MIZAN TEPI UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOIOGY

DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESORCE ENGINERING
PROJECT OF:ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT(EIA)

GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME ID
Dabaro Erchako 0533/12
Chalachew abunu 0518/12
Mesfin Aberham 1355/12
Daniel demisse 0546/12
Dereje Gadefa 0601/12

Submit for:mr.walilgn.m..
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 Table content
1. Introduction of EIA report on Hydropower plants ..................................................................................................... 1
2. Project over view of EIA report on Hydropower plants ............................................................................................. 2
3. Statement of need of EIA report on Hydropower plants ........................................................................................... 3
4. Project option of EIA report on Hydropower plants .................................................................................................. 5
5. Existing environment of EIA report on Hydropower plants ....................................................................................... 6
6. Mitigation measure during construction and measurement of EIA report on Hydropower plants .......................... 7
7. Public participation of EIA report on Hydropower plants ..........................................................................................9
8. Environmental management plan report for a proposed (EMP) of EIA report on Hydropower plants .................. 10
9. Cost and benefit of EIA report on Hydropower plants .............................................................................................11
10. Compliance and impact monitoring of EIA report hydropower plant project .......................................................13
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................... 14
References .................................................................................................................................................................... 16

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1. Introduction of EIA report on Hydropower plants
An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the possible impact - positive or
negative - that a proposed project may have on the environment, considering natural, social and economic
aspects. The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing
environmental impacts to decide whether to proceed with the project.

As a policy instrument the EIA ensures that the environmental implications of a project are anticipated
and minimized. They are applied for all types of projects like infrastructure development, and also for
hydropower projects. They might be applied on river basin scale in the case of cumulative Environmental
Impact Assessments (An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic process used to identify,
evaluate and mitigate the environmental effects of a proposed project prior to major decisions and
commitments being made” (UNEP). It thus also figures as a means to ensure that projects are
implemented with full awareness of environmental factors. An EIA normally results in an Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) that elaborates mitigation and monitoring measures. In most industrialized
countries EIAs are legally required when a proposed (hydropower) project exceeds a certain size.

Hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) are a renewable energy source that can generate electricity from water
flow. However, they also have potential environmental and social impacts that need to be assessed before,
during, and after their construction and operation. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a
systematic process that identifies, evaluates, and mitigates the possible effects of a HPP project on the
natural and human environment.

The first step of an EIA is to define the scope of the project and the assessment. This involves
determining the objectives, location, size, design, and alternatives of the HPP project, as well as the legal
and regulatory requirements, the stakeholders, and the baseline conditions of the environment. The scope
should also specify the methods, criteria, and indicators that will be used to assess the impacts and the
level of detail and accuracy that is needed.

This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Manual has been developed by the Ministry of
Forests and Environment to facilitate the sustainability of the hydropower sector development
process in Nepal and provide guidance on “good practices”. Global experiences indicate that

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inadequate and lack of proactive management of environmental and social issues can have
significant and adverse impacts on the cost, quality, security, and schedule of hydropower project
planning, construction and operation. An EIA’s comprehensiveness and its quality offers the
very foundation to facilitate the hydropower project development processes by:

1. Identifying and addressing environmental and social risks and impacts, opportunities and
management strategies.

2. Focusing on resources and attention where it is required the most.

3. Identifying stakeholders and gaining support and building understanding with stakeholders.

4. Informing decision-makers with the necessary evidence to support further action. This
Manual enforces a comprehensive EIA adhering to the spirit of Environment Protection Act and
associated Environment Protection Rules2 and National EIA Guideline and international good
practices for sustainable hydropower development. This Manual has been developed within the
framework of existing Policies, Acts and Regulations of the Government of Nepal to be used as a
reference document and will not supersede prevailing laws.

2. Project over view of EIA report on Hydropower plants

Hydropower plants are power generation facilities that allow the use of water resources to
generate electricity. Hydropower development involves the construction of a water diversion and
intake structure to convey available water to the powerhouse containing hydraulic turbines.
Water flows through the hydraulic turbines connected to the electricity generators. The
electricity produced is then sent to a substation and distributed using high voltage power
transmission lines.

