TB 53concentrationchangeovertime 61e0150398f8b5.61e01505d20992.47515730

AP CHEMISTRY Test Booklet
5.3 Concentration change over time
1.
Na2C37H34N2S3O9+OCl-→products
blue colorless
Blue food coloring can be oxidized by household bleach (which contains OCl− ) to form colorless products, as
represented by the equation above. A student used a spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 635 nm to study the
absorbance of the food coloring over time during the bleaching process. In the study, bleach is present in large
excess so that the concentration of OCl− is essentially constant throughout the reaction. The student used
data from the study to generate the graphs below.
a. Based on the graphs above, what is the order of the reaction with respect to the blue food coloring?
b. The reaction is known to be first order with respect to bleach. In a second experiment, the student
prepares solutions of food coloring and bleach with concentrations that differ from those used in the first
experiment. When the solutions are combined, the student observes that the reaction mixture reaches an
absorbance near zero too rapidly. In order to correct the problem, the student proposes the following
three possible modifications to the experiment.
• Increasing the temperature

• Increasing the concentration of the food coloring
• Increasing the concentration of the bleach
Circle the one proposed modification above that could correct the problem, and explain how that
modification increases the time for the reaction mixture to reach an absorbance near zero.
c. In another experiment, a student wishes to study the oxidation of red food coloring with bleach. How
would the student need to modify the original experimental procedure to determine the order of the
reaction with respect to the red food coloring?
Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.
AP Chemistry Page 1 of 35
Test Booklet
2. X → products
Pure substance X decomposes according to the equation above. Which of the following graphs indicates that the
rate of decomposition is second order in X ?
Page 2 of 35 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
(A)
(B)
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(C)
(D)
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(E)
Test Booklet
3. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the
steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer.
Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.
Hydrogen peroxide, , decomposes according to the equation above. This reaction is thermodynamically
favorable at room temperature.
(a) A particulate representation of the reactants is shown below in the box on the left. In the box below on the
right, draw the particulate representation of all the molecules that would be produced from these four reactant
molecules.
(b) Shown below is a potential energy diagram for the uncatalyzed decomposition of .
Test Booklet
(i) According to the diagram, is the decomposition reaction exothermic or endothermic? Justify your answer.
(ii) Manganese dioxide, , is an insoluble substance that acts as a catalyst for the decomposition
reaction. On the diagram above, draw a curve to represent the reaction as it occurs in the presence of .
A student investigates the decomposition reaction in the laboratory. The student prepares two small beakers,
adding of to each one. Each beaker is placed on an electronic balance. The
student adds of to the second beaker and records the mass of each beaker and its contents at
10-second intervals for one minute. The beakers and the data are shown below.
Test Booklet
Time Mass of Beaker 1 Mass of Beaker 2

(seconds) (grams) (grams)
(c) For beaker 2 during the 60-second period, calculate the following.
(i) The number of moles of that was produced
(ii) The mass of that decomposed
(d) The student continues the experiment for an additional minute. For beaker 2, will the mass of
consumed during the second minute be greater than, less than, or equal to the mass of consumed
during the first minute? Explain your answer referring to the data in the table.
Test Booklet
(e) Based on the data, the student claims that the catalyzed reaction has zeroth-order kinetics. Do you agree with
the student’s claim? Justify your answer.
(f) A second student did the experiment using larger volumes of . The student noticed that
the reaction in beaker 2 proceeded extremely rapidly, causing some of the liquid to splash out of the beaker onto
the lab table. The student claims that as a result of the loss of the liquid from the beaker, the calculated number of
moles of produced is greater than the actual number of moles of produced during the first 60
seconds. Do you agree with the student? Justify your answer.
(g) The hydrogen peroxide used in this experiment can be prepared by the reaction of solid ammonium
peroxydisulfate, , with water. The products are hydrogen peroxide and ammonium
bisulfate . Write the balanced equation for the reaction.
Test Booklet
4. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps
involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Examples and
equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.
The hydrocarbon cyclobutane, , is represented above. At high temperatures, cyclobutane quickly

