TENSES

TENSE FORM USE TIME

EXPRESSIONS

• Habits and routines : I

sometimes go to the cinema
frequency adverbs:
A: She comes. • Laws of nature and
always, occasionally,
generalizations: The Earth
N: She doesn’t revolves round the Sun. / hardly ever, never etc.
SIMPLE
come We like chocolate.
PRESENT • Timetables or schedules: time expressions: in the
Q: Does she We leave Istanbul at eight morning, at o’clock etc.
come? next Tuesday
• With stative verbs: how often…?
understand, know, like,
love, hate, hear, believe…

• For an action happening at

the moment of speaking:
–Where is your brother? –
A: He is
He is studying in his room. at the moment, just, just
studying. • Temporary actions: Jack is now, Listen!, Look!, now,
PRESENT redecorating his room right now, this year, at
N: He is not
nowadays.
CONTINUOUS studying. present, today, these
• Fixed arrangements (future
meaning): I am seeing my days, nowadays, for the
Q: Is he time being, this term,
doctor tomorrow at 5
studying? o'clock next Friday/week/year,
• Expressing annoyance (with tomorrow etc.
always, continually,
constantly, perpetually…):
You are always making
mistakes

SIMPLE PAST A: He ran. yesterday, 2 days ago, in

• Actions completed in the
past at a definite time, or 1981, in the 1970s, in the
N: He did not 13th century, when,
implied time: I finished
run. writing the report then, last Thursday etc.
yesterday. / I met her after
Q: Did he run?
work.
• Past habit: I drank milk in
large amounts when I was a
child.
• Actions taking place one
after another consecutively.
He climbed the stairs and
then followed me.
 • Action taking place in the
middle of another action. I
was talking on the phone
when the doorbell rang.

• Actions continuing for some

time at a specific time in the
A: She was
past. I was watching
crying television yesterday at 3
o'clock. last night / week / year /
N: She was not
PAST • Actions occurring
crying at 2 o’clock, when, while,
simultaneously joined by
CONTINUOUS while or as: While I was at this time yesterday,
Q: Was she cooking, my daughter was this time last year etc.
crying? singing.
• Actions in the past that are
interrupted by another
action joined by when or
while: I was crying when she
called me. / While I was
crying, she called me.

• When the influence of the in recent years , already,

action is continuing now: ever, just, never, yet, not
A: He has
They have cleaned the room
arrived. yet, so far, till now, up to
(it smells nice)
PRESENT • Actions that have taken now, recently, lately, all
N: He hasn’t one's life, once, twice,
PERFECT place once, never or several
arrived. times before the moment of several times, always etc.
SIMPLE
speaking: I have been to
Q: Has he How long…? For + a
Rome several times all my
arrived? life. period of time, since + a
• Past experiences when the point in time.
definite time is not
mentioned: I have painted
my room.

PRESENT A: He has been for, since, in the last four

• Actions which started in the
walking. past and still going on years, over the past few
PERFECT
(duration is important): I years, all day / year etc.
CONTINUOUS N: He hasn’t have been living in Ankara
been walking. ever since I was a child.
• When the result of the
Q: Has he been action is visible: She has
walking? been crying (Her eyes are
watery).
• With certain verbs the
action can be expressed by
either the present perfect
simple or the continuous
with no difference in
 meaning: learn, lie, live,
look, rain, sleep, sit, study,
teach, work, wait…etc.
A: He had
PAST written. • To talk about an action already, by the time,
PERFECT N: He hadn’t
taking place before a after, before, just, never,
specific time in the past: By not yet, until that day,
SIMPLE written. the time my mum arrived, I earlier, in advance,
had already finished doing previously, by 1950 etc.
Q: Had he
my homework.
written?

• It is the continuous form of

A: He had been
the past perfect tense and
swimming. sometimes interchangeable
PAST with it: I had been living /
N: He hadn’t
had lived in İzmir for four
PERFECT been years when I graduated
CONTINUOUS swimming. from the university. for, since, the whole
• Putting emphasis on the year, all year etc.
Q: Had he been duration or course of an
swimming? action. Example: He had
tried many times to get her
on the phone before they
met / He had been trying to
get her on the phone for
many days before they met.

• On the spot decisions: -I

have a headache. –Don't
worry I'll bring you an
aspirin.
A: He will go. • Predictions (with I'm sure, I
FUTURE expect, it's certain etc.): I in an hour, next month,
N: He won’t go. am sure the prime minister soon, tomorrow, in the
SIMPLE
will win the elections again. future, probably,
Q: Will he go?
• Warnings, threats, perhaps, possibly etc.
promises, and hopes: Bring
the documents on time; or
else, you will be sacked.
• Time clauses (when, until,
before etc.): When I get
home, I will call her.