Overview of Expected Impacts and Required Mitigation Measures This document catalogues all
the expected impacts from the Mitigation can be achieved through three basic approaches:

• taking advantage of the natural features and qualities of the various locations for project
components;

• taking advantage of specific project design features (which have evolved through experience to
mitigate technical issues, and to reduce environmental and social concerns); and

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 • implementing specific mitigation measures that address residual concerns not covered by the
advantages of project location and project design features (many of these are considered to be
standard “best practice” approaches in project construction; others are designed to address
unique concerns). These are described below, first of all as a summary of all impacts and the
required mitigation measures, to frame the EMP, then an account of the specific details
associated with each proposed mitigation measure, including the monitoring and institutional
requirements to ensure proper implementation and accountability for mitigation performance.

An EIA report consists of various significant project components, which include the project
description, environmental and social impacts assessment of the project, mitigation measures,
and associated management and monitoring methods

3. Statement of need of EIA report on Hydropower plants

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), is an essential step in the approval process
by regulators, investors and operators, helping a hydropower project to identify the measures necessary to
manage issues of concern to local communities and the environment.

Achieving good practice on environmental and social issues management involves identifying a
project's full range of potential impacts during project preparation and taking steps throughout
the project lifecycle to avoid, minimize and mitigate them.

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), is an essential step in the approval
process by regulators, investors and operators, helping a hydropower project to identify the
measures necessary to manage issues of concern to local communities and the environment.
Increasing focus is now given to avoiding and minimizing impacts by better planning long
before the ESIA stage, and to effective implementation of measures through Environmental and
Social Management Plans and Systems It is imperative that any environmental and social
impacts of new and existing hydropower schemes are avoided, minimized and mitigated to
ensure hydropower fulfills this role. This comprehensive guide can

Provide the guidance and practical methodologies necessary to help developers and operators
deliver more sustainable projects.” throughout the life of the project

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool used to assess the positive and negative
environmental, economic, and social impacts of a project . The objective of EIA is to
1

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 Identify, predict and evaluate the economic, environmental and social impact of development
activities.
 Provide information on the environmental consequences for decision making.
 Promote environmentally sound and sustainable development through the identification of
appropriate alternatives and mitigation measures.

The EIA process is a formal process for identifying and mitigating the environmental
impacts of a project. It involves the following steps:
1. Screening: The project plan is screened for the scale, location, and type of development and
if it needs statutory clearance.
Screening is the initial process through which a prospective hydropower project proponent
clarifies the purpose and rationale for the proposal, identifies opportunities for alternatives to
the project, considers the environmental issues associated with it, and determines what form
of environmental assessment is required according to the EPR
2. Scoping: The key issues and impacts to be assessed are identified and the terms of reference
for the EIA are defined.
3. Collection of Baseline Data: The existing environmental conditions and trends are measured
and documented.
4. Impact Prediction: The likely effects of the project on the environment and human health
and welfare are estimated and evaluated.
5. Mitigation Measures and EIA Report: The feasible alternatives and measures to avoid,
reduce, or compensate for the adverse impacts are proposed and the EIA report is prepared
and submitted.

EIA provides a cost effective method to eliminate or minimize the adverse impact of
developmental projects. It enables the decision makers to analyses the effect of developmental
activities on the environment well before the developmental project is implemented. EIA
encourages the adaptation of mitigation strategies in the developmental plan. EIA can often
prevent future liabilities or expensive alterations in project design.

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4. Project option of EIA report on Hydropower plants
The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) complements the environmental impact assessment. The
main difference: The SEA applies in an earlier stage of decision

Making than the EIA and at a broader, national level. While the EIA is employed only in the case of the
approval of proposed environmentally significant projects, the SEA is already being done at the national
planning level. Important strategic decisions with environmentally significance are often made already in
the course of national planning and programing.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental

impacts (positive or negative) of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-
related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.
Environment assessment involves a study to determine any unique environmental attributes from
endangered species to existing hazardous waste to historical significance. Environment
Assessment procedure ensures consideration of environmental implications before making a final
decision of assessing the environmental attribute. Project planning processes can integrate EA as
essential step giving sensitivity to the social and economic as well as environmental impacts of
projects. In this way, project managers can compensate for shortcomings in the project planning
process.

