REVIEW JURNAL MODUL 1 & 2

IMMERSION TESTING & POTENSIODINAMIK

Disusun Oleh:
Tri Munazah Rivani
22133014

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNOLOGI METALURGI

POLITEKNIK ENERGI DAN PERTAMBANGAN BANDUNG
TAHUN 2024
Judul Experimental and numerical analysis of the thermal behaviour of a single-phase immersion-
cooled data centre

Jurnal Applied Thermal Engineering

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121260

Tahun 5 November 2023

Penulis Paolo Taddeo a , Joaquim Romaní a,* , Jon Summers b , Jonas Gustafsson b , Ingrid Martorell c , Jaume
Salom a

Reviewer Tri Munazah R

Tanggal 06/03/2024
Review

Server power densities are foreseen to increase, and conventional air-cooling systems will
struggle to cope with thermal demand. Single-phase immersion systems are a promising alternative to
operate very intensive workload such as high-performance computing, cryptocurrencies mining or
research activities. However, few companies deal with this kind of system and there is a lack of energy
models that can reproduce an accurate analysis of the system behaviour. This study addresses the
experimentation, data collection, and model validation of a singlephase immersion cooling system
where 54 open compute project servers, each with a peak power of 400 Watts that are submerged and
operated in a dielectric coolant. Results show the evolution of the thermal profile of the system under
static and dynamic workloads, and it provides a correlation of server energy use under various system
temperatures. The energy model is presented, validated against real data, and exploited to investigate
the system response to different cooling conditions. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the validation
of the energy model and supports the basis for further investigation.
 Two tests are performed to investigate the behaviour of the system and to collect data to ensure
robustness of the energy model. The first is the validation of the thermo-physical characteristics in static
conditions and the second is to validate the dynamic regime under a synthetic IT variable workload.
Fig. 4 presents the static experimental test (left side) and the dynamic one (right side). The static test
starts with the servers in idle mode with an approximate power consumption of 3.4 kW and a basin
temperature of 25 ◦C. In the first stage of the test, the basin slowly heats up due to the small amount of
power released by the servers. Process temperatures increase and the oil pump acts in a basic ON-OFF
fashion (automatic PLC control programmed for oil recirculation), since the basin temperature is well
under the set point of 45 ◦C. Applying a fast step change in the IT load up to the 50% of the IT power
installed, the temperatures suddenly increase. Notice how the temperature oscillates with the
oscillations generated by the ON-OFF pumping process. Oil temperatures, and consequently water
temperatures, heat up until the set point of 45 ◦C plus 2 ◦C of upper dead band limit. Then, the internal
control of the PLC of the oil pump sets the pump in constant regime to maintain the set point. Due to
the thermal inertia of the system, temperatures tend to further increase before the cooling starts to be
effective. This is important to consider in the control of the system since the highest temperatures in the
servers must be sufficiently low enough to promote proper operation.
Judul Liquefaction and post-liquefaction behaviors of sands affected by immersion-induced
degradation of crushed mudstone

Jurnal Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2023.09.031

Tahun 25 January 2024

Penulis Tadao Enomoto

Reviewer Tri Munazah R

Tanggal 06/03/2024
Review

A series of undrained triaxial tests was conducted to investigate the effect of crushed mudstone
with the immersion-induced degradation on the liquefaction and post-liquefaction properties, and the
undrained shearing behavior without precedent cyclic-loading histories of sands containing crushed
mudstone. The tested materials with a main particle diameter of 2e0.85 mm were prepared by mixing
sands and crushed mudstone to reach the prescribed mudstone content defined by dry mass ranging
from 0% to 50%. The mixtures were subjected to immersion under a certain stress level and were
subsequently tested. In addition, one-dimensional compression tests were also supplementally
performed to visually observe the immersion-induced degradation of crushed mudstone. The test results
mainly showed that: (1) the liquefaction resistance, the post-liquefaction undrained strength, and the
undrained strength without a precedent cyclic-loading history decreased significantly with increasing
mudstone content, Mc, up to 20%; (2) even a small amount of crushed mudstone affected these
strengths; (3) the abovementioned large reductions in the strengths were attributed to the immersion-
induced degradation of crushed mudstone; (4) at Mc > 20%, the liquefaction resistance increased while
the significant increase in the undrained static strengths with and without precedent cyclic-loading
histories was not observed; and (5) the increase in the liquefaction resistance at Mc > 20% may have
been attributed to both the gradual increase in the plasticity and the formation of the soil aggregates
among deteriorated crushed mudstone, while the increase in the specimen density did not play an
important role in such behavior