NEAR A: He is going • Plans and intentions: -Why in two years, next month,
to jump. have you bought those tomorrow, in a few
FUTURE books? –Because I'm going weeks, in 2015 etc.
N: He is not to prepare my thesis out of
(BE GOING going to jump. them.
• A prediction based on
present evidence: Look at
 TO) Q: Is he going
those dark clouds! It's going
to jump? to rain!

A: He will be
talking. at this time tomorrow,
FUTURE • Actions continuing at a next week, tomorrow,
CONTINUOUS N: He won’t be certain time period in the this time next year, in
talking. future: I will be lying on a two years, tomorrow
beach in Bodrum this time between 5 o'clock and 7
Q: Will he be next month
o'clock etc.
talking?

A: He will have
FUTURE married. N: He • To express an action that
will not have will be finished at a certain by 2015, by Tuesday, by
PERFECT married. time before another action then, by that time, in a
in the future: By the time year etc.
Q: Will he have the boss calls me, I will have
married? finished writing the report.

A: She will have

been teaching.
 Actions going on for a
FUTURE N: She will not period in the future
have been (expressing the duration is
PERFECT teaching. important): He will have
For
CONTINUOUS been driving for five hours
Q: Will she when they arrive in
have been Istanbul.
teaching?

İngilizce’de zaman yapıları PRESENT, PAST ve FUTURE başlıkları altında ayrılmaktadır.

Sınav bazında zaman (Tenses) soruları daha çok zaman bağlaçları (Adverbial Clauses of Time)
ile sorulmaktadır. Zaman bağlaçları ile kurulan cümlecikler arasında zaman uyumu (tense
agreement) olmak zorundadır.

PRESENT , PRESENT

PAST , PAST

PRESENT , FUTURE

Bu altın kural çerçevesinde pek çok sınav sorusunda eleme yöntemiyle doğru yanıta
ulaşılacaktır.
 PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I I I

We like spinach. We don’t like spinach. DO we like spinach?

You You you

They They they

He He he

She causes a lot of touble. She doesn’t like spinach. Does she like spinach?

It It it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Simple Present Tense

always scarcely now and then

usually barely every day / week / month / year / winter

generally rarely once / twice a week / a year

often not ever on weekends / on weekdays / at the weekends

frequently never on Thursdays / Saturdays

sometimes almost never in the evenings / at noons / nights

occasionally at times every two months / every four years

seldom once in a while from time to time

Use of the Simple Present Tense

 Alışkanlıklar, tipik davranışlar, kendini tekrar eden eylemleri ifade ederken

kullanılır.

He takes a shower whenever he washes his dog.

Melinda writes to me once a month.

She often feels nervous before an exam.

You’re always late for the class.

He never calls me; he likes texting.

 Kalıcı ve sürekli durumları (cinsiyetimiz, mesleğimiz, memleketimiz, yaşadığımız

yer) ifade ederken kullanılır.

David and Marissa come from Germany.

My sister works as an engineer.

A poem that is primarily descriptive or expository is called a lyric.

 Doğa kanunlarında yine bu tense kullanılır.

Aurora Borealis occur on other planets, too.

Sometimes, a series of earthquakes take place in a kind of earthquake storm.

 Ulaşım araçlarının tarifelerini, sinema, tiyatro gibi etkinliklerin, ders programlarının

başlangıç ve bitiş saatlerini ifade ederken Simple Present Tense gelecek zaman
anlamıyla kullanılır.

The summer courses start next month.

The bus to the city centre arrives in 5 minutes.

 Haber başlıkları, kitap – film özetleri, spor yorumları, öykü anlatımları bu tense ile
ifade edilir.

Blair: Now the police investigate the murder.

“ … Isabella and James become engaged. James’ father approves of the match and offers his
son all the vineyards with their earnings. Isabella is dissatisfied, but she pretends to Catherine
and all the others that she really wants this union…”

 “Why don’t … ?” kalıbıyla öneride bulunurken kullanılır.

Why don’t we play cards?

Why don’t you just invite her for a coffee?

  Emir cümlecikleri (Imperative) ile talimat verirken kullanılır.

You list of the key words for your resume and choose a format.

You rinse the baby artichokes and add the fresh squeezed lemon juice or vinegar.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I am crying. I am not crying Am I crying?

He He he

She is crying. She isn’t crying. Is she crying?

It It it

We We we

You are crying. You aren’t crying Are you crying?

They They they

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Present Continuous Tense

now currently at the moment

right now presently nowadays / these days

just now constantly still

today continually for the time being

at present continuously tomorrow / tonight

Use of The Present Continuous Tense

 Konuşma esnasında süren eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

She is giving a speech to the parents right now.

The band is getting ready for the performance on the stage at the moment.

 Konuşma esnasında olmasa bile o günlerde yapılan eylemleri ifade ederken

kullanılır.

I’m reading on the quantum physics these days.

Nowadays, the academics are discussing the notions of heroism in certain texts.

 Geçici eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

My car is in the service, so I’m taking the bus to the work.

Her sister is staying with us since she is cross with her roommate.