A project which failed to adequately consult the community at the outset can take advantage of
the Environment Assessment to involve the community in a necessary exchange of ideas and
views. EIA can be of great benefit, since it can provide a framework for considering location and
design issues and environmental issues in parallel. It can be an aid to the formulation of
developmental actions, indicating areas where the project can be modified to minimize or
eliminate altogether the adverse impacts on the environment. The consideration of environmental
impacts early in the planning life of a development can lead to environmentally sensitive
development; to improved relations between the developer, the planning authority and the local
communities.

During scoping stage content and level of detail of analysis is defined. The EU directive, for
example, states as minimum information to provide:

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 1. a description of the project comprising information on the site, design, size and other
relevant features of the project;
2. a description of the likely significant effects of the project on the environment;
3. a description of the features of the project and/or measures envisaged in order to avoid,
prevent or reduce and, if possible, offset likely significant adverse effects on the
environment;
4. a description of the reasonable alternatives studied by the developer, which are relevant
to the project and its specific characteristics, and an indication of the main reasons for
the option chosen, taking into account the effects of the project on the environment;
5. a non-technical summary of the information referred to in points
6. Any additional information specified in Annex IV relevant to the specific characteristics
of a particular project or type of project and to the environmental features likely to be
affected.

5. Existing environment of EIA report on Hydropower plants

The components of environmental impact assessment include Water Environment, Biological
Environment, Land Environment, Air Environment, Noise Environment, Socio-economic and Health
Environment, EIA Risk Assessment, and Environment Management Plan.

A dam and reservoir can also change natural water temperatures, water chemistry, river flow
characteristics, and silt loads. All of these changes can affect the ecology and the physical characteristics
of the river. These changes may have negative effects on native plants and on animals in and around the
rive

Most dams in the United States were built mainly for flood control, municipal water supply, and
irrigation water. Although many of these dams have hydroelectric generators, only a small
number of dams were built specifically for hydropower generation. Hydropower generators do
not directly emit air pollutants. However, dams, reservoirs, and the operation of hydroelectric
generators can affect the environment.

Managing impacts consists of benefit enhancement/augmentation and adverse impact mitigation

measures in response to the assessed impacts describing some of the generic impacts and
associated management measures relevant for various aspects of the environment during each
project phase. The basic hierarchy for managing impacts should always be applied, involving

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enhancement of beneficial impacts, and then avoidance, minimization and/or compensation for
adverse impacts.

Project development also includes benefits which can be sustained through enhancement or
maximization measures of beneficial impact. Enhancement measures involve being able to
provide programs to support biodiversity and conservation, and community development
programs. Some examples include restoration of biodiversity resources through watershed
management programs or establishment of nursery and tree plantation. Impacted communities
and resettled communities can benefit from improved social infrastructure or vocational skills
training.

6. Mitigation measure during construction and measurement of EIA

report on Hydropower plants

The most important measures to mitigate adverse impacts during construction will be a judicious
selection of, firstly, the valley road alignment and, secondly, the location of the construction
facilities for the dam. Detailed design must focus on improved road alignment avoiding
relocation of houses. In order to reduce negative impacts on subsistence agriculture and food
supply of local population, the acquisition of productive land for construction facilities (around
batching plant) should be reduced as much as possible.

This means more workers, increased number of work locations, more frequent movement of
construction equipment, and higher volumes and more locations for fuel storage. The impacts
and required mitigation measures are exactly the same in many cases, in terms of activities,
locations, and degrees of concern. It is expected that the planning and experience in the pre-
construction phase will set the stage for effective planning and mitigation measures in the
construction phase

There are three specific actions triggered by the land clearing and cuts made during the
preconstruction phase (and continuing through construction). These include:

• Preparation for the audits and access roads, which requires slope stabilization and associated
works.

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 • Animal rescue (as wildlife are encountered during clearing) and ongoing wildlife biodiversity
support; and,

• replanting of trees to compensate for those that are cut, and to provide alternative habitat for
wildlife.