decomposes into ethene, .
(a) Draw a Lewis electron-dot diagram of the ethene molecule in the following box.
Test Booklet
(b) Estimate the value of the bond angle in ethene.
(c) The graph below shows the concentration of cyclobutane as it decomposes over time at .
Test Booklet
(i) Based on the graph, determine the order of the decomposition reaction of cyclobutane at . Justify your
answer.
(ii) Calculate the time, in milliseconds, that it would take for 99 percent of the original cyclobutane at to
decompose.
Another alkane with a ring structure is cyclopentane, . Cyclopentane reacts with chlorine, , to
produce and . Following is a representation of a proposed mechanism for the reaction.
(slow)
(fast)
(fast)
(d) Write a rate law for the reaction that is consistent with the mechanism. Justify your answer.
(e) A student claims that is a catalyst in the reaction. Explain why the student’s claim is false.
Test Booklet
5.
The reaction represented by the chemical equation shown above occurs in Earth’s atmosphere. In an experiment,
was monitored over time and the data plotted as shown in the following graph.
Based on the information, which of the following is the rate law expression for the reaction?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
6. After a certain pesticide compound is applied to crops, its decomposition is a first-order reaction with a half-life of
days. What is the rate constant, , for the decomposition reaction?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
7. If the oxygen isotope 20O has a half-life of 15 seconds, what fraction of a sample of pure 20O remains after 1.0
minute?
Test Booklet
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
8. The isomerization of cyclopropane to propylene is a first-order process with a half-life of 19 minutes at 500oC. The
time it takes for the partial pressure of cyclopropane to decrease from 1.0 atmosphere to 0.125 atmosphere at 500oC
is closest to
(A) 38 minutes
(B) 57 minutes
(C) 76 minutes
(D) 152 minutes
(E) 190 minutes
9. The rate constant ( ) for the decay of the radioactive isotope is . The slope of which of
the following graphs is correct for the decay and could be used to confirm the value of ?
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(A)
(B)
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(C)
(D)
Test Booklet
2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + O2(g) ΔH° = −196 kJ/molrxn
The decomposition of H2O2(aq) is represented by the equation above. A student monitored the decomposition of a 1.0 L
sample of H2O2(aq) at a constant temperature of 300. K and recorded the concentration of H2O2 as a function of time.
The results are given in the table below.
10. Which of the following statements is a correct interpretation of the data regarding how the order of the reaction can
be determined?
(A) The reaction must be first order because there is only one reactant species.
(B) The reaction is first order if the plot of ln [H2O2] versus time is a straight line.
(C) The reaction is first order if the plot of 1/[H2O2] versus time is a straight line.
(D) The reaction is second order because 2 is the coefficient of H2O2 in the chemical equation.
11. Gaseous cyclobutene undergoes a first-order reaction to form gaseous butadiene. At a particular temperature, the
partial pressure of cyclobutene in the reaction vessel drops to one-eighth its original value in 124 seconds. What is
the half-life for this reaction at this temperature?
(A) 15.5 sec
(B) 31.0 sec
(C) 41.3 sec
(D) 62.0 sec
(E) 124 sec
12. If 87.5 percent of a sample of pure 131I decays in 24 days, what is the half-life of 131I?
Test Booklet
(A) 6 days
(B) 8 days
(C) 12 days
(D) 14 days
(E) 21 days
Test Booklet
13. Answer the following questions about the isomers fulminic acid and isocyanic acid.
Two possible Lewis electron-dot diagrams for fulminic acid, HCNO, are shown below.
a. Explain why the diagram on the left is the better representation for the bonding in fulminic acid. Justify
your choice based on formal charges.
Fulminic acid can convert to isocyanic acid according to the equation below.
HCNO(g)⇄HNCO(g)
fulminic acid - isocyanic acid
b. Using the Lewis electron-dot diagrams of fulminic acid and isocyanic acid shown in the boxes above and
the table of average bond enthalpies below, determine the value of ∆H° for the reaction of HCNO(g) to
form HNCO(g).
c. A student claims that ∆S° for the reaction is close to zero. Explain why the student’s claim is accurate.
