.2.1.4 Percentage yield is calculated as a ratio of experimental yield to theoretical yield

R.2.1.5 Atom economy as a measure of efficiency in green chemistry

R.2.2 How fast? The rate of chemical change

R.2.2.1 Rate of reaction is expressed as change in concentration per unit time

R.2.2.2 Species react as a result of collisions with sufficient energy and proper orientation

R.2.2.3 Factors affecting rates of reactions: P, [ ], surface area, T, catalysts

R.2.2.4 Ea is the minimum energy colliding particles need for a successful collision

R.2.2.5 Catalyst increase rate by providing an alternate energy pathway with lower Ea

R.2.3 How far? The extent of chemical change

R.2.3.1 Dynamic equilibrium is reached when fwd. and rev. rates are equal

R.2.3.2 The equilibrium law describes how K is determined using coefficients

R.2.3.3 K is temperature dependent and indicates the extent of a reaction at equilibrium

R.2.3.4 Le Chatelier's principles allows predictions about changes to an equilibrium

system

R.3 Reactivity 3: What are the mechanisms of chemical change?

R.3.1 Proton transfer reactions

Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases

Conjugate acid-base pairs

Amphiprotic species

The pH scale

The ion product constant of water, Kw

Strong and weak acids and bases

Acid-base neutralization reaction

Acid-base neutralization curves