[Document title]

[Document subtitle]

2023/2024
University of Bradford
[Company address]
 Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing trend towards sustainable energy amidst escalating
fossil fuel prices globally. Current research endeavors primarily aim to economically
leverage natural energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and tidal waves. A pivotal
element in enhancing the utilization of these energy sources is the integration of real-time
analysis tools, such as MATLAB Simulink, into educational curriculums. This tool stands out
for its capacity to design and simulate real-time energy outputs, offering the flexibility to
tweak various parameters to achieve optimal results before practical application.

This report showcases the use of MATLAB Simulink as a cornerstone for achieving significant
advancements in energy optimization. Such innovations are not only compelling but also
replicable, aligning with the UK government's ambition to cut carbon emissions by 2030.
The report outlines the utilization of MATLAB Simulink for various purposes: it models the
energy produced by wind turbines by amalgamating mathematical methods, the Simulink
library, and MATLAB coding for simulationsThis approach also incorporates modeling to
determine the speed ratio of the blade tip (λ) at various wind speeds and utilizes a unique
'characteristics curve' to calculate the coefficient of power (CP) for wind turbines.
Additionally, it simulates the generated power and energy consumption, and elucidates the
functioning of the doubly fed induction generator wind turbine.

This report also scrutinizes the vehicle-to-grid system, analyzing how alterations in wind
profiles, solar irradiance, and residential loads affect power generation from solar, wind,
and diesel generators. A notable observation from the vehicle-to-grid model analysis is that
with an uptick in residential load, power output from the wind and PV farms remains stable,
whereas diesel-generated power surges. This surge underpins the power balance principle,
necessitating equal supply and demand to forestall system failures or outright collapse.
Furthermore, the electric vehicle is modeled to recharge during low-demand periods, while
supplying power back to the grid during peak times, thereby contributing to the load
requirements through its storage capabilities.

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Aims and Objectives
To employ MATLAB Simulink as a strategic tool for modeling and simulating the output
power derived from a variety of renewable energy sources, including wind, solar, marine,
and tidal forces. Additionally, we aim to thoroughly investigate the effects of modifications
in key parameters such as wind profiles, solar irradiance, and residential loads on the
vehicle-to-grid model's performance and outcomes.

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Table of Contents
Abstract..................................................................................................................................................i
Aims and Objectives..............................................................................................................................ii
List of figures.........................................................................................................................................iv
List of tables.........................................................................................................................................vii
1.0 Background......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Prospects and advantages of sustainable energy..................................................................1
1.2 Progress in renewable energy technology.............................................................................1
2.0 Methodology.............................................................................................................................2
3.0 Findings......................................................................................................................................3
3.1 Assignment 1: Fundamental inputs/outputs...............................................................................3
Assignment 1 analysis....................................................................................................................5
3.2 Assignment 2: Integrating a Gain Block.......................................................................................6
3.2.1 In-depth Walkthrough for Completing assignment 2................................................................8
3.3 Assignment 3: Manipulating Diverse Signals...............................................................................9
3.4 Assignment 4: Frequency's Impact on Signals...........................................................................13
3.4.1 Comprehensive Breakdown and Methodology for assignment 4.......................................16
3.5 Assignment 5: Computing Wind Turbine Energy.......................................................................17
Assignment 5(a):..........................................................................................................................17
3.5.1 Breakdown of Task 5(a)......................................................................................................19
Task 5(b) Overview......................................................................................................................20
3.5.2 Breakdown of assignment 5(b)...............................................................................................21
Mathematical Framework for Task 5(c).......................................................................................22
3.5.3 Breakdown of Assignment 5(C)...........................................................................................25
Assignment 5d(i) Overview..............................................................................................................25
3.5.4 Insight from Task 5d(i)........................................................................................................27
Assignment 5d_(ii) & 5d_(iii) Implementation.................................................................................28
3.6 Assignment 6: Exploring the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Wind Turbine................30
3.6.1 Overview of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Operations..................................................30
3.6.2 Design, Construction, and Operational Principles...............................................................32
3.6.3 Operating Principles of an Induction Generator.................................................................33
3.6.4 Insights and Inputs for Task 6.............................................................................................34
3.7 Overview of assignment 7.........................................................................................................41
3.7.1 Analysis of Solar and Wind Power Relative to Input Profiles..............................................43
3.7.2 Exploration of Assignment 7(4): Elevating Wind Speed Profile by 10%..............................44
3.7.3 Assignment 7(5): Augmenting Solar Irradiance by 10%......................................................46

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 3.7.4 Assignment 7 (part 6)..........................................................................................................48
3.7.5 Assignment 7(7): Exploring the Impact of Expanding the area of PV farm.........................52
3.7.6 Assignment 7(8): Assessing the Impact of Wind Farm Expansion by 10% and 15% on Power
Sources........................................................................................................................................57
4.0 Discussions...............................................................................................................................61
5.0 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................62
References...........................................................................................................................................63

