BENGKEL BOOSTER SPM KIMIA ESEI BERFOKUS BAHAGIAN B

SPM 2023
BY : Sir Patrick

Bahagian B / Section B
Aras Pengetahuan (Remembering)
Aras Kefahaman (Understanding)
Aras Aplikasi (Application)
Aras Analisis (Analyzing) 16 – 17 markah / marks

BAB 6 T4 : ASID, BES DAN GARAM / ACID, BASE AND SALT

1.

Definisi
Definition ................. yang ........................... dalam
Nyatakan maksud asid. [1 markah] ............. untuk membentuk ................................
State the meaning of acid. [1 mark]

Substance that ionises in water to produce

hydrogen ion, H+

Asid oksalik ialah sejenis asid lemah, nyatakan

maksud asid lemah dan cadangkan satu contoh
asid lemah yang boleh didapati di dalam makmal.
[2 markah]
Oxalic acid is a weak acid. State the meaning of
weak acid and suggest one example of weak acid
that can be found in laboratory.
[2 marks]
.............. yang ....................... secara ..................
dalam .............. untuk menghasilkan
............................ ion hidrogen yang ................. .
Contoh : ..............................................................
Substance that ionises partially in water to
produce low concentration of hydrogen ion.

Example : Ethanoic acid

1
2. Rajah menunjukkan perbualan antara Ayu dan Alvin.
Diagram shows a conversation between Ayu and Alvin.

(a) Berdasarkan situasi dalam Rajah di atas, cadangkan asid A dan asid B.
Terangkan mengapa nilai pH bagi asid A dan asid B berbeza.
Based on the situation in Diagram above, suggest Acid A and Acid B.
Explain why the pH values of acid A and acid B different.
[6 markah / marks]
Asid / Acid A : Ethanoic acid √P1
Asid / Acid B : Hydrochloric acid √P2

BM BI Markah hilang bila

M3 – Asid A adalah asid lemah P3 – Acid A is a weak acid while − No comparison
manakala asid B adalah asid kuat // acid B is a strong acid //
M4- Asid A mengion secara separa P4 - Acid A ionises partially in water − No comparison
dalam air manakala asid B mengion while acid B ionises completely in
dengan lengkap dalam air water
M5 – Kepekatan ion H+ yang dihasilkan oleh pengionan asid B lebih tinggi − No comparison
daripada asid A
Concentration of H+ produced by ionisation of acid B is higher than acid A
M6 – Semakin tinggi kepekatan ion H+ , semakin rendah nilai pH. Oleh itu, − No relationship
nilai pH asid B lebih rendah daripada asid A. between
+
P6 – The higher the concentration of H , the lower the pH value. concentration of
hydrogen ions and
Therefore, pH value of acid B is lower than acid A.
pH value

[2 marks]

2
(b) Rajah di bawah menunjukkan zink karbonat ditambah kepada asid hidroklorik.
Campuran tersebut dikacau dan dituras.
The diagram shows zinc carbonate is added to hydrochloric acid. The mixture
is stirred and filtered.

Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara zink karbonat dan asid hidroklorik.
Hitung jisim zink karbonat yang tidak bertindak balas.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc carbonate and hydrochloric
acid.
Calculate the mass of unreacted zinc carbonate.
[RAM / JAR : Zn=65, C=12, O=16, H=1]
[6 markah / marks]

Persamaan Kimia
Chemical equation ZnCO3 + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + CO2 + H2O √P1+P2
Langkah 1 (MR. X) Bilangan mol ZnCO3 √P3 Bilangan mol HCl √P4
Step 1 Mass MV
Number of mole of ZnCO3 (n = ) Number of mole of HCl (n = )
Molar mass 1000
7.5 2 ×50
= 65+12+(16 ×3) = 1000

= 0.06 mol = 0.1 mol

Langkah 2 Step Nisbah mol / Mole ratio √P5
2
ZnCO3 : HCl
1 mol : 2 mol
0.05 mol : 0.1 mol

Langkah 3 Step Jisim yang tidak bertindak balas ZnCO3 √P6

3 Mass unreacted ZnCO3
Number of moles of unreacted ZnCO3 = 0.06 – 0.05
= 0.01 mol
Mass of unreacted ZnCO3 = 0.01 × (65 + 12 + (16 × 3)
= 0.01 × 125
= 1.25 g

3
(c) Suatu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji sifat keasidan dan kekonduksian
elektrik bagi larutan A dan larutan B. Larutan A dan larutan B adalah campuran asid
etanoik glasial dengan dua pelarut yang berbeza, pelarut X dan pelarut Y.
An experiment is carried out to study the acidic properties and electrical
conductivity of solution A and B. Solutions A and B are the mixture of glacial
ethanoic acid with two different solvents, solvent X and solvent Y.

Larutan A : Pepejal asid oksalik dilarutkan dalam

Pelarut X Solution A : Solid oxalic acid + Solvent X

Larutan B : Pepejal asid oksalik dilarutkan dalam

Pelarut Y Solution B: Solid oxalic acid dissolved in
Solvent Y

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi dua set eksperimen itu.

The diagram below show the observation for two sets of the experiment.