 “Look! / Listen! / Watch out!” ünlemlerinden sonra genellikle bu tense kullanılır.

Listen! Somebody is shouting downstairs!

Look! They are letting the people into the hall.

 Değişmekte, gelişmekte olan durumlar için get, become, increase, decrease,

advance, improve, develop, change, alter vb. fillerle kullanılır.

More and more people are getting bank loan for a second-hand car.

The mortgage taxes are increasing.

His Italian is improving day by day.

 Planlanmış yakın gelecek eylemleri için gelecek zaman anlamında kullanılır.

We’re leaving Ankara tomorrow morning.

Are you seeing Samuel tonight?

  Kendini tekrar eden eylemlerde always, never, forever, perpetually, constantly,
continually, continuously, repeatedly vb. sıklık zarflarıyla yakınma, şikayet, sitem,
eleştiri, öfke gibi duyguları ifade ederken kullanılır.

You’re always humiliating me in public.

They’re constantly taking precautions just after a disaster.

NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS

Eylem bildirmeyip durum ifade eden bazı fiiller Present Continuous Tense ile
kullanılmaz. Şimdiki zamana ait olduğunu gösteren zaman ifadesi verilse bile durum
bildirdikleri için Simple Present Tense ile kullanılırlar. Bu fiileri zihinsel (mental), duygusal
(emotional), duyusal (perceptional) aktiviteler ve sahiplik (possession) bildiren fiiler olarak
sınıflandırmak mümkündür.

PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSELERLE KULLANILMAYAN FİİLLER

1. DÜŞÜNMEYE İLİŞKİN FİİLLER (MENTAL STATE)

think realize understand forget mean
suppose notice feel want
believe recognize doubt need
imagine know remember prefer

2. DUYGU BELİRTEN FİİLLER (EMOTIONAL STATE)

love dislike loathe mind wish
hate appreciate fear care forgive
like detest envy desire

3. SAHİPLİK BİLDİREN FİİLLER (POSSESSION)

possess have own belong

4. DUYGU FİİLLERİ (VERBS OF PERCEPTION)

see hear smell taste feel

5. DİĞER DURUM BİLDİREN FİİLLER

look owe be promise consist of
seem cost exist refuse include
appear weigh advise contain sound
 ÖRNEK SORU:

Nails that ---- hard, brittle, and tend to split easily ---- poor circulation, infection, or
disturbances of the glandular and nutritional systems.

A) have been / lead to

B) are / lead to
C) were / are leading to
D) are being / led to
E) are / are leading to

Çözüm: Soru kökünde bilimsel bir genelleme ifadesi verilmiştir. Cümlede yer alan tend fiilinin Present yapıda
çekimlenmiş olması da bu düşünceyi güçlendirmektedir. Bu nedenle Past ifadeler içeren C ve D seçenekleri
öncelikle incelenmez. Soru kökünde bilimsel bir ifade verildiği için genelleme yapan çekimler içermeyen A ve E
seçenekleri de elenir. Are / lead to şeklinde V1 / V1 genelleme ifadesi içeren B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I I I

We We we

You You you

They spilt the coffee. They didn’t spill the coffee. Did they spill the coffee?

He He he

She She she

It it it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Simple Past Tense

yesterday previously after / soon after

ago in ancient times once / as soon as / the moment

last month / Sunday in antiquity until

then the other day whenever

in the 16th century that day / year the minute

in 1965 when immediately after

at the time while adverbs of frequency

at that time before in the 1990s

Use of The Simple Past Tense

 Geçmişte belirtilen zamanda tamamlanmış eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

They married in the 1980s and got divorced in 2009.

In the late 17th century, there was a movement towards clear and easy prose in the
American Literature and this helped to produce a way of expression for the realistic novel.

 Geçmişte belirli bir süre devam etmiş ve bitmiş olan eylemleri ifade ederken
kullanılır.

The world-famous poet lived between 1564 and 1616.

I paid $800 to the bank every two month last year.

 Geçmiş alışkanlıkları ifade ederken sıklık zarflarıyla (adverbs of frequency)

kullanılır.

I sometimes played cards with my grandfather when I was a child.

When he lived in Antalya, he often walked his dog on the beach.

 “… yapmanın vakti geldi” anlamına gelen It’s time / It’s about time / It’s high time
kalıplarıyla birlikte kullanılır.

It’s high time to infinitive ,

It’s about time for somebody to infinitive ya da

It’s time somebody V2 kullanılır.

It’s high time to get ready.

It’s time for you to get ready.

It’s about time you got ready.

 IRREGULAR VERB LIST

SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

arise arose arisen
awake awoke awoken
be was, were been
bear bore borne/born
beat beat beaten/beat
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bid bid/bade bid/bidden
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten/bit
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cling clung clung
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dove(dived) dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit fit
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbid forbidden
forecast forecast forecast
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
freze frozen frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grind fround ground
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hid
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
knit knit knit
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit (lightened) lit (lightened)
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
mislay mislaid mislaid
mistake mistook mistaken
pay paid paid
prove proved proved/proven
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
rid rid rid
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I was running. I wasn’t running. Was I running?

