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MyEconLab
Michael Parkin
Christopher Findlay
Douglas McTaggart
Want to Learn on the Go?
Link to Pearson’s unique Study on the Go content directly from your smartphone,
and study whenever and wherever you wish!
For more details read the preface inside this text.
ISBN 978-1-4425-5079-7
Douglas McTaggart
Christopher Findlay
Michael Parkin
9 781442 550797
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Dedications
Douglas McTaggart dedicates this book to Pam, Cameron, Lachlan and especially Andrew.
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BRIEF CONTENTS
PART SIX
MACROECONOMIC POLICY 621
CHAPTER 27 Fiscal Policy 621
CHAPTER 28 Monetary Policy 645
ix
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PREFACE
The future is always uncertain. But at some times, ◆ The Seventh Edition Revision
and now is one such time, the range of possible
futures is enormous. As a small economy tightly Simpler where possible, stripped of some technical
integrated into the global economy, it is uncertainty
detail, more copiously illustrated with well-chosen
photographs, reinforced with improved chapter sum-
about external forces that dominates Australia’s maries and problem sets, and even more tightly inte-
outlook. grated with MyEconLab: These are the hallmarks of
There is uncertainty about monetary policy with this seventh edition of Economics.
the European Central bank and the U.S. Federal This comprehensive revision also incorporates and
Reserve Bank holding interest rates at historical lows responds to the detailed suggestions for improve-
and injecting billions of dollars of money in an ments made by reviewers and users, both in the broad
attempt to stimulate a flagging recovery from a global architecture of the text and in each chapter. The revi-
financial crisis. And there is extraordinary uncertainty sion builds on the improvements achieved in previ-
about fiscal policy as budget deficits in the United ous editions and retains its thorough and detailed
States and Europe seem ever harder to control. presentation of the principles of economics, its
Whether or when economic growth in China and emphasis on real-world examples and applications, its
India will slow and dampen the growth of the rest of development of critical thinking skills, its diagrams
the world is a big unknown. renowned for pedagogy and precision and its path-
Since the global financial crisis of August 2007 breaking technology.
moved economics from the business page of the news- Most chapters have been fine-tuned to achieve
paper to the front page, fear has gripped producers,
even greater clarity and to present the material in a
consumers, financial institutions and governments.
more straightforward, visual and intuitive way.
Even the idea that the market is an efficient mecha-
Some chapters have been thoroughly reworked to
nism for allocating scarce resources came into ques-
cover new issues, particularly those that involve
tion as some political leaders trumpeted the end of
current policy problems. These changes are aimed at
capitalism and the dawn of a new economic order in
better enabling students to learn how to use the
which tighter regulation reined in unfettered greed.
Rarely do teachers of economics have such a rich economic toolkit to analyse their own decisions and
feast on which to draw. And rarely are the principles understand the events and issues they are confronted
of economics more surely needed to provide the solid with in the media and at the ballot box.
foundation on which to think about economic events Current issues organise each chapter. News stories
and navigate the turbulence of economic life. about today’s major economic events tie a chapter
Although thinking like an economist can bring a together, from new, briefer chapter-opening questions
clearer perspective to and a deeper understanding of to end-of-chapter problems and online practice. Each
today’s events, students don’t find the economic way chapter includes a discussion of a critical issue of our
of thinking easy or natural. Economics seeks to put time to demonstrate how economic theory can be
clarity and understanding in the grasp of the student applied to explore a particular debate or question.
through its careful and vivid exploration of the Among the many issues covered are
tension between self-interest and the social interest, ■ The rising cost of food in Chapter 2
the role and power of incentives – of opportunity cost ■ The fluctuating price of bananas and coffee in
and marginal benefit – and the possibility that Chapter 3
markets supplemented by other mechanisms might ■ Recession and unemployment in Chapters 18, 24
allocate resources efficiently.
and 26
McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin students begin to
■ Currency fluctuations and the managed Chinese
think about issues the way real economists do and
learn how to explore difficult policy problems and yuan in Chapter 23
make more informed decisions in their own lives.
xi
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xii PREFACE
■ Fiscal stimulus and the debate about the fiscal 4. Economic Growth (Chapter 20): We have simpli-
stimulus multipliers in Chapter 27 fied this chapter by omitting the technical details on
■ Monetary stimulus in Chapter 28. growth accounting and replacing them with an intu-
itive discussion of the crucial role of human capital
Real-world examples and applications appear in and intellectual property rights. We illustrate the role
the body of each chapter and in the end-of-chapter played by these key factors during Britain’s Industrial
problems and applications, which are available in Revolution. We have made the chapter more relevant
MyEconLab for assignment as homework, quizzes or and empirical by including a summary of the correla-
tests. tions between the growth rate and the positive and
A selection of the questions that appear weekly in negative influences on it.