Berdasarkan Rajah, kenal pasti pelarut X dan pelarut Y. Terangkan mengapa

terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian. Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas
yang berlaku di Set
I.
Based on Diagram, identify solvent X and solvent Y. Explain why there are
differences in the observations. Write the ionic equation for the reaction that
occurs in Set I.
[10 markah / marks]

Pelarut / Solvent X : Air / Water √P1

Pelarut / Solvent Y : Propanon / Propanone √P2

4
[Note : State the differences in observation first for both Set I and Set II]
Larutan A Set I Larutan B Set I
Solution A Set I Solution B Set I

P3 Effervescence occurs // No effervescence occurs //

Gas bubbles released No gas bubbles released

P4 + When glacial ethanoic acid dissolved in When glacial ethanoic acid dissolved in
p5 water, ethanoic acid molecules ionise to form propanone, ethanoic acid molecules do not
hydrogen ion, H+ ionise.
No hydrogen ion, H+ is produced.
P6 The presence of hydrogen ion, H+ causes the Without hydrogen ion, H+, the acid cannot shows
acid to show its acidic properties. its acidic properties

P7 The bulb lights up The bulb does not lights up

P8 Ethanoic acid ionises to produce free moving Ethanoic acid molecules do not ionise and no free
ions causes the acid to conduct electricity. moving ion present.
Therefore, the acid cannot conduct electricity.

Persamaan ion bagi tindak balas dalam Set I :

Ionic equation for the reaction in Set I:
CaCO3 + 2H+ → Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O √P9+P10

3. Rajah menunjukkan carta aliran apabila bahan C dilarutkan ke dalam dua pelarut
berlainan, air dan pelarut D dan sifat-sifat larutan yang terhasil.
Diagram shows a flow chart when substance C is dissolved in two different solvent, water
and solvent D, and the properties of solutions formed.
Bahan C
Substance C

+ Air + Pelarut D
Water Solvent D

Larutan E Solution Larutan F Solution

E F
- Boleh mengkonduksikan elektrik - Tidak boleh mengkonduksikan
Can conduct electricity elektrik
- Kertas litmus merah bertukar biru Cannot conduct electricity
Change the red colour of litmus paper - Tidak mengubah warna kertas litmus
to blue merah
Does not change the colour of red
litmus paper

5
(a) Cadangkan bahan C dan pelarut D
Suggest substance C and solvent D
[2 marks]
Bahan / Substance C : Ammonia gas √P1
Pelarut D / Solvent D : Propanone √P2

(b) Terangkan perbezaan sifat-sifat di antara larutan E dan larutan F.

Explain the differences in properties between solution E and solution F.
[5 marks]
Larutan E Solution Larutan F Solution
E F
P1 Apabila gas ammonia dilarutkan dalam air, Apabila gas ammonia dilarutkan dalam propanon,
molekul ammonia mengion. molekul ammonia tidak mengion.
When ammonia gas dissolved in water, When ammonia dissolved in propanon, ammonia
ammonia molecules ionised. molecules do not ionised.

P2 Ion hidroksida dihasilkan. Hanya kekal dalam molekul dan tiada ion
Hydroxide ion is produced. hidroksida hadir.
Only exists as molecules and hydroxide ions are
not present.
P3 Kehadiran ion hidroksida menyebabkan Tanpa kehadiran ion hidroksida, ammonia tidak
ammonia mempamerkan sifat dapat menunjukkan sifat kealkaliannya. Maka,
kealkaliannya. Maka, warna kertas litmus warna kertas litmus merah kekal tidak berubah.
merah bertukar kepada biru. Without the presence of hydroxide ions, ammonia
The presence of hydroxide ions cause the does not show alkaline properties. Hence, red
ammonia to show its alkaline properties. litmus paper does not change colour.
Hence, the red litmus paper turns blue.
P4 Molekul ammonia mengion menghasilkan Molekul ammonia tidak mengion di dalam
ion-ion yang bebas bergerak. propanon.
Ammonia molecules ionises to produce Ammonia molecules do not ionises in propanone.
freely moving ions.
P5 Kehadiran ion-ion yang bebas bergerak Tanpa kehadiran ion-ion yang bebas bergerak,
menyebabkan ammonia mengkonduksikan ammonia tidak dapat mengkondusikan elektrik.
elektrik. Without freely moving ions, ammonia cannot
The presence of freely moving ions cause conducts electricity.
the ammonia to conduct electricity.

6
[Notes : If the substance C suggested is Ba(OH) 2 / Ca(OH)2, the answer will be different]
Larutan E Solution Larutan F Solution
E F
P1 Apabila pepejal barium hidroksida dilarutkan Barium hidroksida tidak larut di dalam propanon.
+ dalam air, barium hidroksida bercerai Maka, ion hidroksida dalam pepejal barium
P2 kepada ion OH- yang bebas bergerak dalam hidroksida tidak dapat bergerak bebas dan masih
larutan akueus. terikat dalam struktur kekisinya.
When solid barium hydroxide dissolved in Barium hydroxide does not dissolve in propanone.
water, barium hydroxide dissociated into Thus, the hydroxide ios in barium hydroxide
freely moving OH- ions. cannot move freely as still bonded in its lattice
structure.