He He he

She was runnig. She wasn’t running. Was she running?

It It it

We We we

You were running. You weren’t running. Were you running?

They They they

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Past Continuous Tense

(at) this time yesterday / last month while

yesterday as

when just as

Use of The Past Continuous Tense

 Geçmişte belirli bir zaman aralığında sürmekte olan eylemleri ifade ederken
kullanılır.

At this time yesterday, we were having lunch in Pierre Loti Café.

What were you doing at the time of the murder?

When you called me at 11 pm, I was studying for my final exam.

 Betimlemelerde kullanılır.

He was driving through the woods. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. The trees
were bending as if to beg for the warmth.

 Rica ve öneride bulunurken kullanılır.

I was wondering if you could lend me some money.

I was hoping that you could provide me with the accommodation.

I was wondering if you could do me a favor.

Past Simple and Past Continuous Tenses in Time Clauses

When

After

Before

Until SIMPLE PAST , SIMPLE PAST / PAST CONTINUOUS

While

As soon as

Whenever

When the victim’s body was shown, his mother fainted.

I realized there was something wrong after I saw an ambulance in front of the building.

They sought to prevent the singer from recording or singing with another label until he
fulfilled his obligation for a third album.

As soon as they saw the camera was broken, they shipped it back to the store.

Before Molly shared the secret with her husband, she wanted him to give an oath not to tell
it to anybody.
He liked visiting the orphanage whenever he had time.

While he was in London, he was arrested by the police due to exceeding the speed limit.

While

When PAST CONTINUOUS , SIMPLE PAST

As

Just as

The toddler fell off from the stroller while his mother was bargaining for a shabby T-shirt.

Just as the judge was declaring the verdict, the inmate attacked the lawyer.

I thought I wouldn’t be able to pay the bill as I was waiting in the queue at 4.45.

While

As PAST CONTINUOUS , PAST CONTINUOUS

While the footballers were still sweating for the championship on the field, the fans outside
were already celebrating and shouting.

As I was defending myself before the director, he was eating his hamburger neglectfully.

ÖRNEK SORU:

While I ---- my best to help her during the college years, I ---- she wasn’t worth it.

A) had done / realize

B) am doing / am realizing
C) have done / realized
D) was doing / realized
E) had been doing / was realizing

Çözüm: Soru kökünde while zaman bağlacı ile zaman uyumuna göre elemeye gidildiğinde A ve C seçenekleri elenir.
Temel cümledeki “… wasn’t worth …” ifadesi bu cümlenin Past bir yapıda kurulmuş olduğunu göstermektedir ve
Present bir dizilim içeren B seçeneği de elenir. Eylemleri sıraya koyduğumuzda “… yapıyorken, fark ettim…” D
seçeneğinde verilmiştir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Form
Affirmative Negative Question

I have noticed it. I haven’t noticed it. Have I noticed it?

We We we

You have noticed it. You haven’t noticed it. Have you noticed it?

They They they

He He he

She has noticed it. She hasn’t noticed it. Has she noticed it?

It It it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Present Perfect Tense

since / ever since once / twice / three times

since before / since then in the last / in the past 5 years

for for the last / for the past 2 days

yet over the last / over the past 3 weeks

just during the last / during the past few days

still now

already so far / up to now

recently / lately this year / this month / this morning

always / ever / never never before

Zaman bağlaçları ile kurulan cümlelerin temel cümleciğinde Present Perfect Tense kullanılmaz.
Use of the Present Perfect Tense

 Yakın geçmişte tamamlanmış ama etkisi hala günümüzde devam eden eylemler için
kullanılır.

We have finally arrived home. (We are at home now.)

My mother has prepared the meal. (It’s ready on the dining table.)

 Geçmişte tamamlanmış ama zamanı bildirilmeyen eylemleri ifade ederken

kullanılır.

Oh no! I’ve forgotten my purse at home.

They have accepted my job application.

 Hayat boyunca edinilen deneyimlerden söz ederken kullanılır.

Merly Streep has been nominated for the Academy Awards 20 times, and she has won 3 of
them.

Throughout American history, all or some of these features have been reflected in periodic
religious movements, which have varied in intensity and scope: religious activism, missionary
work, utopian ideals and an interest in ecumenism.

 Since (-den beri) söz konusu eylemin başlangıç noktasını bildiren yapı iken, for (-
dır / -dir) eylemin sürecinin tamamını ifade eder.

Mary and Sabrina have been friends since childhood.

for 13 years.

since they met in 2000.

Since 1988, television advertisements sponsored and funded by independent partisan groups
have played an increasingly visible role in the media battles of presidential elections.