Crushed mudstone mixed with durable (i.e. non-slakable) fill materials has often been
employed recently for the sustainable construction of earth structures from the environmental concerns.
In the present study, a series of undrained triaxial tests was mainly conducted to evaluate liquefaction
behavior, and strength and deformation characteristics with and without the precedent liquefaction
history of sands mixed with crushed mudstone which were subjected to immersion. The results from
undrained and drained triaxial compression tests on the mixtures were also discussed. In addition, 1D
compression tests were supplementally performed to visually observe the immersion-induced
degradation.
Judul Corrosion resistance and hydrophilic properties of plasma sprayed Niþ5% Al coatings

Jurnal potentiodynamic

DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01920

Tahun June 2019

Penulis Mojtaba Rezaee Hajideh a , Mohammadreza Farahani a,* , Mohammadjavad Pakravan b , Ali
Shahmirzalo a

Reviewer Tri Munazah R

Tanggal 06/03/2024
Review

In this research, the AZ31 Mg alloy was coated with Ni5Al powder, using a plasma spray
method. Effects of nuzzle distance and number of passes on corrosion behavior, hydrophilic properties
and phase structure of the coated layer were studied. Samples in different distance of nozzle (150 and
300 mm) and different number of passes (2, 4 and 6) were examined. Corrosion behavior
characterization was carried out using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic
polarization methods. Hydrophilic properties of the coated layer were also investigated by the contact
angle method. Results showed that by increasing the number of passes, the corrosion resistance and the
contact angle were increased. On the other side, by increasing the nuzzle distance, the corrosion
resistance and the contact angle were decreased. The Coated sample with 6 pass coating and nozzle
distance of 150 mm had the best corrosion behavior and hydrophilic properties

The Ni5Al coating layer was deposited on AZ31 substrate using plasma spray. The corrosion
behaviors of the Ni5Al coated layer were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization method, EIS,
SEM, CA and XRD measurements. The obtained results could be summarized In the same nuzzle
distance, by increasing the number of passes, the corrosion resistance was increased as the 6P-150
sample has the best corrosion behavior.By increasing the nuzzle distance, localized corrosion was
increased and the corrosion resistance was decreased.The SEM observations manifested that by
increasing the nuzzle distance and decreasing the number of passes in plasma spray method, the density
of pits and their size were increased.The CA tests show that the coated layer in 6-passed sample had the
largest contact angle. By increasing the number of passes in plasma spray and decreasing the nuzzle
distance, Ni5Al layer and the intensity of its peak in the XRD pattern were both increased.
Judul Potentiodynamic polarization test as a versatile tool for bipolar plates materials at start-up and
shut-down environments: a review

Jurnal International Journal of Green Energy

DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2021.1904948

Tahun 28 Maret 2021

Penulis Paul C. Okonkwo, Ikram Ben Belgacem, Oladeji O. Ige, Wilfred Emori, Paul C. Uzoma, Mohammad
Omar Eqbal & Himangshu Bhowmik

Reviewer Tri Munazah R

Tanggal 06/03/2024
Review

The field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been of primary interest in
transportation applications as a result of their low pollutant emissions and relatively high efficiency.
Bipolar plates are the vital components of these devices and are often exposed to corrosive environments
due to their operational processes. Potentiodynamic polarization is used by researchers to investigate
the material behavior of BPP used in the PEMFC applications. This paper aims to describe the
application of electrochemical analysis in understanding the material behavior of PEMFC components,
with a particular focus on the utilization of potentiodynamic polarization to provide material
degradation information of bipolar plates. The potentiodynamic polarization test examines the material
behavior of BPPs in terms of using voltage and current density change. This paper, therefore, combined
potential applications of potentiodynamic polarization analysis technique to explore the BPP material
behavior in two different PEMFC applications of start-up and shut-down processes.

performance in terms of electrochemical behavior, surface, and microstructure. Among these

characterization methods, potentiodynamic polarization is well suited, specifically for electrochemical
material testing. Although the potentiodynamic polarization has been used to study the performance and
corrosion behaviors of several materials for decades, highlighting the importance of the analysis in
understanding the BPP materials’ behaviors is necessary to enhance material selection and PEMFC
performance. This review study reveals that detailed investigation and analysis of potentiodynamic
polarization data can provide an extensive characterization of BPP coating and bare stainless-steel
substrate counterpart. From this study, it has been revealed that the materials behaviors, as well as
coating performance of bipolar plates, can be ascertained using potentiodynamic polarization. It
demonstrated that the performance behaviors of BPP materials when in the PEMFC environment with
a focus on the start-up and shut-down conditions can be determined using the potentiodynamic
polarization examination. It requires that efforts should be made to understand the importance and
applications of the acquired potentiodynamic polarization data in interpreting the BPP material
degradation. Although significant effort has been made, the future of applying potentiodynamic
polarization in simulating several areas of PEMFC environments will require collaboration between
scientists in the areas of electrochemistry, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.