P3 Kehadiran ion hidroksida yang bergerak
bebas menyebabkan larutan barium
hidroksida mempamerkan sifat
kealkaliannya. Maka, warna kertas litmus
merah bertukar kepada biru.
The presence of freely moving hydroxide
ions causes the barium hydroxide solution to
show its alkaline properties. Hence, the red
litmus paper turns blue.
P4 Apabila pepejal barium hidroksida larut di
dalam air, ion-ion yang bebas bergerak
terhasil.
When barium hydroxide solid dissolved in
water, freely moving ions are produced.
Tanpa kehadiran ion hidroksida yang bebas
bergerak, barium hidroksida tidak dapat
menunjukkan sifat kealkaliannya. Maka, warna
kertas litmus merah kekal tidak berubah.
Without the presence of freely moving hydroxide
ions, barium hydroxide does not show alkaline
properties. Hence, red litmus paper does not
change colour.
Pepejal barium hidroksida tidak larut di dalam
propanon. Maka, tiada ion-ion yang bebas
bergerak hadir.
Barium hydroxide solid does not dissolved in
propanone. Hence, no freely moving ions are
present.

P5 Kehadiran ion-ion yang bebas bergerak
menyebabkan larutan barium hidroksida
mengkonduksikan elektrik.
The presence of freely moving ions cause
the barium hydroxide solution to conduct
electricity.
Tanpa kehadiran ion-ion yang bebas bergerak,
barium hidroksida tidak dapat mengkondusikan
elektrik.
Without freely moving ions, barium hydroxide
cannot conduct electricity.

7
4. Dalam eskperimen yang lain, 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik bertindak balas dengan 25 cm3
larutan natrium hidroksida 0.01 mol dm-3.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut dan tentukan kepekatan dan nilai pH
asid hidroklorik yang digunakan.
[6
markah]
In another experiment, 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid reacts with 25 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm-3
sodium hydroxide solutioon.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction and determine the concentration and pH value
of hydrochloric acid used.
[6 marks]
Persamaan Kimia
Chemical equation HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O √P1+P2
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 𝑎
𝐺𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ =
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 𝑏
√P3 √P4

𝑀𝑎 (25) 1
(0.01)(25)
= 1

25Ma = 0.25
0.25
Ma =
25

Ma = 0.01 mol dm–3

Kepekatan asid hidroklorik =

Concentration of hydrochloric acid = 0.01 mol dm–3 √P5
Untuk menghitung nilai pH asid hidroklorik:
To calculate the pH value of hydrochloric acid:
Guna formula pH = - log [H+]
Use formula pH = - log [H+] √P6

pH = - log [0.01]
=2

8
5. Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan takat akhir pentitratan. Didapati
25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm-3 diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan lengkap
dengan larutan barium hidroksida.
The diagram shows the titration set-up to determine the end point of titration. It is found
that 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is needed to react completely with barium
hydroxide solution.

Hitung kepekatan barium hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk mencapai takat akhir
pentitratan dan tentukan nilai pH larutan barium hidroksida itu.
Calculate the concentration of barium hydroxide solution used to achieve end point of the
titration and determine pH value of the barium hydroxide solution.
[7 marks]

Persamaan Kimia
Chemical equation 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2H2O √P1+P2
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 𝑎
𝐺𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ =
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 𝑏
√P3 √P4
(0.2)(25) 2
=
Mb (25) 1

5 = 50Mb
5
Mb =
50

Ma = 0.1 mol dm–3

Kepekatan larutan barium hidroksida =

Concentration of barium hydroxide solution = 0.1 mol dm–3 √P5

9
Untuk menghitung nilai pH larutan barium hidroksida:
To calculate the pH value of barium hydroxide solution:
Guna formula pOH = - log [OH-] √P6
pH + pOH= 14 √P7

pOH = - log [0.1 × 2]

= - log [0.2]
= 0.7

pH + 0.7 = 14
pH = 14 – 0.7
= 13.3

6. (a) Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan penyediaan larutan piawai natrium karbonat 0.5 mol dm -
3
.
Diagram 9.1 shows the preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate 0.5
mol dm-3 .

Xg

Xg

Meniscus of the solution at 2 dm3

Meniskus larutan pada 2 dm3
3

Diagram 9.1

(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan larutan piawai?

What is the meaning of standard solution?
[1 mark]
Larutan di mana ………………………………………………………………..