MyEconLab in Economics in the News is also available
5. Money, the Price Level and Inflation (Chapter 22):
for assignment as homework, quizzes or tests.
This chapter compares the Reserve Bank’s response to
the global financial crisis with the U.S. Federal
Highpoints of the Revision Reserve’s extraordinary injection of monetary base fol-
All the chapters have been updated to incorporate lowing the financial panic of 2008.We have redrawn
data to the second quarter of 2011 and the news and the line between this chapter, the ‘money and
policy situation to the second quarter of 2012. And in banking’ chapter, and the later ‘monetary policy’
addition to being thoroughly updated and revised to chapter by including in this chapter a complete expla-
include the topics and features just described, the nation of how an open market operation works. We
chapters feature the following nine notable changes: have also provided clearer and more thorough expla-
1. What Is Economics? (Chapter 1): We have re- nations of the money multiplier and money market
worked the explanation of the economic way of equilibrium in the short and the long run and in the
thinking around six key ideas, all illustrated with transition to the long run.
student-relevant choices. The graphing appendix to 6. The Exchange Rate and the Balance of Payments
this chapter has an increased focus on scatter diagrams (Chapter 23): We have revised this chapter to better
and their interpretation and on understanding shifts explain the distinction between the fundamentals and
of curves. the role of expectations. We have also included an
explanation of how arbitrage works in the foreign
2. Measuring GDP and Economic Growth exchange market and the temporary and risky nature
(Chapter 18): We have revised the section on cross- of seeking to profit from the so-called ‘carry trade’.
country comparisons and the limitations of GDP to 7. Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand
make the material clearer and we have added photo (Chapter 24): We have revised the section of this
illustrations of purchasing power parity and of items chapter that explains the use of the AS-AD model to
omitted from GDP. A new appendix to this chapter understand growth and inflation trends and business
explains the graphing of time-series data and the use cycle fluctuations. We have closely tied these explana-
of a ratio scale to reveal trends. The Mathematical tions to the Australian data on economic growth,
Note on chain volume measure of GDP has been inflation and the business cycle with an emphasis on
simplified. the most recent business cycle.
3. Monitoring Jobs and Inflation (Chapter 19): This 8. Fiscal Policy (Chapter 27): The topic of this
chapter now includes a discussion and illustration of chapter is front-page news almost every day and is
the duration of unemployment spells. We have rewrit- likely to remain so. The revision describes the budget
ten the section on full employment and the influences deficit and debt and explains the consequences of the
on the natural unemployment rate. The coverage of uncertainty they engender. A thoroughly revised
the price level has been expanded to define and section examines the fiscal stimulus measures taken
explain the costs of deflation as well as inflation. over the past year, channels through which the stimu-
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PREFACE xiii
lus works, the unwanted side effects of the stimulus, R EA D ING BETWEEN THE LINES
its potentially limited power and its shortcomings.
The chapter also examines the controversy about and Demand and Supply:
range of views on the size of the fiscal stimulus multi- The Price of Coffee
plier.
Coffee Surges on Poor Colombian Harvests
9. Monetary Policy (Chapter 28): This chapter FT.com
30 July 2010
describes and explains the monetary policy responses Coffee prices hit a 12-year high on Friday on the back of low supplies of premium Arabica
coffee from Colombia after a string of poor crops in the Latin American country.
to the 2008–2009 recession and the persistent head- The strong fundamental picture has also encouraged hedge funds to reverse their previous
bearish views on coffee prices.
winds of 2010 and 2011. It also contains an improved In New York, … Arabica coffee jumped 3.2 per cent to 178.75 cents per pound, the highest
since February 1998. It traded later at 177.25 cents, up 6.8 per cent on the week.
description of the Reserve Bank’s decision-making The London-based International Coffee Organization on Friday warned that the ‘current
tight demand and supply situation’ was ‘likely to persist in the near to medium term’.
process. Technical details about alternative monetary Coffee industry executives believe prices could rise towards 200 cents per pound in New York
before the arrival of the new Brazilian crop later
policy strategies have been replaced with a shorter and this year.
‘Until October it is going to be tight on high ESSENCE OF THE STORY
more focused discussion of this topic and the need to quality coffee,’ said a senior executive at one of
Europe’s largest coffee roasters. He said: ‘The ■ The price of premium Arabica coffee increased
by 3.2 per cent to almost 180 cents per pound in
bring clarity and predictability to monetary policy industry has been surprised by the scarcity of
high quality beans’.
July 2010, the highest price since February
1998.
and Learning ■
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
This McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin hallmark helps ■ Before the reported events, the world production of
Arabica was 120 million bags per year and its price
was 174 cents per pound.
180
174
students think like economists by connecting chapter ■ The decrease in the Colombian harvest decreased
world production to about 116 million bags, which is
about 3 per cent of world production.