List of figures
fig 1: illustrates the process of combining two input signals, referred to as A and B, through the use
of an addition block, resulting in the combined output (A+B)...............................................................3
fig 2:: showcases the graphical representation of input signal A...........................................................4
fig 3:showcases the graphical representation of input signal B.............................................................4
fig 4: displays the graph of the output signal, which is the sum of signal A and signal B.......................5
fig 5:depicts a schematic diagram for enhancing two input signals—a sine wave and a square wave—
using a Gain block, followed by deriving the ultimate output via a Subtractor block............................6
fig 6: showcases the sine wave after amplification, achieving a gain factor of 1.5................................6
fig 7: illustrates the square wave post-amplification, where it attains a gain factor of 3......................7
fig 8:the end result, demonstrating the combined effect of amplifying both waves and then
subtracting them, showcasing the final output of the process..............................................................8
fig 9:Schematic diagram showing three input signal blocks, each varying in amplitude, processed
through both Add and Subtract blocks..................................................................................................9
fig 10: reveals the result for the initial block following its enhancement and subsequent subtraction.
.............................................................................................................................................................10
fig 11:presents the outcome for the second block, detailing its performance after undergoing
amplification and subtraction..............................................................................................................10
fig 12:displays the effects on the third block post-amplification and subtraction...............................11
fig 13:captures the conclusive output signal resulting from the entirety of the process.....................11
fig 14:Schematic diagram for two distinct signals—a sine wave and a square wave—both undergoing
amplification with an increased frequency..........................................................................................13
fig 15:displays the sine wave signal enhanced with a substantial 'Gain' of 25....................................13
fig 16:shows the square wave signal, similarly amplified, but with a 'Gain' of 30...............................14
fig 17:presents the composite output of combining the amplified sine wave (Signal A) with the
amplified square wave (Signal B).........................................................................................................14
fig 18:details the sine wave's graph after its frequency was adjusted upwards from 1 to 3...............15
fig 19:depicts the square wave's graph following a similar frequency adjustment from 1 to 3...........15
fig 20:The final output, capturing the effects of both the frequency adjustments and the signal
amplifications of Signals A and B.........................................................................................................16
fig 21:presents the Simulink framework designed for calculating the wind turbine's power in task
5(a)......................................................................................................................................................17
fig 22:showcases the outcome from the Simulink model's execution for task 5(a), aligning the
theoretical calculations with practical model results using MATLAB...................................................18
fig 23:illustrates the schematic diagram for simulation of wind power production at varying wind
velocities (16m/s 14m/s, 10m/s and , 8m/s) in the first segment.......................................................20

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fig 24:Shows the simulation outcomes of power of wind at the same varied wind speeds (16m/s
14m/s, 10m/s and , 8m/s) in the second segment..............................................................................20
fig 25:Illustrates the graphical plot of wind speed (16m/s 14m/s, 10m/s and , 8m/s) against the
power generated for each speed.........................................................................................................22
fig 26:Showcases the Simulink model crafted to compute the length of the blade for a marine
turbine.................................................................................................................................................24
fig 27: Exhibits the schematic Simulink diagram crafted for computing the tip speed ratio under
varying wind speeds............................................................................................................................26
fig 28:showcases the Simulink setup designed for assessing the power output and energy usage
under different wind velocities and power coefficients......................................................................28
fig 29:showcases the Simulink setup designed for assessing the power output and energy usage
under different wind velocities and power coefficients......................................................................29
fig 30:portrays the characteristic curve, mapping the relationship between the power coefficient of
power(Cp) and speed ratio (λ) for the wind turbine............................................................................30
fig 31:the induction generator's design...............................................................................................32
fig 32: Induction motor’s torque versus speed characteristics............................................................32
fig 33:a single-line diagram for DFIG implementation, showcasing components................................33
fig 34:Illustrates wind speed vs time at 1m/s......................................................................................35
fig 35:Shows the graph of turbine rotational speed (Wr) vs time at 1m/s wind speed......................35
fig 36: Depicts the output power (P) vs time at 1m/s windspeed........................................................36
fig 37:Presents the pitch angle vs time at 1m/s wind speed...............................................................36
fig 38:Displays wind speed vs time at 7m/s.........................................................................................37
fig 39:Captures the graph of turbine rotational speed (Wr) vs time at 7m/s windspeed....................37
fig 40:the output power vs time at 7m/s.............................................................................................38
fig 41:Shows the graph of pitch angle (in degrees) vs time at 7m/s....................................................38
fig 42:Illustrates wind speed vs time at 13m/s....................................................................................39
fig 43:Depicts the turbine's rotational speed (Wr) vs time at 13m/s wind speed................................39
fig 44:the output power vs time at 13m/s...........................................................................................40
fig 45: Shows the pitch angle (in degrees) at a wind speed of 13m/s..................................................40
fig 46:Demonstrates the V2G System's operational framework..........................................................41
fig 47:Exhibits the impact of solar irradiance on the Photovoltaic (PV) panel's performance.............41
fig 48:Displays the wind profile's influence on the wind farm's functionality......................................42
fig 49:Showcases the generated power from the solar panels under varying levels of solar irradiance.
.............................................................................................................................................................42
fig 50:the power output from the wind turbines, reflecting different wind conditions.......................43
fig 51:Displays the model adjustment with a 10% increase in wind speed, achieved through the
incorporation of a Gain block set at 1.1...............................................................................................44
fig 52:the wind profile after applying a 10% enhancement.................................................................44
fig 53:Shows the resultant power output following the wind speed's 10% uplift................................45
fig 54:Features the adapted model for a 10% solar irradiance increase, utilizing a Gain block with a
value of 1.1..........................................................................................................................................46
fig 55:Depicts the solar irradiance after a 10% boost..........................................................................46
fig 56:the power output after amplifying solar irradiance by 10%......................................................47
fig 57:Showcases how the residential load was adjusted to 11MW and 11.5MW to reflect increases
of 10% and 15%, respectively..............................................................................................................48
fig 58:the diesel power generation following a 10% rise in residential load........................................49
fig 59:Displays the solar power output with a 10% increased residential demand.............................49
fig 60:wind energy production after the residential load was lifted by 10%........................................50