Solution with a concentration is accurately known

10
(ii) Berdasarkan Rajah 9.1, hitung nilai x.
Terangkan mengapa kelalang volumetrik perlu ditutup selepas larutan piawai
disediakan.
Based on Diagram 9.1, calculate value x.
Explain why volumetric flask need to be closed after the standard solution
is prepared.
[3 marks]

Jawapan Answer

Langkah 1 : Mol √P1 2 dm3 = 2000 cm3

Steps 1 : Mole
0.5 ×2000
MV Number of moles =
n = 1000 1000
= 1 mol
Langkah 2 : Jisim (X) Mass of Na2CO3 = 1 × [(23 × 2) + 12 + (16 × 3)]
Steps 2 : Mass (X) √P2
= 1 × 106
Mass = n × Molar mass
= 106 g
√P3
Sebab : ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Reason : To avoid the evaporation of water which mat cause the concentration of
standard solution change

(iii) Dengan menggunakan larutan piawai yang disediakan di (a) (ii), hitung isipadu
air yang perlu ditambah ke dalam larutan natrium karbonat untuk
menyediakan 5.0 dm3 larutan natrium karbonat yang mempunyai kepekatan
0.1 mol dm-3.
By using standard solution prepared in (a) (iii), calculate the volume of distilled
water needed to be added into sodium carbonate solution to prepare 5 dm 3
of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution.
[3 marks]

Guna Formula M1V1 = M2V2 √P1 Use

formula M1V1 = M2V2

M1 = 0.5 mol dm–3 V1 = ? M2 = 0.1 mol dm–3 V2 5 dm3

(0.5) (V1) = (0.1) (5)

0.5
V1 =
0.5
= 1 dm3
Thus, volume of distilled water needs to be added = 5 – 1
= 4 dm3

11
7. Rajah menunjukkan carta alir bagi penukaran pepejal X kepada pepejal Y, larutan Q
dan gas Z. Gas Z ialah gas tidak berwarna yang boleh menukarkan air kapur menjadi
keruh.
Diagram shows a flow chart of the conversion of solid X to solid Y, solution Q and gas
Z. Gas Z is a colourless gas that can turn the limewater cloudy.

(a) Pemanasan pepejal X menghasilkan pepejal Y yang berwarna perang apabila

panas dan kuning apabila sejuk. Berdasarkan Rajah di atas, kenal pasti
pepejal X, pepejal Y, gas Z, larutan Q dan larutan R. Nyatakan nama bagi
tindak balas I dan tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.
The heating of solid X produces solid Y which is brown when hot and yellow
when cold.
Based on Diagram above, identify solid X, solid Y, gas Z, solution Q and solution
R.
State the name for reaction I and write the chemical equation for the reaction.
[8 markah / marks]

Pepejal / Solid X : Lead(II) carbonate // PbCO3 √P1

Pepejal / Solid Y : Lead(II) oxide // PbO √P2
Gas Z : Carbon dioxide // CO2 √P3
Larutan Q : Lead(II) nitrate // Pb(NO3)2 √P4
Solution Q
Larutan R : Potassium iodide // KI // Sodium iodide // NaI √P5
Solution R
Nama tindak balas I : Double decomposition reaction √P6
Name of reaction I
Persamaan kimia : Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3 √P7+P8
Chemical equation

12
(b) Huraikan ujian kimia untuk mengenal pasti anion di dalam larutan Q.
Describe chemical test to confirm the presence of the anion in Q solution.
[5 markah / marks]
Ujian pengesahan anion Confirmatory Markah
test for anion hilang bila
P1 Tuangkan 2cm3 larutan Q ke dalam tabung uji. Pour - no mention
solution -
2 cm3 of solution X into a test tube
use beaker
P2 Tambah ________________ diikuti dengan ________________ . -without
solution
Add dilute sulphuric acid followed with iron (II) sulphate solution
P3 Tambah beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat secara perlahan-lahan -without
melalui dinding tabung uji yang dicondongkan concentrated
Add few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid slowly along the or slowly
wall of the slanted test tube

P4 _________________ terbentuk. -write solution

Brown ring is formed.

P5 NO3- ion hadir.

NO3- ion is present.

TEKNIK RODA IMPIAN

13
8. Rajah menunjukkan beberapa tindak balas yang berlaku ke atas garam
X. Diagram shows a few reaction that occurs on salt X.

Panaskan
Garam putih X Heat Gas P Gas Q
Gas P +
White solid X Gas Q

+ Air
water
Panaskan bersama dengan
Larutan X akueus larutan natrium hidroksida
Aqueous solution X Heat together with sodium
hydroxide solution
+ Reagen Nessler + larutan argentum nitrat
Nessler reagent Silver nitrate solution

Mendakan perang
Mendakan perang Brown precipitate
Brown
precipitate

Notes : Can refer text book page 196

Berdasarkan carta alir di atas, kenal pasti garam putih X, gas P dan gas Q.
Based on the flow chart above, identify white salt X, gas P and gas Q.
[3 markah / marks]
Garam / Salt X : Ammonium chloride // NH4Cl

Gas P : Ammonia gas // NH3

Gas Q : Hydrogen chloride gas // HCl

14
9. KLON SPM 2019
Rajah menunjukkan satu carta pai yang mengandungi peratus ion yang hadir dalam air
laut.
The diagram shows a pie chart which containing the percentage of ions present in sea water.

(a) Garam terdiri daripada gabungan ion positif dan ion negatif.
Salt consists of the combination between positive ion and negative ion.
(i) Nyatakan maksud garam.
State the meaning of salt. [1 markah /mark]

.......................................... yang terbentuk apabila ........................

daripada asid digantikan dengan .........................
atau .............................................. .