170
160
tools and concepts to the world around them. In ■ Figure 1 shows the situation before the poor
Colombian harvests and the effects of those poor
... and
decreases
quantity
D
per pound.
students apply the tools they have just learned by ■ The poor Colombian harvests decreased supply and
the supply curve shifted leftward to S1. The price
220
price increases demand
and decreases supply ...
S2
website. Each article sheds additional light on the and demand. It is a change in the expected future
price of coffee.
210
200
S1
Questions about the article also appear with the ■ With the supply of coffee expected to remain low, the
price was expected to rise further – a rise in the
expected future price of coffee.
170
... and raises
price further D1
end-of-chapter problems and applications. ■ When the expected future price of coffee rises, some
people want to buy more coffee (so they can sell it
later) – an increase in the demand today. And some
160
D0
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xiv PREFACE
S2 S0 S1
Economics in Action The figure illustrates the effects of the increase in
demand on the global oil market. The supply of oil
Increase in The Global Market for Crude Oil remained constant along supply curve S. The demand
The demand and supply model provides insights into for oil in 2001 was D2001, so in 2001 the price was
quantity all competitive markets. Here, we’ll apply what you’ve $20 a barrel and the quantity was 65 million barrels
supplied learned about the effects of an increase in demand to
the global market for crude oil.
per day. The demand for oil increased and by 2008 it
had reached D2008. The price of oil increased to $127 a
Crude oil is like the life-blood of the global barrel and the quantity increased to 72 million barrels
economy. It is used to fuel our cars, aeroplanes, trains a day. The increase in the quantity is an increase in the
and buses, to generate electricity and to produce a quantity supplied, not an increase in supply.
Decrease in Increase in wide range of plastics. When the price of crude oil
rises, the costs of transportation, power and materials
Price (2010 dollars per barrel)
20
price would bring forth a greater quantity supplied D2001 D2008
from other producers and the profit of the producer 0 60 65 72 80 85
limiting supply would fall. Quantity (millions of barrels per day)
Oil producers could try to cooperate and jointly
The Global Market for Crude Oil
withhold supply. The Organisation of Petroleum
Exporting Countries, OPEC, is such a group of pro-
0 Quantity ducers. But OPEC doesn’t control the world supply
and its members’ self-interest is to produce the quanti-
ties that give them the maximum attainable profit.
So even though the global oil market has some big
players, they don’t fix the price. Instead, the actions
of thousands of buyers and sellers and the forces of
Chapter Objectives demand and supply determine the price of oil.
So how have demand and supply changed?
Because both the price and the quantity have
increased, the demand for oil must have increased.
Each chapter begins with a list of learning objectives, Supply might have changed too, but here we’ll
suppose that supply has remained the same.
which enables students to see exactly where the The global demand for oil has increased for one
major reason: World income has increased. The
chapter is going and to set their goals before they increase has been particularly large in the emerging
economies of China, India and Brazil. Increased
world income has increased the demand for oil-using
embark on their detailed study. goods such as electricity, petrol and plastics, which in
turn has increased the demand for oil.
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PREFACE xv
In-Text Review Quizzes and End-of-Chapter Computerised Test Banks The seventh edition test
Problems and Applications bank (Test Item File) with more than 3,000 multiple-
A Review Quiz at the end of each major section choice questions has been prepared by Mark Dodd of
enables students to determine whether a topic needs the University of Adelaide and Tikiri Agalewatte of the
further study before moving on, and Problems and University of Wollongong. Mark and Tikiri reviewed
Applications at the end of each chapter provide an all existing questions to ensure their clarity and consis-
opportunity to practise and apply the topics of the tency with the seventh edition. New questions follow
chapter. the style and format of the end-of-chapter text prob-
All the Review Quizzes and end-of-chapter lems and they provide the lecturer with a new set of
Problems and Applications are in the MyEconLab testing opportunities and/or homework assignments.
Study Plan (see p. xvi) where students can work them Test Item File questions are available in MyEconLab
and receive instant feedback and explanations. for instructors to use in a test, a quiz or as homework.
Pearson’s TestGen enables instructors to view and
edit test bank questions, generate tests, and print
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This book enables you to focus on the economic way any order desired. TestGen also enables instructors to
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Focus on the Economic Way of Thinking Pearson TestGen is compatible with Windows or
As a teacher, you know how hard it is to encourage a Macintosh systems.
student to think like an economist. But that is your
goal. Consistent with this goal, the text focuses on and Solutions Manual For ease of use and instructor refer-
repeatedly uses the central ideas: choice; tradeoff; ence, a comprehensive Solutions Manual provides
opportunity cost; the margin; incentives; the gains lecturers with detailed solutions to the Review
from voluntary exchange; the forces of demand, Quizzes and the end-of-chapter Study Plan Problems
supply and equilibrium; the pursuit of economic rent; and Applications and Additional Problems and
the tension between self-interest and the social inter- Applications. John Snelling of the University of
est; and the scope and limitations of government Adelaide has prepared the Solutions Manual. For an
actions. electronic version of the Solutions Manual go to
www.pearson.com.au/9781442550773.