EIA is to propose measures to avoid, minimize, reduce, compensate, or offset the adverse
impacts of the HPP project. This involves designing and implementing technical, operational,
managerial, and institutional solutions that can prevent or reduce the negative effects of the
project on the environment and the affected communities. Some of the common mitigation
measures for HPPs are optimizing the site selection and design, implementing best practices and
standards, monitoring and controlling the water flow and quality, restoring and conserving the
habitats and biodiversity, providing compensation and resettlement, and enhancing the livelihood
and health opportunities.

Construction activities include building the major components of the hydropower facility. Such
components include a diversion structure, weir or dam, water intake structure, headwork such as
pen stock and tunnels, powerhouse, tail race pipeline or tunnel, substation or switchyard, power
transmission lines, and access roads. During this phase, a construction workers’ camp, spoils
disposal area, lay down areas, access roads, water treatment plant, concrete batching plant,
aggregate crushing plant are also established to support construction activities. The construction
program could take years (e.g. on average three to five years) before the hydropower plant can
start operating. Site preparation activities include removal of top soil, earthmoving activities
which may involve blasting, filling, and tunneling. Quarrying and transport of filling materials
are also required. Hydropower facilities are usually built in remote areas requiring the opening
up of new access roads. Weir and dam construction require careful foundation filling and
concreting work to ensure building according to structural design plans. Site preparation and
tunneling work generate spoils that should be properly disposed of in a designated spoils disposal
area.

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7. Public participation of EIA report on Hydropower plants
Before a developer can begin construction of a HP in Nepal, an EIA report, containing details of
potential environmental and social impacts, must be submitted to the appropriate government
body for review and approval. It is widely recognized that PP is highly desirable as an integral
part of the EIA process. It is assumed that PP will improve the final design on impact assessment,
mitigation measures, and acceptance of the project by the citizens and prioritization of
compensation

The approach of proponents to EIA can differ significantly from that of the citizens due to
disparities in worldviews, epistemologies and targets for assessing potential impacts. Proponents
can benefit from citizen information to make qualified decisions

An EIA can be carried out in connection with development projects, constructions projects,
strategic plans and policies. For construction projects, a detailed EIA report is often needed for
large projects with potentially significant impacts for the surrounding environment. EIA is an
important planning instrument, providing vital information on potential biophysical and
socioeconomic impacts. With an awareness of such impacts, projects may be assessed in more
detail when planning alternatives, compensation, and mitigation

The practical implementation of PP in EIA in developing countries often differs from the way in
which normal “good-practices” are promoted by international actors and financial contributors -
a discrepancy also seen in developed countries. Experience shows that developing countries face
financial, structural and resource constraints when instituting EIA arrangements and
implementing actual EIA processes

Financial backing for HPs is granted on conditions that EIA practices are aligned with those of
the internal EIA policies of IFC and the national policies of

Such policies can, therefore, have substantial influence on the execution of PP in EIA

● Identify and evaluate environmental and social risks and impacts of the project.

● Adopt a mitigation hierarchy to (I) anticipate and avoid, or (ii) minimize, where avoidance is
not possible, or (iii) compensate/offset for risks and impacts to workers, affected communities
and the environment, where residual impacts remain.

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● Promote improved environmental and social performance of clients through the effective use
of management systems.

● Ensure that grievances from affected communities and external communications from other
stakeholders are responded to and managed appropriately.

● Promote, and provide means for, adequate engagement with affected communities throughout
the project life cycle on issues that could potentially affect them, and ensure that relevant
environmental and social information is disclosed and disseminated.

8. Environmental management plan report for a proposed (EMP) of EIA

report on Hydropower plants

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an analytical process that systematically

examines the possible environmental consequences of a project´s implementation. EIA provides
a way of assessing key issues effectively and transparently, and highlights opportunities to
achieve wider environmental objectives. An EIA is carried out for new projects that are likely to
have significant adverse impacts on the environment.
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is one of the outputs of an EIA process. An EMP
establishes how impact mitigation measures are to be implemented and monitored.

EIA is to monitor and follow up the implementation and performance of the HPP project and the
mitigation measures. This involves collecting and analyzing data and information on the actual
impacts and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures, as well as identifying and resolving
any gaps, issues, or problems that may arise during the construction and operation of the HPP
project. The monitoring and follow up should also provide feedback and recommendations for
improving the EIA process and the HPP project.