Ionic compound formed when hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid is replaced by

metal ion or ammonium ion

(ii) Cadangkan dua garam yang hadir dalam air laut selain daripada garam biasa,
NaCl. Huraikan satu ujian kimia untuk mengesahkan satu anion yang hadir dalam
garam yang dicadangkan.
Suggest two salts that are present in the sea water other than common salt, NaCl.
Describe a chemical test to verify one anion presents in the suggested salt.
[6 marks]

Dua garam yang hadir dalam air laut:

Two salts that are present in the sea water:

1. Magnesium chloride // MgCl2 √P1

2. Magnesium sulphate // MgSO4 √P2

15
 Jawapan Markah hilang bila
3
Tuangkan 2 cm larutan ................................................... ke dalam - use beaker
sebuah tabung uji.

Pour 2 cm3 of magnesium chloride solution into a test tube.

- no mention to add
P3 Tambahkan 2 cm3 ................................. ke dalam tabung uji itu acid
Add 2 cm3 nitric acid into the test tube
diikuti dengan 2 cm3 ........................................................................ -without solution
P4 followed by 2 cm3 silver nitrate solution

- wrong
P5 .............................................................. terhasil. chemical
mention from p2 and
White precipitate is formed. p3
- No mention what
P6 Ion Cl- hadir. anion is present
Cl- ion is present.

ATAU

Jawapan Markah hilang bila

- use beaker
Pour 2 cm3 of magnesium sulphate solution into a test tube.

P3 Add 2 cm3 hydrochloric acid into the test tube - no mention to add
acid
P4 -without solution
3
followed by 2 cm barium chloride solution

P5 - wrong chemical
White precipitate is formed. mention from p2 and
p3
P6 Ion SO42- hadir. - No mention what
SO42- ion is present. anion is present

16
 10. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi ujian pengesahan kation ke atas 2
larutan garam berlabel M and larutan N.
The table shows the observation for the verification tests for cations on two salt solutions
labelled as M and N.

Ujian pengesahan kation ke atas larutan M

Test to identify cation on the solution M

Ujian kimia Chemical test Pemerhatian Observation

a) Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan M ke dalam tabung uji. Tambahkan Mendakan putih larut dalam berlebihan. White
larutan natrium hidroksida sehingga berlebihan precipitate dissolves in excess.
Pour 2 cm3 M solution into a test tube.
Add sodium hydroxide solution until excess.
b) Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan M ke dalam tabung uji. Tambahkan Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam
larutan ammonia sehingga berlebihan berlebihan.
Pour 2 cm3 M solution into a test tube. White precipitate does not dissolve in excess.
Add ammonia solution until excess.

Ujian pengesahan kation ke atas larutan N

Test to identify cation on the solution N

Ujian kimia Chemical test Pemerhatian Observation

c) Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan N ke dalam tabung uji. Tambahkan Mendakan hijau tidak larut dalam
larutan natrium hidroksida sehingga berlebihan berlebihan.
Pour 2 cm3 M solution into a test tube. White precipitate does not dissolves in excess.
Add sodium hydroxide solution until excess.
d) Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan N ke dalam tabung uji. Mendakan biru tua terbentuk.
Tambahkan beberapa titis reagen X. Dark blue precipitate is formed
Pour 2 cm3 N solution into a test tube.
Add few drops of X reagent into the test tube.

Berdasarkan ujian kimia yang dilakukan kepada larutan M, nyatakan dua ion yang
mungkin hadir di dalam larutan M. Huraikan ujian kimia yang boleh membezakan dua
ion tersebut.
Based on the chemical test conducted on the M solution, state two ions maybe present in
the M solution. Describe a chemical test that can differentiate the two ions. [5
markah / marks]
Jawapan
P1 Dua ion : ................... dan ......................
Two ions : lead(II) ion // Pb2+ and aluminium ion // Al3+
P2 Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan M ke dalam tabung didih.
Pour 2 cm3 M solution into a boiling tube.
P3 Add 2 cm3 of potassium iodide solution in the boiling tube and heat it
P4 Sekiranya mendakan ......................... terbentuk dan .................................................................,
larutan tersebut mempunyai ion ......................... .
If yellow precipitate formed and soluble in hot water, lead(II) ion, Pb2+ is present in the solution.
P5 Jika tiada perubahan yang berlaku, maka larutan tersebut mempunyai .............................. .
If no changes occur, hence the solution contains aluminium ion, Al3+

17
Berdasarkan ujian kimia yang dilakukan kepada larutan N, apakah ion yang hadir di dalam
larutan N? Namakan reagen X.
Based on the chemical test conducted on the N solution, what cation is present in the N solution?
Name reagent X.
[2 markah / marks]

Iron(II) ion
Reagent X : Potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) solution

11. Seorang petani mendapati sayuran yang ditanamnya tidak subur disebabkan masalah
tanah. Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan kimia anda, nyatakan dua penyebab yang
mungkin dan cara untuk mengatasi masalah ini dengan menamakan bahan kimia yang
digunakan.
A farmer discovers that his vegetables are not growing well due to soil problems. By using
your chemistry knowledge, state two possible causes and ways to overcome the
problems by naming the chemical used.
[4 marks]
Penyebab Cause Cara untuk mengatasi Ways
to overcome
P1. P2

Acidic soil Tambahkan ...................................................................................

Add calcium oxide / calcium carbonate

P3 P4

Lack of nutrient // fertiliser Tambahkan ...................................................................................

Add urea / ammonium nitrate

BAB 1 TINGKATAN 5 : KESEIMBANGAN REDOKS / REDOX EQULIBRIUM

1. KLON KELANTAN 2023

Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji beza
keupayaan antara dua elektrod menggunakan elektrolit masing-masing dalam suatu
tindak balas redoks.
Diagram shows the arrangement of apparatus for an experiment to study the potential
difference between two electrodes using their respective electrolytes in a redox reaction.

18
 Rajah 1 / Diagram 1
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Siri Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai:
Table below shows a part of Standard Electrode Potential Seriesl:

Jadual 1 / Table 1

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan elektrolit?

What is meant by electrolytes?
[1 mark]

Bahan kimia
yang .............................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
........ .

Chemical substance can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous solution and

undergoes chemical changes

19
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah di atas, huraikan tindak balas yang berlaku dalam sel kimia itu
menyebabkan arus elektrik terhasil dan tuliskan notasi sel bagi sel kimia itu.
Hitungkan nilai E0sel bagi tindak balas sel kimia itu.
Based on Diagram above, describe reaction occurs in the voltaic cell that cause
electrical current produced and write the cell notation of the voltaic cell. Calculate the
value of E0cell for the voltaic cell.
[7 marks]

Jawapan Answer Catatan Notes

P1 Nilai Eo .......................... lebih .........................

. State which metal become
Maka, .......................... menjadi terminal negatif. negative terminal and
E value of zinc is more negative. Therefore, zinc metal becomes positive terminal and
o

negative terminal. explain why.

Atom zink .............................................. membentuk “LEO”

P2
...................... . Tindak balas ..................................... berlaku. Encourage to write correct
half equation but MUST
Atom zinc loses electrons to form zinc ion, Zn2+
Oxidation reaction occurs. CORRECT.

P3 .................................................. dari elektrod zink ke elektrod State the direction of

argentum melalui ................................................................ . electron flow.

Electron flow from zinc electrode to silver electrode through

connecting wire / external wire.

Nilai Eo .......................... lebih ......................... .

Maka, .......................... menjadi terminal positif.

Eo value of .copper is more positive. Therefore, copper metal

becomes positive terminal.

P4 ........................................ menerima elektron membentuk “GER”

......................... . Tindak balas ................................... berlaku. Encourage to write correct
half equation but MUST
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ receive electron to form copper atom.
CORRECT.
Reduction reaction occurs.

P5 Notasi sel : Zn (s) │ Zn2+ (aq) ║ Cu2+ (aq) │ Cu (s) ABC

P6 Cell notation Anode Bridge Cathode
P7 Nilai E0 sel: Cathode - Anode
Value of E0cell = E0cathode – E0Anode
= + 0.34 – (– 0.76)
= + 0.34 + 0.76
= + 1.10 V

20
(c) Berdasarkan jadual 1, pilih pasangan logam yang akan menghasilkan nilai voltan
yang paling tinggi. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Based on Table 1, choose the pair of metals that will produce the highest voltage.
answer.
Explain your Notes : Can refer text
book page 29 [3 marks]

P1 : Magnesium and silver // Mg and Ag

P2 : E0 value of Mg is most negative while E0 value of silver is the most positive

P3 : Pair of Mg and Ag metals has the greatest difference of standard electrode potential
value than the other pair of metals.

(d) Berdasarkan Nilai Eo daripada jadual 1, adakah tindak balas redoks berlaku apabila
pepejal kuprum dimasukkan ke dalam larutan argentum nitrat? Terangkan
jawapan anda.
Based on the Eo value from the Table 1, does redox reaction will occur if solid copper is
added into silver nitrate solution? Explain your answer.

Cu(p/s) + Ag+(ak/aq)
Tulis nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0 untuk kuprum dan argentum.
Write down the standard electrode potential, E0 values of copper and silver.
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e− ⇌ Cu (s) E0 = + 0.34 V
Ag+ (aq) + e− ⇌ Ag (s) E0 = + 0.80 V

Nota / Note: Berdasarkan nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0,

At the standard electrode potentials above, E0,
1. Lukis anak panah ‘ke atas’ dan ‘ke bawah’ bagi kekuatan
agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan.
Draw arrow ‘up’ and ‘down’ for the strength of oxidising agent and
reducing agent.
2. Tandakan bahan tindak balas yang terlibat. Highlight the
reactants that involved.

P1: Nilai E0 Cu yang ……………………………… daripada nilai E0 Ag

menunjukkan Cu adalah
agen ……………………………………………………………. .
The E0 value of Cu is less positive than Eo value of Ag, therefore Cu is a
stronger reducing agent.
P2: Atom kuprum, Cu lebih cenderung …………………………... elektron untuk membentuk
ion kuprum(II), Cu2+. Cu mengalami tindak balas ………………………………….. .
Copper atom, Cu has a greater tendency to lose electrons to form copper(II) ions, Cu2+.
Cu undergoes oxidation reaction.
P3: Nilai E0 Ag+ yang ……………………………… daripada nilai E0 Cu2+ menunjukkan Ag+
adalah agen ……………………………………………………………. .
The E0 value of Ag+ is more positive than Eo value of Cu2+, therefore Ag+ is a stronger
oxidising agent.