Since the Reagan- Thatcher revolution of the 1980s, governments of almost every ideological
stripe has embraced entrepreneurship.

three
 winter

since Sunday

the beginning of the term

yesterday

two months

for ages / weeks / years

10 years

a long time / a whole day

It is / has been + a period of time since Simple Past / Present Perfect

It’s been / is three years since we didn’t see / haven’t seen each other.

 “since then” ‘o zamandan beri ‘ anlamında bir önceki cümledeki past ifadeye
gönderme yapan yapıdır.

She got lost in the woods last year. Her parents haven’t allowed her to go to any trips since
then.

Yesterday evening, I ate a huge pizza by myself. Since then, I haven’t had anything.

 “how long” bir eylemin ne kadar zamandır yapıldığını sorarken kullanılan soru
köküdür. Yanıtı genellikle sice ya da for ile verilir.

A: How long have you been in this sector?

B: Since 1990. / For 23 years.

  “ever / never” ‘ şu ana kadar hiç’ anlamına gelen bu zaman zarfları Present Perfect
ile sıkça kullanılan yapılardır.

I have never eaten lamb meat.

A: Have you ever seen a firefly?

B: No, never. / No, I have never seen it.

 Just / yet / already / still

just  henüz, daha yeni (olumlu cümlede)

yet  henüz, daha (olumsuz cümlede) (soru cümlesinde) (cümle sonunda)
already  çoktan (olumlu cümlede)
still  daha (olumsuz cümlede) (not’tan önce)

I’ve just got your flower. Thank you!

Haven’t you submitted your application form yet?

My daughter hasn’t graduated yet.

The infrastructure works of the new railway route have already been started.

We’ve been here for 20 minutes and we still haven’t been serviced.

 Recently / lately
Son zamanlarda anlamına gelen bu zarflar genellikle bu tense ile kullanılır.

I have lost weight recently.

Lately, Cindy has changed a lot. She’s being very aggressive these days.

Recently Simple Past Tense ile de kullanılabilen bir zaman zarfıdır. Bu tense ile
kullanıldığında cümlede kısa bir zaman önce (a short time ago) anlamını verir.

The government increased the charges recently.

 So far / up to now / until now / till now / up until now / up till now
Şimdiye kadar anlamına gelen bu zaman ifadeleri ile Present Perfect Tense
kullanılır.
It hasn’t rained so far this autumn.

They have never taken any tests so far this month.

 Deneyimlerden bahsederken kaç kez yapıldığına dair once / twice / three times /
many times / several times / never / all my life / in my life ifadelerini kullanmak
mümkündür.

She has got married several times.

I have seen a dolphin once. It was three years ago.

A: Have you ever given a speech in public?

B: Yes, I have. I have spoken about the changes in the climate conditions many times.

for

during + the last / the past + a period of time , PRESENT PERFECT

over
in

He has been fined twice in the last two weeks.

They have released three music albums for the past 5 years.

It is / This is + ordinal numbers (the first, the second, …) time / noun + Present Perfect

These are the first skates I’ve ever had.

This is the tenth time you have warned me against the misuse of the anti-depressant.

This is + superlative adjective + Present Perfect

This is the worst prank I’ve ever experienced.

She is the most romantic writer I have ever read.

been to  bulunmak

My brother has been to Egypt twice. (He is not there now.)

gone to  gidip hala orada olmak

The secretary has gone to the post office. Let me help you! (The secretary hasn’t returned
yet.)

been in  gidip bir süredir orada yaşıyor olmak (Since ve for ile süreç bildirilmelidir.)

Delilah has been in Paris for two months. (She is still in Paris.)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Form
Affirmative Negative Question

I have been waiting. I haven’t been waiting. Have I been waiting?

We We we

You have been waiting. You haven’t been waiting. Have you been waiting?

They They they

He He he

She has been waiting. She hasn’t been waiting. Has she been waiting?

It It it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Present Perfect Continuous Tense

since over the last / over the past 3 weeks

for during the last / during the past few days

in the last / in the past 5 years recently / lately

for the last / for the past 2 days all day / all morning / all week

Use of the Present Perfect ContinuousTense

 Geçmişte başlayıp konuşma anında hala devam eden eylemleri ifade ederken
kullanılır.

I started to paint the walls at 9 a.m in the morning.

I have been painting the walls for 4 hours.

I’m still painting the walls.

She has been governing the country for 3 years.

 Eylemin sürecine vurgu yaparken for ve since ile birlikte Present Perfect
Continuous, eylemin ne kadarının tamamlandığını ifade ederken Present Perfect
Tense kullanılır.

I’ve been reading the book since morning.

I’ve read 150 pages so far.

 Tamamlanmış ama konuşma anında etkisi hala devam eden, sonucu görülen
eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

He has been running. Therefore, he is out of breath.

My eyes are red. I’ve been reading.

 Öfke, rahatsızlık, eleştiri ifade ederken kullanılır.

He’s been lying about his life!

You’ve been always using my mascara.

 learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, study, teach, work, wait gibi sürerlik ifade eden
filler hem Present Perfect hem de Present Perfect Continuous Tense ile
kullanılabilir. Aralarında anlamca farklılık bulunmamaktadır.