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fig 61:Depicts diesel power generation following a 15% hike in residential load................................50
fig 62:solar power generation after augmenting residential load by 15%...........................................51
fig 63: Exhibits wind power output with a 15% rise in residential demand.........................................51
fig 64:Showcases the expansion of the PV farm area to 88,000 square meters (m²) and 92,000 m² to
reflect increases of 10% and 15%, respectively...................................................................................52
fig 65: diesel energy output in response to a 10% expansion of the photovoltaic farm's footprint....53
fig 66:Displays output from solar power after PV farm area was expanded by 10%...........................53
fig 67:Shows wind energy generation following the 10% augmentation of the PV farm area.............54
fig 68: energy production using diesel subsequent to a 15% enlargement of the photovoltaic farm's
area.....................................................................................................................................................55
fig 69:Presents solar power generation resulting from a 15% expansion of the PV farm area............55
fig 70:Exhibits wind power output following 15% area expansion of the PV farm..............................56
fig 71:Demonstrates the expansion of the wind farm's capacity to 4.95MW and 5.175MW to account
for increases of 10% and 15%, respectively.........................................................................................57
fig 72:Shows the diesel-generated power following a 10% increase in wind farm capacity................58
fig 73:Displays the solar power output after the wind farm was expanded by 10%............................58
fig 74:Illustrates the wind-generated power post a 10% wind farm enlargement..............................59
fig 75:Depicts the diesel power production following a 15% wind farm expansion............................59
fig 76:Presents the solar power generation after the wind farm was augmented by 15%..................60
fig 77:Exhibits the wind power output after a 15% increase in wind farm capacity............................60

List of tables
Table 1:Input parameters for generation of fig 9................................................................................12
Table 2: Power Output as a Function of Wind Speed from Simulations in Figures 23 and 24.............21
Table 3:Shows the outcomes from the simulation of the tip speed ratio using Figure 27, reflecting
how the ratio changes with wind speed..............................................................................................27

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1.0 Background
Over the years, humanity has harnessed the power of natural elements such as the sun,
wind, water, and tidal waves. These renewable sources were originally utilized in basic
activities, including heating, agriculture, and fishing. Notably, around 500 years ago, wind
energy played a pivotal role in maritime navigation across the Mediterranean (Dotson,
1990). Fast forward to the present, a combination of human ingenuity and technological
breakthroughs has significantly expanded the scope of renewable energy applications.
Today, we witness the operation of expansive wind and photovoltaic (PV) farms,
hydroelectric dams, and tidal energy facilities, generating substantial amounts of energy for
human consumption (Al-Shetwi, 2022).

1.1 Prospects and advantages of sustainable energy

The future looks bright for renewable energy, marked by a consistent increase in its
adoption. The sun's irradiance, for instance, is now harnessed in a wide array of
technologies ranging from simple torches and electronic watches to complex systems like
crop irrigation, solar-powered vehicles, and energy solutions for residential, commercial,
and industrial settings (Lingayat et al., 2021). The shift towards renewables offers substantial
benefits, primarily as a response to the escalating costs of fossil fuels, (Palmer, 2019).
Furthermore, the global commitment to renewable energy is instrumental in reducing
carbon emissions, mitigating the greenhouse effect, and combating global warming.

1.2 Progress in renewable energy technology

The area of renewable energy has been dramatically transformed by technological
innovation and the relentless pursuit of efficiency by researchers. Among these
advancements, MATLAB Simulink has emerged as an invaluable asset for engineers,
facilitating the design and implementation of systems that maximize output from various
renewable sources. MATLAB Simulink's capability for real-time modeling and simulation has
become indispensable. Additionally, advancements have enabled the widespread
integration of distributed energy resources, like huge solar and wind farms, into the network
of power grid system (Ndawula et al., 2019). This integration is crucial for realizing the
benefits of decentralization in the energy sector.

1
2.0 Methodology
For the purpose of various tasks performed in this report, MATLAB Simulink served as a very
important tool. The methodology employed combines mathematical modeling with the
translation of these models into visual diagrams and the development of MATLAB code to
execute the simulations. This approach is characterized by its innovation, engaging nature,
and the ease with which it can be replicated. The investigation encompassed a variety of
renewable energy profiles, analyzing the impacts of modifications through the data derived
from these simulations. A key feature of this study was the simulation of the vehicle-to-grid
model, which holds significant potential for the future's smart grid systems. It highlights how
electric vehicles can help balance the power grid by charging during off-peak periods and
supplying electricity back to the grid from their battery storage during times of heightened
demand, thus aiding in meeting the grid's load requirements. The forthcoming Chapter 3
explores the detailed outcomes of these experiments and simulations.

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3.0 Findings
3.1 Assignment 1: Fundamental inputs/outputs

fig 1: illustrates the process of combining two input signals, referred to as A and B, through
the use of an addition block, resulting in the combined output (A+B)

3
fig 2:: showcases the graphical representation of input signal A.

fig 3:showcases the graphical representation of input signal B.

4
fig 4: displays the graph of the output signal, which is the sum of signal A and signal B.

Assignment 1 analysis

For Task 1, the MATLAB Simulink platform was utilized, adhering to a structured approach
for completion. Initially, two signal generators were selected from the Simulink library under
the sources category, both configured with sine waveforms, an amplitude of 1, and a
frequency of 1. The next step involved adding an 'Add block' found in the Math Operations,
alongside a scope plucked from the Commonly Used Blocks shelf, and capped it off with a
'Sim out' or 'export to workspace' pick from the Sinks section. Finally, after connecting all
necessary components, the simulation was executed, with its output channelled to the
workspace for further analysis and visualization.