21
P4: Ion argentum, Ag+ lebih cenderung ……………………… elektron bagi membentuk atom
argentum, Ag. Ag+ mengalami tindak balas ………………………………….. .
Silver ion, Ag+ has a greater tendency to gain electrons to form silver atom, Ag.
Ag+ undergoes oxidation reaction.
P5: Oleh itu, tindak balas antara Cu dan Ag+ …………………………… .
Therefore, reaction between Cu and Ag+ occur

22
KLON SBP 2023
2. Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyiasat proses elektrolisis dalam sel I dan
sel II. Kedua-dua sel menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Diagram shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the electrolysis process in cell I
and cell II. Both cells use carbon electrodes.

Banding dan bezakan Set I dan set II dari segi:

Compare and contrast between Set I and Set II based on:
- Ion-ion tertarik ke anod dan katod
Ions attracted to anode and cathode
- Pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas
Choice of ion to be discharged
- Sebab mengapa ion itu dipilih untuk
dinyahcas Reason why the ions
were chosen to be discharged
- Pemerhatian di anod dan katod
Observations at anode and cathode

23
 (ii) Sila semak sendiri! (Boleh merujuk jawapan soalan percubaan SBP)
Set I Set II
–
Ion yang tertarik ke anod Cl and OH – – –
NO3 and OH
Ions attracted to the
anode
Ion yang tertarik ke katod Na+ and H+
Ions attracted to the
cathode

Ion yang dinyahcas Ion Cl– OH–

discharged
Sebab ion dinyahcas The concentration of Cl– ion is E0 value of OH– ion is less
Reason for the ion higher than OH– ion in the positive than E0 value of NO3–
discharged solution ion.

Pemerhatian di anod Greenish yellow gas bubbles are Colourless gas bubbles are
Observation at anode released released

Pemerhatian di katod Colourless gas bubbles are released

Observation at cathode

3. Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan dua jenis sel.

Diagram 9.2 shows two types of cell.

Zinc
Copper Copper Zink
Kuprum Kuprum

Cell A Cell B
Sel A Sel B
Rajah / Diagram 9.2
Zn2+ + 2e- Zn E0 = -0.76 V
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu E0 = +0.34 V
Banding dan beza sel A dan sel B dari segi jenis sel, perubahan tenaga yang berlaku, anod
dan katod bagi kedua-dua sel dan persamaan setengah bagi kedua-dua elektrod.
Compare and contrast cell A and cell B in terms of type of cell, the energy change that
occurs, anode and cathode for both cell and half equations for both electrodes.
[8 marks]
24
 Sel A Sel B
Persamaan√P1 Kedua-dua sel melibatkan tindak balas pengoksidaan di anod dan tindak balas
Similarity penurunan di katod.
Both cell involves oxidation reaction at the anode and reduction reaction at the
cathode.
Jenis sel√P2 Type Sel elektrolitik Electrolytic Sel kimia
of cell cell Chemicall cell / Voltaic sel
Perubahan tenaga Tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga kimia Tenaga kimia kepada tenaga elektrik
Energy change √P3 Electrical energy to chemical energy Chemical energy to electrical energy
Anod dan Katod Anod : Kuprum / Copper Anod : Zink / Zinc
Anode and cathode Katod : Kuprum / Copper √P4 Katod : Kuprum / Copper √P5
Setengah persamaan Anod : Cu  Cu2+ + 2e √P6 Katod : Anod : Zn  Zn2+ + 2e √P7
Half equation Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu √P8 Katod : Cu2+ + 2e  Cu √P8
4. Bukan semua tindak balas kimia adalah tindak balas redoks. Sebagai contoh, tindak balas
peneutralan antara asid dan bes dan juga tindak balas penguraian ganda dua yang anda telah
pelajari di Tingkatan 4 adalah bukan tindak balas redoks.
Not all chemical reactions are classified as redox reaction. For example, neutralisation reaction between
acid and base and also double decomposition reaction that you have learned in Form 4 is not a redox
reaction.

Dengan menggunakan contoh yang sesuai, terangkan mengapa tindak balas peneutralan itu bukan
tindak balas redoks.
By using a suitable example. explain why neutralisation reaction is not a redox reaction.

1. Contoh / Example : HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

2. Nombor pengoksidaan ____________________ sebelum dan selepas tindak balas adalah ___________.
Oxidation number of hydrogen element before and after reaction is +1.
Nombor pengoksidaan ____________________ sebelum dan selepas tindak balas adalah
___________.
Oxidation number of chlorine element before and after reaction is –1.
Nombor pengoksidaan ____________________ sebelum dan selepas tindak balas adalah
___________.
Oxidation number of sodium el;ement before and after reaction is +1 .
Nombor pengoksidaan ____________________ sebelum dan selepas tindak balas adalah
___________.

Oxidation number of oxygen element before and after reaction is –2 .