Flexible Structure
You have preferences for how you want to teach your PowerPoint Resources Robin Bade has developed the
course. We have organised this book to enable you to full-colour Microsoft PowerPoint Lecture Presen-
do so. The flexibility chart on p. xix illustrate the tation for each chapter, which includes animated
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xvi PREFACE
versions of the textbook figures, tables from the text- ■ A suite of ABC News (U.S.) videos, which address
book and speaking notes. current topics such as education, energy, U.S.
A separate set of PowerPoint files containing large- Federal Reserve policy and business cycles, is
scale animated versions of all the textbook’s figures available for classroom use. Video-specific exercises
and the tables from the text is available. Use the are available for instructor assignment.
presentations electronically in the classroom or Michael Parkin and Robin Bade, assisted by
printed to create hard-copy transparency masters. Jeannie Gillmore and Laurel Davies, author and
This item is available for Macintosh and Windows. oversee all of the MyEconLab content for Economics.
Our peerless MyEconLab team has worked hard to
Instructor’s Resource Centre Lecturers can download ensure that it is tightly integrated with the book’s
supplements from a secure, instructor-only source at content and vision. For more information go to
www.pearson.com.au/9781442550773. www.pearson.com.au/mctaggart.
chapter Problems and Applications are assignable play against virtual players from anywhere at
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■ Students can work the Review Quiz questions ■ Multiplayer experiments allow you to assign and
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Additional Problems and Applications as available for assignment in MyEconLab.
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Applications are not available to students in
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■ The Custom Exercise Builder gives instructors the MyEconLab MyEconLab
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PREFACE xvii
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xviii PREFACE
Classroom experience will test the value of this Jonathan Boymal, Royal Melbourne Institute of
book. We would appreciate hearing from instructors Technology
and students about how we can continue to improve it Mark Buchanek, Deakin University
in future editions. Bob Catley, University of Newcastle
Bronwyn Coate, Royal Melbourne Institute of
Douglas McTaggart
Technology
Queensland Investment Corporation
email: d.mctaggart@qic.com Maxine Darnell, University of New England
Sinclair Davidson, Royal Melbourne Institute of
Christopher Findlay Technology
University of Adelaide Catherine Fletcher, Monash University
email: christopher.findlay@adelaide.edu.au Gigi Foster, University of South Australia
Chris Gellar, Deakin University
Michael Parkin
Mary Graham, Deakin University
University of Western Ontario
email: michael.parkin@uwo.ca Branka Krivokapic-Skoko, Charles Sturt University
Yun-Lok Lee, Southern Cross University
Elizabeth Manning, Deakin University
Ann Marsden, University of Tasmania
◆ Reviewers of the Seventh Edition Stephen Mason, Southern Cross University
Rod Duncan, Charles Sturt University Pundarik Mukhopadhaya, Macquarie University
Richard Dutu, Deakin University Muni Perumal, University of Canberra
Catherine Fletcher, Monash University Ella Reeks, University of Tasmania
Peter Harkness, Swinburne University John Rice, University of Adelaide
Yolanta Kwiecien, Monash University Graham Richards, Trinity College, University
Paul Morris, University of Newcastle of Melbourne
Munirul Nabin, Deakin University Sveta Risman, Royal Melbourne Institute of
Peter Schuwalow, Monash University Technology
Zulfan Tadjoeddin, University of Western Sydney Ali Saleh, University of Wollongong
Pasquale Sgro, Deakin University
Baljit Singh, La Trobe University
Hazbo Skoko, Charles Sturt University
◆ Reviewers of the Sixth Edition Sam Tang, University of Western Australia
Jayanath Ananda, La Trobe University Mehmet Ulubasoglu, Deakin University
Siobhan Austen, Curtin Business School Spiro George Vlachos, University of Adelaide
Carol Barry, Swinburne University of Technology Mark Weder, University of Adelaide
John Bevacqua, Charles Sturt University
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Macro Flexibility
Chapter 1
What Is Economics?
Chapter 20
Economic Growth
Chapter 2
Chapter 21
Chapter 27
Finance, Saving
Fiscal Policy
Chapter 18 and Investment
Chapter 3
Monitoring Jobs
and Inflation
Chapter 22 Chapter 28
Money, the Price Level Monetary Policy
and Inflation
Chapter 23
Chapter 25
Expenditure Multipliers:
The Keynesian Model
Start here ... … then jump to … and jump to any of these after
any of these … doing the prerequisites indicated
xix
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
xxi
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xxii CONTENTS
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CONTENTS xxiii
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xxiv CONTENTS
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CHAPITRE XII
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