Insights gained: The process revealed that combining two sine waves, each with a frequency
of 1 and an amplitude of 1, resulted in an output signal whose amplitude was double that of
the original input signals.

5
3.2 Assignment 2: Integrating a Gain Block

fig 5:depicts a schematic diagram for enhancing two input signals—a sine wave and a
square wave—using a Gain block, followed by deriving the ultimate output via a Subtractor
block.

fig 6: showcases the sine wave after amplification, achieving a gain factor of 1.5.

6
fig 7: illustrates the square wave post-amplification, where it attains a gain factor of 3.

7
fig 8:the end result, demonstrating the combined effect of amplifying both waves and then
subtracting them, showcasing the final output of the process.

3.2.1 In-depth Walkthrough for Completing assignment 2

To accomplish Task 2, a series of methodical steps were followed:

 First Step: We initiated with signal generators for both input signals, labelled as
‘Signal A’ and ‘Signal B’, setting them to a sine waveform. Each signal was configured
with an amplitude of 1 and a frequency of 1.

 Second Step: ‘Signal A’ underwent amplification with a gain factor of 1.5, whereas
‘Signal B’ was enhanced with a gain of 3.

 Third Step: We then utilized a ‘Subtractor block’ to deduct the amplified output of
‘Signal B’ from ‘Signal A’.

 Fourth Step: The resulting output from this subtraction (A - B), alongside the original
input signals A and B, were routed to the scope and workspace. This facilitated their
plotting and further analysis.

Gained Insights: Despite the identical amplitude and frequency of the sine and square wave
inputs, the distinct gain values applied led to a subtracted output. The final visual

8
representation, as shown in Figure 8, indicated a peak value close to 4.5. This outcome
seemingly synthesized the gains from both signals, illustrating an effective combination of
the amplification effects.

3.3 Assignment 3: Manipulating Diverse Signals

fig 9:Schematic diagram showing three input signal blocks, each varying in amplitude,
processed through both Add and Subtract blocks.

9
fig 10: reveals the result for the initial block following its enhancement and subsequent
subtraction.

fig 11:presents the outcome for the second block, detailing its performance after undergoing
amplification and subtraction.

10
fig 12:displays the effects on the third block post-amplification and subtraction.

fig 13:captures the conclusive output signal resulting from the entirety of the process.

11
3.3.1 Detailed analysis for assignment 3: Procedure and Insights
Step 1: Assignment 3 began with the allocation of specific input signals to each of the three
blocks, outlined as follows in table 1

Table 1:Input parameters for generation of fig 9

This detailed preparation set the stage for the model showcased in Figure 9.

Step 2: The outcomes from the amplification and subtraction processes across the blocks
were distinctly labeled as ‘Signal A_1 – Signal B_1’, ‘Signal A_2 – Signal B_2’, and ‘Signal A_3
– Signal B_3’, corresponding to the first, second, and third blocks, respectively.

Observation: The process of amplifying these signals and then applying add and subtract
blocks highlighted noticeable changes in amplitude. Such modifications are particularly
valuable in scenarios requiring the tuning or fine-tuning of signals from various sources,
demonstrating practical applications in real-world settings.

12
3.4 Assignment 4: Frequency's Impact on Signals

fig 14:Schematic diagram for two distinct signals—a sine wave and a square wave—both
undergoing amplification with an increased frequency.

fig 15:displays the sine wave signal enhanced with a substantial 'Gain' of 25.

13
fig 16:shows the square wave signal, similarly amplified, but with a 'Gain' of 30.

fig 17:presents the composite output of combining the amplified sine wave (Signal A) with
the amplified square wave (Signal B).

14
fig 18:details the sine wave's graph after its frequency was adjusted upwards from 1 to 3.

fig 19:depicts the square wave's graph following a similar frequency adjustment from 1 to 3.

15
fig 20:The final output, capturing the effects of both the frequency adjustments and the
signal amplifications of Signals A and B.

3.4.1 Comprehensive Breakdown and Methodology for assignment 4

Initial Step: The simulation embarked with specific parameters set for the sine wave and
square wave signals, maintaining their amplitude at one for both. These parameters formed
the foundation for the simulation depicted in Figure 14.

 Table 2: Outlines the Input Parameters for the Model Showcased in Figure 14

 First Simulation Settings:

 Signal A: A sine wave with an amplitude of 1, a frequency of 1, and a

gain of 25.

 Signal B: A square wave also set with an amplitude of 1, a frequency

of 1, but with a gain of 30.

 Second Simulation Settings:

 Signal A's sine wave maintains an amplitude of 1, but its frequency is

increased to 3, with a gain of 25.

16
  Similarly, Signal B's square wave keeps its amplitude at 1 while its
frequency is elevated to 3, and its gain is adjusted to 30.

Observations: During Post-simulation, a notable shift was observed when comparing the
outcomes at frequencies of 1 and then 3. The plots clearly illustrated that the of the
waveforms 'period' increased, resulting in a denser presentation of the waveforms within
the same temporal scope.

3.5 Assignment 5: Computing Wind Turbine Energy

Assignment 5(a):

fig 21:presents the Simulink framework designed for calculating the wind turbine's power in
task 5(a).