3. Nombor pengoksidaan bagi semua unsur sebelum dan selepas tindak balas kekal tidak
berubah. Maka, tindak balas peneutralan adalah bukan tindak balas redoks.
Oxidation number of all elements remain unchanged before and after reaction. Therefore,
neutralisation reaction is not a redox reaction.

25
5. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi dua set eksperimen apabila paku besi
bersentuhan dengan logam X dan logam Y dan terdedah kepada oksigen dan air
selama tiga hari.
Diagram below shows the observation for two sets of experiment when iron nails in
contact with metal X and metal Y and exposed to oxygen and water for three days.

Berdasarkan Rajah 11, cadangkan logam X dan logam Y. Terangkan perbezaan

pemerhatian dalam Set I dan Set II.
Based on Diagram 11, suggest metal X and metal Y. Explain the differences in the
observation in Set I and Set II.
[5 markah / marks]

Set I Set II

X : Cu / Ag √P1 Y : Mg / Al / Zn √P2

Besi lebih __________________ berbanding Besi lebih __________________ berbanding

________________ . √P3 ________________ .
Iron is more electropositive than copper. Magnesium is more electropositive
than iron
(LEO) √P4 (GER)

Iron atom loses electrons and is oxidised to form Magnesium atom loses electrons and is oxidised to
iron(II) ion, Fe2+ form magnesium ion, Mg2+

Paku besi berkarat √P5 Paku besi tidak berkarat

Iron nail is rusted Iron nail does not rusted

26
BAB 7 KADAR TINDAK BALAS TINGKATAN 4
CHAPTER 7 RATE OF REACTION FORM 4

KLON KELANTAN 2023

1. Tiga set eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar pembebasan gas hidrogen dalam
tindak balas antara asid kuat dengan zink. Jadual menunjukkan maklumat tentang
eksperimen tersebut. Three sets of experiments were conducted to study the rate of
hydrogen gas release in the reaction between strong acid and zinc. The table below
shows information about the experiment.
Set Bahan tindak balas Time taken to collect
50 cm3 of hydrogen
gas (cm3)
3 -3
I 50 cm asid monoprotik X 1.0 mol dm + serbuk zink pada 70
60 oC
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 monoprotic acid X + zinc powder at
60 oC
II 50 cm3 asid monoprotik X 1.0 mol dm-3 + serbuk zink pada 90
suhu bilik
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 monoprotic acid X + zinc powder at
room temperature
III 50 cm3 asid diprotik X 1.0 mol dm-3 + serbuk zink pada 60
suhu 60 oC
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 monoprotic acid X + zinc powder at
60 oC

(a) Bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara

- Set I dan Set II
- Set I dan Set III
Terangkan jawapan anda menggunakan teori
perlanggaran. Compare the rate of reaction between
- Set I and Set II
- Set II and Set III
Explain your answer by using Collision Theory.
[10 markah / marks]
[Sila rujuk Bahan Topik Berfokus T4 dan T5]

27
 (b) Lakarkan graf isipadu gas melawan masa bagi set I, II dan III pada paksi yang
sama.
Sketch the graph of volume of gas against time for set I, II and III on the same axes.
[4 markah / marks]

KBAT
2. Maklumat berikut menunjukkan dua situasi berbeza bagi melarutkan gula dalam
air.
The following information shows two different situations for dissolving sugar in water.

Situasi I : Gula pasir lebih mudah larut dalam air panas berbanding air sejuk.
Fine sugar is easier to dissolve in hot water compared to cold water.

Situasi II : Gula pasir lebih mudah larut dalam air sejuk berbanding gula kiub dalam air sejuk.
Fine sugar is easier to dissolve in cold water compared to sugar cube in cold
water.

Berdasarkan situasi tersebut, nyatakan dua faktor yang terlibat. Jelaskan bagaimana
setiap faktor itu mempengaruhi keterlarutan gula.
Based on the situations, state two factors involved. Explain how the factor affects
the solubility of sugar.
[6 markah / marks]

P1 Faktor terlibat dalam situasi I :

P2 Faktor terlibat dalam situasi II :
Factor that involved in situation I:
Factor that involved in situation II:

Situasi I
Situation I

P3 Suhu air panas lebih tinggi daripada air sejuk.

Temperature of hot water is higher than cold water.

28
 P4 Tenaga kinetik ......................... air dalam air panas lebih tinggi daripada air sejuk.
Kinetic energy water molecules in hot water is higher than cold water.

Situasi II:
Situation II :
P5
Size of fine sugar is smaller than the size of sugar cube

P6
The total surface area of fine sugar exposed to water molecules is larger than the total surface
area of sugar cube exposed to water molecules

3. Rajah menunjukkan sebuah mesin basuh yang mempunyai dua mod pencucian
yang menggunakan air panas dan air sejuk.
Diagram shows a washing machine that has two modes of cleaning that using hot
water and cold water.

Sebagai seorang pengguna, pilih mod pencucian yang lebih sesuai untuk mencuci
pakaian? Wajarkan pilihan anda.
As consumer, choose cleaning mode that is more suitable to clean clothes. Justify your
answer.
[2 markah / marks]
Choice : Hot mode
Justification : The detergent particles more faster and can remove the stain quickly and more
effectively

Choice : Cold mode

Justification : Fabric not easily damage and last longer

29