It’s been raining all day. / It’s rained all day.

Diana has been driving for 4 hours. / Diana has driven for 4 hours.
 ÖRNEK SORU:

Even though he claims he ---- in the office all day, I ---- him in the downtown early this
afternoon.

A) work / had bumped into

B) worked / have been bumping into
C) has been working / bumped into
D) are working / bump into
E) worked / are bumping into

Çözüm: Even though zıtlık bağlacında özellikle zaman uyumu aranmaz. Fakat temel cümleye gelecek olan bump
into: rastlamak fiili sürerlik bildirmediği için continuous ifadeler içeren B ve E seçenekleri elenir. Soru kökünde
verilen all day ilk boşluğa gelecek olan eylemin Present Perfect Continuous, early in this morning de Past bir eylem
olduğunu gösterir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I I I

We We we

You You you

They had fallen asleep. They hadn’t fallen asleep. Had they fallen asleep?

He He he

She She she

It It it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Past Perfect Tense

since by the time / by that time / by

for until

never as soon as / once

already / just / yet prior to yesterday / last year

previously /earlier before

when after

Use of The Past Perfect Tense

 Geçmişte belirtilen zamandan daha önce tamamlanmış eylemleri ifade ederken

kullanılır.

When she arrived at the party, Peter had already gone home.

Lilly didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because she had seen the film before.

Had he been slightly more shameless, Rod Blagojevich might have held a press conference on
the afternoon of June 27th to announce that he had been found not guilty of soliciting bribes
from a road-building executive.

The woman sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She had never flown before.

The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.

In 1014, as the High King of Ireland Brian Boru reached Dublin, he heard that the Viking
forces had boarded their ships and headed out to sea.

Use of Time Clauses in Simple Past and Past Perfect Tense

When

After

Until / Till PAST PERFECT , SIMPLE PAST

As soon as

Once

When my son had seen the tiger, he was totally amazed.

After the company had launched the advertisement campaign, there was a notable increase
in the sale.

Until you had told me about Jim, I wasn’t aware of his vicious plans.

As soon as / Once the kids had eaten up, they went outside to play.

By the time

Before
When SIMPLE PAST , PAST PERFECT

Until

She had been completely worn out sliding her bags by the time she found herself a seat.

Until he walked me to the subway station that evening to see me off, I had thought he was in
love with me.

I cried out as I felt myself falling and before my elbows hit the leaf-coated ground, he had got
me with a huge embrace.

When the groom appeared, the wedding ceremony had already started.

After

Before

Until SIMPLE PAST , SIMPLE PAST

As soon as

Once

After the dancer broke ( had broken) her leg on the stage, she had a lot of publicity.

Many young ladies started to follow Ryan Gosling as soon as he (had) activated his twitter
account.

Before the country had hardly any cars, the people (had) carried their children to the school
on mules.

No sooner SIMPLE PAST/PAST PERFECT than SIMPLE PAST

Hardly

Barely SIMPLE PAST/PAST PERFECT when SIMPLE PAST

Scarcely

No sooner / hardly / barely / scarcely’nin bulunduğu cümlecik devrik yapılır.

Hardly had I stepped out of the house when I realized I hadn’t turned off the central heating.

No sooner did Jenny and her family settle down the new house than the demolition order was
announced.
 ÖRNEK SORU:

In his opening address at the annual meeting, the chairman ---- that the previous cut
down on expenditure ---- several unexpected problems.

A) emphasized / had caused

B) was emphasizing / caused
C) had emphasized / caused
D) emphasized / has been causing
E) emphasized / is causing

Çözüm: Soru kökünde Noun Clause içeren bir cümle verilmiştir. Noun Clause yapılarında temel cümle Past bir ifade
içeriyorsa yan cümlecik de Past yapıda olmalıdır. Bu kuraldan yola çıkarak D ve E seçenekleri elenir. Soru kökünde
yer alan previous ifadesi yan cümlecikte yer alan eylemin temel cümledeki eylemden daha önce gerçekleştiğini
göstermektedir. Bu nedenle emphasized / had caused diziliminin verildiği A seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I I I

We We we

You You you

They had been climbing. They hadn’t been climbing. Had they been climbing?

He He he

She She she

It It it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Past Perfect Continuous Tense

since by the time / by that time / by

for until

how long before

when after
Use of The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 Geçmişte belirtilen noktaya kadar söz konusu eylemin ne kadar zamandır

yapıldığını vurgularken kullanılır.

We had been playing for about half an hour when it started raining heavily.

Kate gave up smoking two years ago. She had been smoking for 25 years.

 Geçmişte belirtilen noktaya kadar sürmüş, henüz bitmiş ama etkisi o anda
(geçmişte) hâlâ görülen eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

It wasn’t raining when I looked out of the window. The sun was shining. However, it had been
raining before. Therefore, the ground was wet.