The mathematical foundation for this task is expressed as follows:

1 3
P= DA V C p (eq.1)
2

Where:

P = represents the power harnessed from the wind (in watts),

D = stands for the air density (kg/m³),

17
A = is the turbine's sweep area or the blade area (m²),

V = indicates the wind velocity,

C P = denotes the power coefficient, and

A =is computed by π r 2

Transforming the original equation (eq.1) yields:

1 2 3
P= π r D V C p
2

Given that π=3.14159265359 ;

1 3.14159265359
we find that, π= = 1.57079632679
2 2

Thus, the equation for our simulation becomes: P=(1.57079632679)r 2 ρ V 3 C p --------------(2)

Through manual computation, the wind turbine's power is deduced as:

The computation using Matlab code for the model yields

fig 22:showcases the outcome from the Simulink model's execution for task 5(a), aligning
the theoretical calculations with practical model results using MATLAB.

For task 5(a), focused on calculating the power generated by a wind turbine, the following
MATLAB code is provided to model and simulate the outcome:

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3.5.1 Breakdown of Task 5(a)
Initial Step: The process began with the modification of the wind power equation from its
original form (equation 1) to a revised format (equation 2), facilitating easier modeling:

1 3
P= DA V C p (Eq.1)
2

P=(1.57079632679)r D V C p (Eq.2)
2 3

Second Step: To simulate the equation, MATLAB Simulink was employed, utilizing
components like constants, gains, and math operations, all set to their correct values.

Third Step: A MATLAB script was developed to bring the Simulink model into action.

Fourth Step: The outcome of the manual calculations was then juxtaposed against the
results derived from the Simulink model. A match between the two confirmed the model's
accuracy and effective execution.

19
Task 5(b) Overview

fig 23:illustrates the schematic diagram for simulation of wind power production at varying
wind velocities (16m/s 14m/s, 10m/s and , 8m/s) in the first segment.

fig 24:Shows the simulation outcomes of power of wind at the same varied wind speeds
(16m/s 14m/s, 10m/s and , 8m/s) in the second segment.

MATLAB Script for Wind Power Calculation at Varied Wind Speeds

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Below is a MATLAB script designed to compute the power output from a wind turbine under
different wind speeds (16m/s 14m/s, 10m/s and , 8m/s), incorporating essential parameters
such as the turbine's radius, air density, wind speeds, and the turbine's power coefficient.

3.5.2 Breakdown of assignment 5(b)

Initial Phase: The schematic representations in Figure 23 and Figure 24 served as the
foundation for simulating wind speeds (16m/s 14m/s, 10m/s and , 8m/s). The outcomes of
these simulations revealed the power produced at respective wind speed, denoted as P1,
P2, P3, and P4, P3, P2, and P1. These results are summarized in Table 3, illustrating the
relationship between wind speed and the corresponding power output.

Table 2: Power Output as a Function of Wind Speed from Simulations in Figures 23 and 24

Subsequent Phase: A MATLAB script was crafted to visually depict the correlation between
various wind speeds and the power they generate. Here is the script for generating the plot:

21
fig 25:Illustrates the graphical plot of wind speed (16m/s 14m/s, 10m/s and , 8m/s) against
the power generated for each speed.

Observations: Upon analysing the model's behaviour across different wind speeds, a clear
pattern emerges: as wind speed escalates, so does the power output. This trend signifies a
linear relationship between wind speed and power generation, underlining the direct
impact of wind velocity on the efficacy of wind turbines.

Mathematical Framework for Task 5(c)

The formula for calculating the power generated by a marine turbine is given as:

P= 1/2 DAV^3 C_p (eq.1)

22
Where:

P denotes the power output of the marine turbine (in watts),

D represents the water's density (kg/m³),

A is the turbine's blade area (m²),

V signifies the tidal flow speed, and

C_P is the marine turbine's power coefficient.

Given the blade length l and area A=πr2 or 2πl2, equation (1) transforms into:

P= 1/2 πr^2 DV^3 C_p (eq.2)

Isolating r in equation (2) yields:

2
2P
r= 3
π X D X V X CP

Thus,

r=
√ 2P
π X D X V 3 X CP
(eq.3)

Equation (3) serves as the basis for the MATLAB Simulink model depicted in Figure 26.

23
fig 26:Showcases the Simulink model crafted to compute the length of the blade for a marine
turbine.

MATLAB Script employed in Simulating Marine Turbine Blade Length (Task 5c)

Manual Blade Length Calculation for the Marine Turbine:

r=
√ 2P
3
π X D X V X CP
=
√ 2 X 3600000
π X 1000 X 2.53 X 0.35
= 20.47

This reveals the marine turbine's blade length to be 20.47 meters.

Simulink Outcome for Blade Length Using the Script:

The MATLAB Simulink simulation follows the script to validate the manual calculation,

24
confirming the blade length for optimal marine turbine performance. The results of the
model are illustrated below.

3.5.3 Breakdown of Assignment 5(C)

Initial Step: The process commenced with creating a mathematical model to ascertain the
formula for calculating the length of blade for a marine turbine, evolving from (eq.1) to
reach equation (3).

Second Step: A schematic Simulink diagram was constructed for facilitating the computation
of the blade length for the marine turbine, as showcased in Fig.26.

Third Step: To bring this model to life, a MATLAB script was developed and executed,
yielding a blade length of 20.47 meters for the marine turbine, as depicted in the model
from Figure 26.

Fourth Step: A parallel manual computation using equation (3) corroborated the Simulink
model's findings, equally determining the blade length to be 20.47 meters.

Fifth Step: The concurrence between the manually calculated result and the model's output
not only confirms the precision of the modeling but also underscores the reliability of the
mathematical and simulation methodologies employed.

Assignment 5d(i) Overview

Deriving the Speed Ratio for the blade tip

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From this, the tip speed ratio (λ) can be defined as the blade tip speed divided by the wind
speed (V):

where:

D= represents the turbine's diameter,

V = is the speed of wind.

Eq.1 was employed for implementing the model exhibited below in (figure 27)

fig 27: Exhibits the schematic Simulink diagram crafted for computing the tip speed ratio
under varying wind speeds.

MATLAB Script for Simulating Tip Speed Ratios at Diverse Wind Speeds

26
Table 3:Shows the outcomes from the simulation of the tip speed ratio using Figure 27,
reflecting how the ratio changes with wind speed.

The results span a range of wind speeds, illustrating a decrease in the tip speed ratio (λ) as
wind speed climbs, suggesting an inverse relationship.

3.5.4 Insight from Task 5d(i)

Initial Phase: Utilizing the formula in (eq.1) from assignment 5d_(i), a Simulink model
(Figure 27) was developed to compute the tip speed ratios at assorted wind speeds by
adjusting parameters for the wind speed within a MATLAB code, thereby obtaining specific
tip speed ratios for given wind velocities.

Observation: Analysis of the results demonstrates a clear trend: as wind speed escalates,
the tip speed ratio diminishes, indicating an inverse correlation between the two variables.

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Assignment 5d_(ii) & 5d_(iii) Implementation
For tasks 5d(ii) and 5d(iii), we developed a Simulink model tailored to determine the power
output and energy consumption based on varying wind speeds and the power coefficient
(Cp) when integrated into the MATLAB simulation environment.

fig 28:showcases the Simulink setup designed for assessing the power output and energy
usage under different wind velocities and power coefficients.

MATLAB Script for Power and Energy Simulation

Simulation Results Overview

The simulation results offer detailed insights into the performance metrics across varying
wind speeds and timeframes. Specifically, they illustrate the λ (tip speed ratio), Cp (power

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coefficient), along with the generated power (in kW) and total energy output (in kWh).
Notably, highlighted in red are the key outcomes for task 5d.

fig 29:showcases the Simulink setup designed for assessing the power output and energy
usage under different wind velocities and power coefficients.

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fig 30:portrays the characteristic curve, mapping the relationship between the power
coefficient of power(Cp) and speed ratio (λ) for the wind turbine.

3.6 Assignment 6: Exploring the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Wind
Turbine
3.6.1 Overview of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Operations
The wind, recognized for its substantial energy potential, exhibits variability that demands
innovative solutions for optimal power harnessing. Among the forefront of advancements in
wind energy technology, the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) stands out as a pivotal
development aimed at enhancing wind energy conversion efficiency. This is in addition to
the traditional synchronous generators, which, despite their long history, are being
complemented by DFIGs due to their effective wind-to-energy conversion capabilities. DFIGs
boast several notable benefits, including affordability, compactness, the elimination of the
need for an external DC power source, and their proficiency in delivering maximal power
across a spectrum of wind velocities while maintaining active and reactive power control.
The widespread adoption of DFIGs in wind energy systems is largely due to their technical
superiority, outlined as follows:

1. Versatility Across Wind Speeds: DFIGs are celebrated for their operational flexibility
over a broad range of wind speeds, ensuring quality and efficient energy output.

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2. Enhanced Efficiency: The design of DFIGs minimizes energy conversion losses,
facilitating high efficiency levels even with the use of smaller converters and
harmonic filters.

3. Slightly Above-rated Power Delivery: DFIGs possess the ability to produce power
slightly exceeding their rated capacity, adding to their appeal.

4. Reactive Power Management: The need for additional reactive power compensation
equipment is negated by DFIGs due to their innate ability to generate and absorb
reactive power, further solidifying their preference in wind energy systems.

5. Power Factor Control: DFIGs excel in managing the power factor, which translates to
more efficient output and cost-effectiveness.

6. Cost-effective and Simple Construction: When compared to synchronous generators

for wind power generation, DFIGs are simpler to construct, making them a more
economical option.

7. Improved Speed and Frequency Control: The ability to finely tune both the speed
and frequency of the power supply sets DFIGs apart, ensuring a more stable and
reliable energy source.

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3.6.2 Design, Construction, and Operational Principles

fig 31:the induction generator's design

fig 32: Induction motor’s torque versus speed characteristics.

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3.6.3 Operating Principles of an Induction Generator
The operation of an induction generator is initiated by torque applied to the rotor,
generated by AC current induction in the rotor winding, creating a rotating magnetic flux. As
illustrated in Fig.32, the generator's speed-torque characteristics highlight three distinct
zones: the braking, motoring, and generating regions. Electricity generation commences
once the rotor's speed surpasses the synchronous speed. At synchronous speed, the
generator functions as a motor without generating electricity. Below or at zero speed, it
enters the braking region without rotor rotation.

DFIG operates in two modes:

1. Super-synchronous mode: Here, the rotor spins faster than the synchronous speed,
leading to negative slip and both rotor and windings supplying power to the
respective grid system.

2. Sub-synchronous mode: In this mode, the rotor often spins slower than the
synchronous speed, with positive slip. In this mode, power from the stator is
supplied to both the grid and the rotor windings, with the power not exceeding that
of the super-synchronous mode.

fig 33:a single-line diagram for DFIG implementation, showcasing components

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Figure 33b presents a model of the DFIG wind turbine

3.6.4 Insights and Inputs for assignment 6

For the execution of assignment 6, wind speed scenarios of 13m/s, 7m/s, and1m/s were
individually applied to the model for simulation, allowing for an analytical comparison of
outputs (rotational speed (Wr), power output (P), and pitch angle) under these varied wind
conditions.

Analysis of Results: An initial increase in wind speed from 1m/s to 7m/s revealed a decrease
in the turbine speed, as depicted by a 'convex' curve illustrated in Figure 39. This trend,
however, shifted to an ascent, reaching a peak as the curve progressed. Advancing the wind
speed further to 13m/s corresponded with a direct rise to the highest turbine speed value.
In all scenarios examined, while the output power initially surged before diminishing to zero,
the pitch angles remained constant throughout.

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fig 34:Illustrates wind speed vs time at 1m/s.

fig 35:Shows the graph of turbine rotational speed (Wr) vs time at 1m/s wind speed.

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fig 36: Depicts the output power (P) vs time at 1m/s windspeed.

fig 37:Presents the pitch angle vs time at 1m/s wind speed..

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fig 38:Displays wind speed vs time at 7m/s.

fig 39:Captures the graph of turbine rotational speed (Wr) vs time at 7m/s windspeed..

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fig 40:the output power vs time at 7m/s

fig 41:Shows the graph of pitch angle (in degrees) vs time at 7m/s.

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fig 42:Illustrates wind speed vs time at 13m/s.

fig 43:Depicts the turbine's rotational speed (Wr) vs time at 13m/s wind speed.

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fig 44:the output power vs time at 13m/s.

fig 45: Shows the pitch angle (in degrees) at a wind speed of 13m/s.

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3.7 Overview of assignment 7

fig 46:Demonstrates the V2G System's operational framework.

fig 47:Exhibits the impact of solar irradiance on the Photovoltaic (PV) panel's performance

41
fig 48:Displays the wind profile's influence on the wind farm's functionality.

fig 49:Showcases the generated power from the solar panels under varying levels of solar
irradiance.

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fig 50:the power output from the wind turbines, reflecting different wind conditions.

3.7.1 Analysis of Solar and Wind Power Relative to Input Profiles

The relationship between solar irradiance and solar power production is clearly depicted
through the comparison of Figures 47 and 49. These illustrations confirm that an uptick in
solar panel irradiance directly boosts the power output from the solar panel. Conversely, in
the absence of irradiance, the solar panel's power production drops to zero.

Similarly, the correlation between wind speed and wind-generated power is mapped out in
Figures 48 and 50. This comparison reveals a direct link: as wind speed escalates, so does
the energy harnessed from the wind. Conversely, a decline in wind speed results in reduced
wind power output. Notably, Figure 50 highlights an instance where, despite high wind
speeds, the power output momentarily falls to zero, suggesting a turbine shutdown
mechanism activated to safeguard the turbine from potential harm due to excessive wind
conditions.

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3.7.2 Exploration of Assignment 7(4): Elevating Wind Speed Profile by 10%

fig 51:Displays the model adjustment with a 10% increase in wind speed, achieved through
the incorporation of a Gain block set at 1.1.

fig 52:the wind profile after applying a 10% enhancement.

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fig 53:Shows the resultant power output following the wind speed's 10% uplift.

Initial Step: The process began by boosting the wind profile by 10%, a calculation
represented as 110% or 1.1. This increase was then fed into the model through a Gain block
valued at 1.1, positioned between the wind profile input and the wind farm, as shown in
Figure 51.

Observation: The adjustment led to a notable rise in power generation, aligning with the
10% wind profile increase.

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3.7.3 Assignment 7(5): Augmenting Solar Irradiance by 10%

fig 54:Features the adapted model for a 10% solar irradiance increase, utilizing a Gain block
with a value of 1.1.

fig 55:Depicts the solar irradiance after a 10% boost.

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fig 56:the power output after amplifying solar irradiance by 10%.

Initial Step: A similar approach was taken to escalate solar irradiance by 10%, translating
into an adjustment factor of 1.1. This augmentation was inputted into the Gain block
(valued at 1.1) positioned between the solar irradiance source and the photovoltaic panel,
as seen in Figure 54.

Observation: Enhancing solar irradiance by 10% resulted in a proportional increase in power

generation. However, there were moments when the power output experienced a drop
before recovering. This fluctuation could be ascribed to variations in irradiance levels or
potentially excessive sunlight intensity.

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3.7.4 Assignment 7 (part 6)

fig 57:Showcases how the residential load was adjusted to 11MW and 11.5MW to reflect
increases of 10% and 15%, respectively.

Initial Step: Starting from a baseline residential load of 10MW, the load was enhanced by
10% and 15%, calculated as follows:

 A 10% uplift from 10MW results in 11MW, computed as 110/100×10MW=11MW.

 A 15% increase from 10MW leads to 11.5MW, calculated as

115/100×10MW=11.5MW.

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fig 58:the diesel power generation following a 10% rise in residential load.

fig 59:Displays the solar power output with a 10% increased residential demand.

49
fig 60:wind energy production after the residential load was lifted by 10%.

fig 61:Depicts diesel power generation following a 15% hike in residential load.

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fig 62:solar power generation after augmenting residential load by 15%.

fig 63: Exhibits wind power output with a 15% rise in residential demand.

Observations on Residential Load Increase: Upon augmenting the residential load by both
10% and 15%, it was observed that power outputs from the solar and wind farms remained
consistent, unaffected by the changes in residential load. However, there was a notable

51
increase in power production from the diesel generator, indicating its role in balancing the
higher energy demands.

3.7.5 Assignment 7(7): Exploring the Impact of Expanding the area of PV farm

fig 64:Showcases the expansion of the PV farm area to 88,000 square meters (m²) and
92,000 m² to reflect increases of 10% and 15%, respectively.

Initial Step: Starting with a baseline PV farm area of 80,000 m², enhancements of 10% and
15% were applied as follows:

 A 10% expansion to 80,000 m² results in 88,000 m², calculated as

110/100×80,000m2=88,000m2.