EIA is to evaluate the significance, magnitude, duration, frequency, and reversibility of the
identified impacts. This involves comparing the impacts with the baseline conditions and the
legal and regulatory standards, as well as applying quantitative and qualitative methods, such as
modeling, measurement, survey, and consultation. The evaluation should also consider the
uncertainty, variability, and risks associated with the impacts and the project.

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EIA is to identify the potential impacts of the HPP project on the environment and the affected
communities. This involves analyzing the direct, indirect, cumulative, and synergistic effects of
the project activities and outputs on the physical, biological, social, cultural, and economic
aspects of the environment. Some of the common impacts of HPPs are changes in water quality
and quantity, habitat loss and fragmentation,

Biodiversity reduction, soil erosion and sedimentation, greenhouse gas emissions, displacement
and resettlement, and livelihood and health issues.

In developing the EMP, the project proponent should indicate the estimated budget to implement
the enhancement and mitigation measures along with the implementation schedule. Roughly, the
budget for implementing the environmental management plan depends on the sensitivity of the
social and natural environment and the significance of the potential impacts. The EMP should
also include a Disaster Preparedness and Management Plan that identifies potential geo-hazards
along with their risk assessment and puts in place a robust responsive preparedness and
management plan in coordination with project affected people and local bodies. This should
involve building the capacity of local communities and local bodies to prepare for, manage and
mitigate potential disasters, setting up of early warning systems, gauging stations to monitor
water levels, scheduled drills, etc.

9. Cost and benefit of EIA report on Hydropower plants

The cost of constructing and maintaining even a single power plant involves a lot of resources.
As there is a complex assortment of capital needed to construct and maintain a power plant, it
can be difficult to calculate the exact cost. This process includes determining the civil and
structural costs; mechanical equipment supply and installation costs; electrical and
instrumentation and control costs; indirect project costs; and owners costs. There are also non-
fuel operations and maintenance costs, but these can be evaluated as either fixed or dependent on
the power plants energy generation. We will explore tools that can help us compare the cost of
power plants with different generating technologies.

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Sargent & Lundy has used a top-down capital cost estimating methodology derived from
parametric evaluations of costs from actual or planned projects with similar scope and
configurations to the generating technology considered. We have used both publicly available
information and internal sources from which to establish the cost parameters. In some cases, we
have used used portions of more detailed cost estimates to adjust the parametric factors.

Once a plant enters commercial operation, the plant owners incur fixed O&M as well as variable
O&M costs each year. Operations and maintenance costs presented in this report are non-fuel
related.

Fixed O&M costs include costs directly related to the equipment design including labor,
materials, contract services for routine O&M, and administrative and general costs. Not included
are other fixed operating costs related to the location, notably property taxes and insurance.
Labor, maintenance, and minor repairs and general and administrative (G&A) costs were
estimated based on a variety of sources including actual projects, vendor publications, and
Sargent & Lundy’s internal resources. Variable O&M costs, such as ammonia, water, and
miscellaneous chemicals and consumables, are directly proportional to the plant generating
output

The basis of the estimate assumes that the site is constructed in a United States region that has
good access to lower-cost construction labor and has reasonable access to water resources, coal,
natural gas, and existing utility transmission substations or existing transmission lines. The
geographic location is assumed to be characterized by seismic, wind, and other loading criteria
that do not add significantly to the capital costs. An outdoor installation is assumed, meaning that
the boiler building is not enclosed, and no special systems are needed to prevent freezing or to
account for snow loads on structures.

To determine the capital costs adjustments in other United States regions where the assumptions
listed above are not applicable, location factors have been calculated to account for variations in
labor wage rates and access to construction labor, labor productivity, water and wastewater
resource constraints, wind and seismic criteria, and other environmental criteria

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The electrical equipment includes the turbine generator, which is connected via generator circuit
breakers to a GSU. The GSU increases the voltage from the generator voltage level to the
transmission system high-voltage level

10. Compliance and impact monitoring of EIA report hydropower plant

project
Monitoring, compliance, enforcement and environmental auditing: Monitoring of the project
during the execution of project is done to check for violation of conditions. It involves
comparing actual outcomes with predicted outcomes, and can be used to assess the quality of
predictions and the effectiveness of mitigation. It provides a vital step in the EIA learning
process. Due to monitoring unpredicted impacts or failed mitigation can be identified and
addressed in a timely fashion.