d. Which species, fulminic acid (HCNO) or isocyanic acid (HNCO), is present in higher concentration at
equilibrium at 298 K? Justify your answer in terms of thermodynamic favorability and the equilibrium
constant.
The ammonium salt of isocyanic acid is a product of the decomposition of urea, CO(NH2)2, represented
below.
CO(NH2)2(aq) ⇄ NH4+(aq) + OCN-(aq)
A student studying the decomposition reaction runs the reaction at 90°C. The student collects data on the
concentration of urea as a function of time, as shown by the data table and the graph below.
Test Booklet
e. The student proposes that the rate law is rate = k[CO(NH2)2].
i. Explain how the data support the student’s proposed rate law.
ii. Using the proposed rate law and the student’s results, determine the value of the rate constant, k.
Include units with your answer.
f. The student learns that the decomposition reaction was run in a solution with a pH of 13. Briefly describe
an experiment, including the initial conditions that you would change and the data you would gather, to
determine whether the rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of OH-(aq).
Test Booklet
14. X → Products
A student studied the kinetics of the reaction represented above by measuring the concentration of the reactant, X,
over time. The data are plotted in the graph below.
Which of the following procedures will allow the student to determine the rate constant, k , for the reaction?
(A) Plot ln [X] versus time and determine the magnitude of the slope.
Plot 1/[X] versus time and determine the magnitude of
(B)
the slope.
Run another trial of the experiment with a different initial concentration, plot the data on the same graph, and
(C)
see where the curves intersect.
Run another trial of the experiment at a different temperature, plot the data on the same graph, and see where
(D)
the curves have the same slope.
Test Booklet
15. The decay of the radioisotope I-131 was studied in a laboratory. I-131 is known to decay by beta emission.
a. Write a balanced nuclear equation for the decay of I-131.
b. What is the source of the beta particle emitted from the nucleus?
The radioactivity of a sample of I-131 was measured. The data collected are plotted on the graph below.
c. Determine the half-life, t1/2 , of I-131 using the graph above.
d. The data can be used to show that the decay of I-131 is a first-order reaction, as indicated on the graph
below.
i. Label the vertical axis of the graph above.
ii. What are the units of the rate constant, k, for the decay reaction?
iii. Explain how the half-life of I-131 can be calculated using the slope of the line plotted on the
graph.
e. Compare the value of the half-life of I-131 at 25℃ to its value at 50℃.
Test Booklet
Test Booklet
16. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps
involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Examples and
equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.
Nitrogen dioxide, , is produced as a by-product of the combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion
engines. At elevated temperatures decomposes according to the equation below.
The concentration of a sample of is monitored as it decomposes and is recorded on the graph directly
below. The two graphs that follow it are derived from the original data.
Test Booklet
(a) Explain how the graphs indicate that the reaction is second order.
(b) Write the rate law for the decomposition of .
(c) Consider two possible mechanisms for the decomposition reaction.
(i) Is the rate law described by mechanism I shown below consistent with the rate law you wrote in part (b) ?
Justify your answer.
Mechanism
(ii) Is the rate law described by mechanism shown below consistent with the rate law you wrote in part (b) ?
Justify your answer.
Mechanism
Test Booklet
17. The half-life of 55Cr is about 2.0 hours. The delivery of a sample of this isotope from the reactor to a certain
laboratory requires 12 hours. About what mass of such material should be shipped in order that 1.0 mg of 55Cr is
delivered to the laboratory?
(A) 130 mg
(B) 64 mg
(C) 32 mg
(D) 11 mg
(E) 1.0 mg
18. 2 N2O5(g) → 4 NO2(g) + O2(g)
A sample of N2O5 was placed in an evacuated container, and the reaction represented above occurred. The value of
, the partial pressure of N2O5(g), was measured during the reaction and recorded in the table below.
Time (min) (atm)
0 150 5.0 0.0067

