Chapter 2

Displaying Variables
 Classify each as
Nominal , Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio

Sentence Measurement Level

a. Weights of air conditioners

b. Rating of eight local players ( poor, fair, good,

excellent)
c. Age of students in the classroom

d. Marital status of patients in a physician’s office.

e. Temperatures inside 10 refrigerators.

• Indicated which of the following variables are
quantitative and which are qualitative

Sentence quantitative qualitative

a. Times it takes to cut a lawn.
b. Colors of baseball caps in a store.
c. Weights of fish caught in Lake
George.
d. Marital status of faculty members in
a large university.
Objective:

• Organize and display qualitative “ categorical”

• Organize and display quantitative

• Represent data in frequency distributions

graphically using histograms, bar graph, and pie

chart
Definition
A Row data is a data recorded in the sequence in which they
are collected and before they are processed or ranked
 2.2 Organizing & Graphing Qualitative Data
Definition
A Frequency Distribution is the organization of data in data
form using frequencies

Example:
Example:

Solution:
Stress on Job Tally
Very
Somewhat
None
Sum=
Example:

Stress on Job Frequency Relative frequency Percentage

Very
Somewhat

None
Sum=
Practice Time;
The following data give the results of a sample survey. The
letter A,B, and C represent the three categories

A B B A C B C C C A
C B C A C C B C C A
A B C C B C B A C A
• Prepare a frequency distribution table.
• Calculate the relative frequencies and percentage for all
categories.
• What percentage of the element in the sample belong to
category A or C?
Letter Frequency Relative Frequency Percentage
A
B
C
Practice Time;
Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test
determine their blood type. The data set is
A B B AB O
O O B AB B
B B O A O
A O O O AB
AB A O B A
Construct a frequency distribution for the data

Blood type Frequency Relative Frequency Percentage

A
B
O
AB
Graph of qualitative data
Is more
commonly used
to display
percentage
Bar graph Pie graph
Practice Time;
The following data give the results of a sample survey. The
letter A,B, and C represent the three categories

A B B A C B C C C A
C B C A C C B C C A
A B C C B C B A C A
• Draw a bar graph for the frequency distribution.
Letter Frequency

A 8
B 8
C 14
Practice Time;
Thirty adults were asked which of the following conveniences
they would find most difficult to do without: television (T),
refrigerator (R), air conditioning (A), public transportation (P), or
microwave (M). Their responses are listed below
R A R P P T R M P A
A R R T P P T R A A
R P A T R P R A P R
• Prepare a frequency distribution table.
• Calculate the relative frequencies and percentage
for all categories.
• What percentage of these adults named
refrigerator or air conditioning as the convenience
that they would find most difficult to do without?
• Draw a bar graph for the frequency distribution.
Example:

Solution:
Practice Time;
The following data give the results of a sample survey. The
letter A,B, and C represent the three categories

A B B A C B C C C A
C B C A C C B C C A
A B C C B C B A C A
• Draw a Pie graph for the frequency distribution.
Letter Frequency

A 8
B 8
C 14
Practice Time;
The following data give the results of a sample survey.
The letters Y, N, and D represent the three categories
D N N Y Y Y N Y D Y
Y Y Y Y N Y Y N N Y
N Y Y N D N Y Y Y Y
Y Y N N Y Y N N D Y
• Prepare a frequency distribution table.
• Calculate the relative frequencies and percentage
for all categories.
• What percentage of the element in this sample
belong to category “Y”?
• Draw a Pie chart for the percentage distribution.
Part 2
Display Quantitative
Variable
2.3.1 Frequency Distribution
Definition
A Class boundary is given by midpoint of upper limit of
one class and lower limit of the next class.

Rules:

Note: number of classes usually between 5 to 20

Example;

Ipod Sold Tally

Rules:

Example;
Ipod Sold Percentage
Practice Time;
The following table gives the frequency distribution of ages for
all 50 employees of a company
Age Number of Employee

18 to 30 12
31 to 43 19
44 to 56 14
57 to 69 5

• Find the class boundaries and midpoints.

• Do all classes have the same width? If yes, what
is the width?
• Prepare the relative frequency and percentage
distribution columns.
• What percentage of the employees of this
company are age 43 or younger .
Group Practice:
The following table gives the frequency distribution of times (to the nearest
hour) than 90 fans spent waiting in line to buy tickets to a rock concert.
Waiting Time
Frequency
(hour)
0 to 6 5
7 to 13 27
14 to 20 30
21 to 27 20
28 to 34 8

Circle the correct answer in each of the following

statements,
a. The number of classes in table is

b. The class width is

Group Practice:
The following table gives the frequency distribution of times (to the nearest
hour) than 90 fans spent waiting in line to buy tickets to a rock concert.
Waiting Time
Frequency
(hour)
0 to 6 5
7 to 13 27
14 to 20 30
21 to 27 20
28 to 34 8

c. The midpoint of the third classis

d. The sample size is

e. The relative frequency of the second class is

 Graph of quantative data

Histogram Polygons
Practice Time;
The following table gives the frequency distribution of ages for
all 50 employees of a company
Age Number of Employee

18 to 30 12
31 to 43 19
44 to 56 14
57 to 69 5

• Construct a histogram for the frequency

distribution.

Number of employee

0 5 10 15 20

57 to 69 44 to 56 31 to 43 18 to 30
Practice Time;
Using the histogram shown here, do the following

• How many values are in the class 27.5-30.5.

• How many values fall between 24.5 and 36.5.

• How many values are below 33.5.

• How many values are above 30.5.

 Shape of histogram

Symmetric Skewed Rectangular

Definition
A Cumulative Frequency Distribution gives the total
number of values that fall below the upper boundary of
each class.

Example:

Class Limit Cumulative Frequency

Rules:

Example;
Class Limit Cumulative Cumulative relative Cumulative
Frequency frequency Percentage
Practice Time:
The following is study of the daily fat intake ( in grams) for a sample of
Saudi Arabia people. Answer the following questions:
Day Daily fat intake Frequency

Total
1. What is the number of adults in Saudi Arabia with daily
fat intake between (85-104) grams:…………………………..
2. What is the relative frequency of adults in Saudi Arabia
with daily fat intake greater than 104
grams:…………………………..
Practice Time:
The following is study of the daily fat intake ( in grams) for a sample of
Saudi Arabia people. Answer the following questions:
Day Daily fat intake Frequency

Total

3. What is the precentage of adults in Saudi Arabia with daily

fat intake between (65-84) grams:…………………………..

4. What is the Cumulative frequency of adults in Saudi Arabia with

daily fat intake between (105-124) grams:…………………………..
Practice Time:
complete

Age Frequency Relative Cumulative Cumulative relative

Frequency Frequency Frequency

Total
 2.6 Stem-Leaf Display
Advantage:
By preparing a stem-leaf display we don’t
lose information on individual observation

Example;
Solution:

The leaves for each stem of the stem-and-leaf display above are ranked
(in increasing order) and presented in Figure 2.15
Example;

Solution:
Example;

Solution: