CHEMISTRY 2 REVIEWER

Φ. KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

 Kinetic Molecular Theory - a theory that explains the state of matter and is based on the idea
that matter is composed of tiny particles that are always in motion.
 5 states of matter
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
5. Bose-Einstein condensate

Φ. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

 Intermolecular Forces - are attractive forces between molecules or particles in the solid or liquid
states. These are relatively weaker than the forces within the molecules forming bonds
 Intramolecular Forces - is any force that binds together the atoms making up a molecule or
compound.
 Van der Waals Forces - the attraction of intermolecular forces between molecules.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
1. London dispersion – non polar
2. Ion-Dipole Bonding – ion and polar
3. Dipole-Dipole Bonding – polar
4. Hydrogen Bonding – polar with strong electronegativity (F, N, O, H)
 Covalent Bonding - sharing electrons between atoms.
1. Non-polar covalent - equal sharing of electrons between two atoms. Both atoms have
same attractions for shared pair
2. Polar covalent - unequal sharing of electrons between atoms. One atom has greater
attraction for shared pair
 Electronegativity - the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electron to itself. Measures the
ability of an atom to attract electrons from another atom. Scale in which atom is assigned a
number between 0 and 4.
Φ. PROPERTIES OF LIQUID

 Properties of liquid
1. Viscosity – a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
2. Surface Tension – the force that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid to
“tighten their hold to one another” creating the effect of a thin membrane on the
surface. It is temperature dependent; it decreases as temperature increases.
3. Capillarity – the spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube.
4. Evaporation – the escape of molecules from the surface of the liquid
5. Vapor Pressure – the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor state,
and it increases with temperature.
6. Boiling Point – the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the
pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
7. Incompressibility –the property of being incompressible
8. Volatility – the ability of a substance to vaporize
 Properties of water
 A high surface tensions
 A high boiling point
 Density of solid water or ice is less than the density of liquid water
 A high heat of vaporization
 A good solvent

Φ. Properties and types of solid

 Properties of solid
1. Melting Point – temperature at which a solid melt.
o Heating Fusion - amount of heat required to completely melt a solid.
2. Sublimation – change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state.
 Types of solid
 Crystalline Solids – atoms, ions, or molecules are ordered in well- defined arrangements,
have flat surfaces or faces, and sharp angles, regular shapes.
o Ionic
o Molecular
o Covalent Network
o Metallic
 Amorphous Solids – from the Greek word “without form”, particles do not have orderly
structure, have poorly- defines shapes.
 Crystal Lattice and the Unit Cell of solids
 Crystal lattice – unit cells are repeated in all directions.
o Simple Cubic - has an atom at each of the eight corners of the cube
o Body- centered cubic - has an additional atom in the center of its cube
o Face-centered cubic - has additional atoms on each of its six faces where each is
shared with another neighboring
 Unit cell – smallest portion of the crystal which shows the complete pattern of its
particles.