100 75 4.3 0.013
200 38 3.6 0.027
300 19 2.9 0.053
Which of the following correctly describes the reaction?

(A) The decomposition of N2O5 is a zero-order reaction.
(B) The decomposition of N2O5 is a first-order reaction.
(C) The decomposition of N2O5 is a second-order reaction.
(D) The overall reaction order is 3.
Test Booklet
19.
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
A sample of N2O5 was placed in an evacuated container, and the reaction represented above occurred. The value of
, the partial pressure of N2O5(g), was measured during the reaction and recorded in the table below.
Which of the following correctly describes the reaction?

(A) The decomposition of N2O5 is a zero-order reaction.
(B) The decomposition of N2O5 is a first-order reaction.
(C) The decomposition of N2O5 is a second-order reaction.
(D) The overall reaction order is 3.
Test Booklet
20. Answer the following questions about ozone
a. The O3 molecule has a central oxygen atom bonded to two outer oxygen atoms that are not bonded to one
another. In the box below, draw the Lewis electron-dot diagram of the O3 molecule. Include all valid
resonance structures.
b. Based on the diagram you drew in part (a), what is the shape of the ozone molecule?
Ozone decomposes according to the reaction represented below
2 O3(g) → 3 O2(g)
ΔH° = − 285 kJ/molrxn
c. The bond enthalpy of the oxygen-oxygen bond in O2 is 498 kJ/mol. Based on the enthalpy of the reaction
represented above, what is the average bond enthalpy, in kJ/mol, of an oxygen-oxygen bond in O3?
Ozone can oxidize HSO3−(aq), as represented by the equation below.
HSO3−(aq) + O3(aq) → HSO4−(aq) + O2(g)
A solution is prepared in which the initial concentration of HSO3−(aq) (6.4 × 10−4 M) is much larger
than that of O3(aq) (1.0 × 10−5 M). The concentration of O3(aq) is monitored as the reaction proceeds,
and the data are plotted in the graph below
Test Booklet
d. The data are consistent with the following rate law: rate = k1[O3]
i. Based on the graph on the previous page, determine the half-life of the reaction
ii. Determine the value of the rate constant, k1, for the rate law. Include units with your answer.
iii. Considering the relative concentrations of the reactants, briefly explain why the data in the
graph are also consistent with the following rate law: rate = k2[O3][HSO3−]
iv. Briefly describe an experiment that could provide evidence to support the rate law given in part
(d)(iii)
Test Booklet
21.
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to produce water and oxygen according to the equation above. An experimentally
determined graph for the first-order decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is provided below.
Which of the following best identifies the rate constant for the reaction based on the information in the plot of
versus time ( ) ?
(A) at
(B) at
(C)
(D)
22.
Time
The data from a study of the decomposition of to form and are given in the table above.
Which of the following rate laws is consistent with the data?
Test Booklet
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
23.
A reaction was observed for 20 days and the percentage of the reactant remaining after each day was recorded in the
table above. Which of the following best describes the order and the half-life of the reaction?
Test Booklet
Reaction Order Half-life (days)

(A)
First 3

(B)
First 10

(C)
Second 3

(D)
Second 3

(E)
Second 10
Test Booklet
24.
Consider the reaction represented by the equation 2 X + 2 Z → X2Z2. During a reaction in which a large excess of
reactant X was present, the concentration of reactant Z was monitored over time. A plot of the natural logarithm of
the concentration of Z versus time is shown in the figure above. The order of the reaction with respect to reactant Z
is
(A) zero order
(B) first order
(C) second order
(D) third order
Test Booklet
25.
The graph above shows the results of a study of the reaction of X with a large excess of Y to yield Z. The
concentrations of X and Y were measured over a period of time. According to the results, which of the following can
be concluded about the rate law for the reaction under the conditions studied?
(A) It is zero order in [X].
(B) It is first order in [X].
(C) It is second order in [X].
(D) It is first order in [Y].
(E) The overall order of the reaction is 2.
The reaction between C25H30N3+ (aq) and OH-(aq), as represented above, is first order with respect to C25H30N3+ (aq) in
the presence of excess OH-(aq). A 10.0 mL sample of 0.10 M NaOH(aq) is mixed with a 10.0 mL sample of 2.5 x 10-5 M
C25H30N3+(aq). A 5.0 mL sample of the mixture is quickly transferred to a clean cuvette and placed in a
spectrophotometer, and the progress of the reaction is measured. The data are given in the table below.
26. Approximately how long did it take for 75 percent of the initial amount of C25H30N3+ (aq) to react?
Test Booklet
(A) 75 s
(B) 225 s
(C) 300 s
(D) 600 s

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AP CHEMISTRY Test Booklet

5.3 Concentration change over time

• Increasing the temperature

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

Time Mass of Beaker 1 Mass of Beaker 2

(i) The number of moles of that was produced

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(ii) The mass of that decomposed

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

The hydrocarbon cyclobutane, , is represented above. At high temperatures, cyclobutane quickly

5.3 Concentration change over time

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) Estimate the value of the bond angle in ethene.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + O2(g) ΔH° = −196 kJ/molrxn

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

fulminic acid - isocyanic acid

CO(NH2)2(aq) ⇄ NH4+(aq) + OCN-(aq)

5.3 Concentration change over time

e. The student proposes that the rate law is rate = k[CO(NH2)2].

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

a. Write a balanced nuclear equation for the decay of I-131.

c. Determine the half-life, t1/2 , of I-131 using the graph above.

i. Label the vertical axis of the graph above.

5.3 Concentration change over time

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5.3 Concentration change over time

5.3 Concentration change over time

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) Write the rate law for the decomposition of .

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(c) Consider two possible mechanisms for the decomposition reaction.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.