She was so scared because she claimed she had seen a huge cockroach.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I I I

We We we

You You you

They will leave . They won’t leave. Will they leave?

He He he

She She she

It It it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Simple Future Tense

tomorrow in 2060

next week / May / year a few years from now

soon / later within a few days

in three hours / days / months before / after / until / as soon as / when

 Zaman bağlaçlarının bulunduğu yan cümlede Simple Future Tense kullanılmaz.

Use of The Simple Future Tense

 Gelecekte olacak durumları ifade ederken kullanılır.

I will be ready in 5 minutes.

There will be a huge need of organ supplies in the transplantation operations.

 Konuşma anında alınan kararlar bu tense ile ifade edilir.

Oh, I have left the door open. I‘ll go and shut it.

A: Did you call Richmond?

B: No, I forgot to do so. I’ll call him right away.

 Duygulara dayalı tahminleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

Our love will last forever.

Your team won’t beat Chelsea.

I’ll probably be home late.

I haven’t seen Candy today. I expect she’ll phone this evening.

Don’t worry about the exam. I’m sure you will pass.

I think she will like the present you’ve bought her.

I don’t think the project will be a failure.

I wonder what will happen next.

 BE GOING TO

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I am going to drink. I am not going to drink. Am I going to drink?

We We we

You are going to drink. You aren’t going to drink. Are you going to drink?

They They they

He He he

She is going to drink. She isn’t going to drink. Is she going to drink?

It It it

Use of Be Going To

 Planlanmış, hazırlığı yapılmış, gelecek eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

Ann is at hospital. I’m going to visit her tomorrow.

Everything has been arranged. He is going to have a holiday for a few weeks and then he is
going to do a computer-programming course.

 Deneyime ya da görünen bir gerçeğe bakarak yapılan tahminleri ifade ederken

kullanılır.

I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick.

The ceiling looks as if it is going to fall down.

was / were going to yapısı geçmişe ilişkin niyet ve planları ifade eder. Eylemin yapılıp
yapılmadığı cümlenin devamındaki açıklamaya göre anlaşılır. Aynı anlamı would / was – were
to ile de ifade etmek mümkündür.

There was going to be a demonstration yesterday, but it was cancelled.

I suppose you were going to invite your friends to the dinner. I have cooked too much.
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I I I

We We we

You You you

They will be working. They won’t be working. Will they be working?

He He he

She She she

It It it

Use of the Future Continuous Tense

 Gelecekte belirtilen noktada sürecek olan eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

I’ll be watching the match in the stadium at this time tomorrow.

Don’t call me between 6– 7 p.m. We’ll be having dinner.

At 11 o’clock yesterday, Dominic was in his office. He was working.

It’s 11 o’clock now. He is in his office. He is working.

At 11 o’clock tomorrow, he will be in his office. He will be working.

 Kişinin planlarıyla ilgili soru sorarken kullanılır.

A: Will you be passing the supermarket when you’re out?

B: Probably. Why?

A: I need milk. Could you get me some?

C: Will you be using your car this evening?

D: No, do you want to have it?

 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I I I

We We we

You You you

They will have made. They won’t have made. Will they have made?

He He he

She She she

It It it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Future Perfect Tense

by then by the end of spring / next month

by the time when

by that time before

by 2060 in / within 5 years

Use of The Future Perfect Tense

 Gelecekte belirtilen noktaya kadar söz konusu eylemin tamamlanmış olacağını

ifade ederken kullanılır.

By 9:30 p.m, the match will have finished.

We are late. The film will have already started by the time we get to the cinema.

By May, you will have studied all the grammar subjects.

Within 10 years, this region of the city will have developed much.

By Peer Correction Technique, your students will have been encouraged to help another
student when he or she has experienced difficulty during the lesson.
 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Form

Affirmative Negative Question

I I I

We We we

You You you

They will have been sleeping. They won’t have been sleeping. Will they been sleeping?

He He he

She She she

It It it

Time Expressions Frequently Used in Future Perfect Continuous Tense

by then by the end of summer / next year

by the time by 2020

by that time for 5 years / 3 months / 1 week

Use of The Future Continuous Tense

 Gelecekte belirtilen noktaya kadar söz konusu eylemin ne kadar zamandır sürecek
olduğunu ifade ederken kullanılır. Süreç kısmı for ile bildirilmelidir.

By the next year, they will have been constructing metro for 10 years.

Next May we will have been living in the same house for 25 years.

ÖRNEK SORU:

I ---- to my pre-pregnancy weight by the time my maternity leave ---- over next June.

A) will have returned / is

B) will return / has been
C) have returned / is
D) returned / was
E) had returned / was
 Çözüm: By the time “bir eylem olduğunda diğer eylemin olup bitmişti” ya da “olmuş olacak” anlamını vermek için
kullanılan bir zaman bağlacıdır. Seçenekler incelenirken Present – Future Perfect ve Past – Past Perfect
dizilimlerinin verildiği A ve E seçenekleri öncelikle incelenmelidir. Soru kökünde verilen “next June” ifadesi uygun
dizilimin will have returned / is olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.