 A 15% increase to 80,000 m² leads to 92,000 m², computed as

115/100×80,000m2=92,000m2.

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fig 65: diesel energy output in response to a 10% expansion of the photovoltaic farm's
footprint.

fig 66:Displays output from solar power after PV farm area was expanded by 10%.

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fig 67:Shows wind energy generation following the 10% augmentation of the PV farm area.

54
fig 68: energy production using diesel subsequent to a 15% enlargement of the photovoltaic
farm's area.

fig 69:Presents solar power generation resulting from a 15% expansion of the PV farm area.

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fig 70:Exhibits wind power output following 15% area expansion of the PV farm

Observations on Expanding PV Farm Area: Notably, enlargement of the PV farm area led to
a marginal increase in power generated by the solar panels, as demonstrated in the plots.
Concurrently, power production from wind turbines remained constant, irrespective of the
PV farm area's expansion. Interestingly, diesel-generated power experienced a slight
decrease, adjusting to complement the augmented solar power in meeting the load's energy
requirements.

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3.7.6 Assignment 7(8): Assessing the Impact of Wind Farm Expansion by 10% and 15% on
Power Sources

fig 71:Demonstrates the expansion of the wind farm's capacity to 4.95MW and 5.175MW to
account for increases of 10% and 15%, respectively.

Initial Step: The base capacity of the wind farm was 4.5MW, and the applied increments
were calculated as follows:

 A 10% expansion results in 4.95MW, achieved by multiplying

4.5MW×110%=4.95MW.

 A 15% increase leads to 5.175MW, calculated as 4.5MW×115%=5.175MW.

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fig 72:Shows the diesel-generated power following a 10% increase in wind farm capacity.

fig 73:Displays the solar power output after the wind farm was expanded by 10%.

58
fig 74:Illustrates the wind-generated power post a 10% wind farm enlargement.

fig 75:Depicts the diesel power production following a 15% wind farm expansion.

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fig 76:Presents the solar power generation after the wind farm was augmented by 15%.

fig 77:Exhibits the wind power output after a 15% increase in wind farm capacity.

Observations on Wind Farm Expansion: The augmentation of the wind farm capacity
resulted in a modest rise in wind-generated power, as evidenced by the data plots.

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Meanwhile, the power output from the solar panels remained consistent, unaffected by the
changes in wind farm capacity. In contrast, diesel-generated power saw a slight reduction,
adjusting to supplement the increased wind power in fulfilling the overall energy demand of
the load.

4.0 Discussions
In our exploration, Figure 1 introduces a model designed to combine two input signals, with
Figure 4 showcasing the resultant output plot. Notably, the amplitude of the output signal is
observed to be double that of the individual input signals, indicating effective signal
addition. Figure 5 demonstrates the use of a gain block to amplify the initial signal, which is
then processed through a subtractor block, resulting in an output signal with noticeably
increased gain.

Considering renewable energy perspective, Figure 21 presents a model crafted to calculate

the power output of a wind turbine. The process began with the establishment of a
mathematical model, which then combined the Simulink modeling, complemented by
MATLAB code to bring the simulation to life. Remarkably, both the model and manual
calculations converged on the same power output of 3.611MW.

Further analysis provided in Figure 23 explores the power output for different speeds of
wind. Moreover, the data compiled in Table 2 reveals a linear increase in power output
corresponding to higher wind speeds, a relationship graphically depicted in Figure 25.

Figure 26 delves into the calculation of marine turbine blade length, integrating MATLAB
code into the model. This methodological approach yielded a blade length measurement of
20.47m, matching manual calculations. In a study of the tip speed ratio, Figure 27 illustrates
how increases in wind speed inversely affect the tip speed ratio, establishing an inverse

61
relationship. This insight was crucial for identifying characteristic curve coefficients across
various tip speed ratios, informing subsequent power and energy consumption calculations.

A crucial model of a doubly fed induction generator wind turbine is presented in Figure 33b.
Initial increase in wind speed from 1m/s to 7m/s result in a reduced turbine speed, as
depicted by a 'convex' curve in Figure 39. However, this trend reverses, with turbine speed
climbing to a peak beyond this convex pattern as wind speed reaches 13m/s. In every
scenario, output power initially rises before tapering off to zero, despite unchanged pitch
angles.

Lastly, the vehicle-to-grid model featured in Figure 46 undergoes parameter adjustments for
solar irradiance and wind profile. These changes lead to enhanced power production from
both wind and PV farms. However, when residential loads escalate, the output from solar
and wind sources stabilizes, while diesel power generation adapts dynamically, increasing
with higher residential demand and decreasing as demand falls. This pattern emphasizes the
role of diesel generators in maintaining grid balance amidst fluctuating power demands.

5.0 Conclusion
The global energy sector is undergoing a key transition from reliance on fossil fuels towards
the embrace of renewable and sustainable energy sources. This transition is an important
milestone in our quest to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions and to tackle global
warming. The technical issues associated with integrating renewable energy solutions into
low-voltage power distribution encompasses a list of challenges, including the unsteady
nature of certain renewables that may require methods for addressing high levels of faults
in the system as well as inertia loss, which are equally essential in maintaining the grid
stability. Engineers are at the forefront, committed to ensuring uninterrupted power supply.
The application of Simulink in this study demonstrates its efficacy as an invaluable tool that
enables engineers to develop comprehensive and durable power solutions, catering to
current and future demands. The practical experience gleaned from Simulink modeling and
the analysis of results is enlightening, laying a robust groundwork for future advancements
in energy engineering. This study is considered enlightening, providing valuable lessons and
a solid base upon which future engineering endeavors can be built.

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