This form of Monitoring employs a periodic sampling method, or a continuous recording of

specific environmental quality indicators or pollution levels, to ensure project compliance with
recommended environmental protection standards.

Monitoring should be regular and performed long-term. Interruptions in Monitoring may result
in having insufficient data to draw accurate conclusions concerning project impacts.

The main aim of EIA Compliance Monitoring is to provide the information required to ensure
that project implementation has the least possible negative environmental impacts, and all
possible positive impacts, in the project affected area.

For each of the impacts and corresponding mitigation measure indicators to be measured during
project construction should be developed. The indicators selected should reflect the condition of
that particular component upon the measurement. For example, if the number of the fish species
has decreased after the construction of project, it indicates that the habitat for the fish in the river
has changed.

Institutional factors determining the effectiveness of Monitoring should not be underestimated.

There needs to be a firm institutional commitment by the agencies responsible for the monitoring
process, particularly in regard to the following:

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Willingness on the part of the institutions and the organizational personnel involved to support
the Monitoring process with the necessary level of resources and authority;

 maintaining continuity in the Monitoring program;

 developing the technical capabilities of the personnel involved;
 maintaining integrity or honesty and transparency of the process,
 taking decisions on the basis of a thorough review of results;
 making Monitoring information available to all agencies concerned; and
 making the necessary institutional reforms within the planning and implementing
agencies

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 Conclusion
An EIA normally results in an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that elaborates
mitigation and monitoring measures.

In most industrialized countries EIAs are legally required when a proposed (hydropower) project
exceeds a certain size.

In this study, an effort was made to construct an objective type of framework for a simple, fast,
and comprehensive performance evaluation of EIA reports of hydropower plant

The conclusion offers the opportunity to provide the reader with a single section detailing the
findings of the EIA in terms of potentially significant environmental effects, appropriate
mitigation measures and how these measures can be secured.

All significant issues were screened out during the consideration of alternative locations

EIA is a tool used to assess the positive and negative environmental, economic, and social
impacts of a project. This is used to predict the environmental impacts of a project in the pre-
planning stage itself so that decisions can be taken to reduce the adverse impacts.

Indicates that the temporary negative consequences of construction work can be managed with
“best practice” measures to minimize sediment mobilization, reduce noise and air quality issues,
and contain waste, so that there is no degradation of terrestrial and aquatic habitats

An environmental impact assessment is a report that looks to evaluate the consequences of a

project, programmer or policy, prior to its implementation. The environmental impact assessment
(EIA) usually applies to projects, whereas a strategic environmental assessment is typically used
for policies and programed.

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 References

1. Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, Format of Report and Other Methods and
Standards, Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment, 2017 (DRAFT)
2. International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Bank Group. Performance Standards on
Environmental and Social Sustainability. Effective 1 January 2012
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Bank Group. Environmental, Health and
Safety Guidelines. April 200
4. Manual for Preparing Environmental Management Plan for Hydropower Projects,
Department of Electricity Development, HMG Nepal, in Collaboration with United States
Agency for International Development and International Resources Group, 2002.
5. Manual for Preparing Scoping Document for Environmental Impact Assessment of
Hydropower Projects, Department of Electricity Development, HMG Nepal, in
Collaboration with United States Agency for International Development and International
Resources Group, 2001.
6. Mitigation Hierarchy: Levels of Mitigation in Environmental Impact Assessment, 11
December 2016, accessed by: https://eco-intelligent.com/2016/12/11/levels-of-
mitigation-in-environmental-impact-assessment/.
7. Mitigation in Impact Assessment, International Association for Impact Assessment,
November 2013, accessed by: https://www.iaia.org/uploads/pdf/Fastips_6Mitigation.pdf.
8. Small Hydropower Systems (Dept. of Energy USA,
2001): http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29065.pdf
9. ↑ http://www.bmub.bund.de/themen/strategien-bilanzen-gesetze/umweltpruefungen-
uvpsup/kurzinfo/
10. ↑ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001L0042

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