MODAL VERBS AND MODAL-LIKE

EXPRESSIONS
MODAL VERB USE PRESENT/FUTURE PAST
I am not able to help you I was able to run long
general ability now. distances when I was a
young boy.
be able to
Although the maths exam
"manage to" was rather difficult, I was
able to pass it.
Are we allowed to go out
general permission after we finish our
homework?
be allowed to
Although I was seventeen,
permission I was allowed to enter the
pub.
I am stuck in a traffic jam,
probability,
be bound to so I am bound to be late
certainty
for the meeting.
The meeting is due to The arrival of the
start at 9 o'clock. president was due to
be due to arrangements
occur on Monday that
week.
Alcoholics are more likely Everybody felt that she
to develop liver disorders was likely to move to
be likely to probability
compared to people who another city.
have never drunk.
It is (un)likely that he will It was (un)likely that
be likely that probability pass the exam. there would be another
earthquake.
be to / be arrangements + Mrs. Smith was to arrive
supposed to action performed early at the conference.
Mrs. Smith was to have
arrangements +
arrived early at the
action not
conference but she
performed
couldn't make it.
schedules / The Prime Minister is to
 visit the USA next month.
timetables The film is supposed to
start at 8 o'clock tonight.
I am to / am supposed to We were to / were
hand in the assignment supposed to come back
until next Friday (the home early but we
expectations
teacher expects me to do couldn't make it (my
so). father expected us to do
so).
You are not to / are not
prohibition supposed to walk on the
grass!
ability I can swim.
You can be really annoying
criticism
sometimes!
offers Can I help you?
permission Can I go out?
can
X-rays can lead to skin
possibility cancer (they have the
potential to do so).
Can you call me after the
requests
meeting?
ability I can't (cannot) swim.
He can't be in town, She can't have lost
logical assumption today. Sue saw her in weight. She hasn't been
can't
Istanbul last night. on diet for weeks.
I'm afraid you can't smoke
prohibition
here.
could I could see / hear the
demonstration from the
ability balcony.
I could ride a bike when I
was young.
Sue could call you! Sue could really have
criticism
called you!
You could be right. I could have come earlier
possibility if you had informed me
beforehand.
Could you please pass the
requests
salt?
When I was a child, I could
go out and play with my
general permission
friends in the street every
night.
asking for Could I go out?
permission
offers We could watch a movie
 together tonight.
The room has a sea view That was an awesome
and the personnel of the performance and I think
possibility
hotel couldn't be more the singer couldn't have
courteous. been happier.
couldn't He couldn't be in town, She couldn't have lost
logical assumptions today. Sue saw her in weight. She hasn't been
Istanbul last night. on diet for weeks.
I couldn't run long
ability
distances last year.
How dare she can speak in
such a tone us?
dare
I daren't think about the
"not to be afraid to
lies he told us.
do something"
Do you dare to talk to her I didn't dare to call him
dare to about what happened to again because of his rude
her lost child? attitude.
We'd better leave soon or
had better advice
they will get angry with us.
The students have to wear I had to deal with all the
uniforms at school. cleaning and cooking stuff
We have to pass the when my mum left for
necessity, security at the airport. İzmir.
have to
obligation I don't have to go to work I didn't have to overwork
on Sunday. when the new assistant
Does she have to submit started.
the assignment today?
I've got to finish the
report soon.
necessity, You haven't got to finish
have got to
obligation the report, have you?
Have you got to finish the
report soon?
She may win the race (it's I may have seen her
possibility possible that she will win before.
the race).
may
permission May I go out?
May I give you a lift to the
offers
station?
You may not sit on the
may not prohibition
grass here.
might You might as well visit her
suggestions while she is still in the
hospital.
Might I leave a little
permission
earlier today?
criticism You might be quicker. You might have told me
 that she didn't love me!
I might bring the I must call John. He might
possibility documents with me not have read my
tomorrow. message.
He spends quite a lot of The lights weren't on
money. He must be rich. when we were leaving! A
logical assumption
burglar must have broken
into the house.
must
I must talk to the boss
obligation
urgently about new staff.
Doctor: You must stop I had to stop smoking.
strong advice
smoking.
You mustn't smoke
mustn't prohibition
indoors.
You needn't come early We needn't have
tomorrow. Tom will open prepared so much food.
the shop. The party was cancelled
necessity, We need to do something (It was unnecessary for us
need
obligation on this matter. to prepare so much food).
Do you need to use my I didn't need to buy an
phone? extra toothbrush for the
journey. I had already one.
You ought to go to bed
advice
early.
We ought to protect the You ought to have
ought to obligation animals. studied harder. Now,
you're upset.
I ought to pass the driving
assumption
test tomorrow
formal rules and Students shall be treated
regulations, at school at all times.
shall commands
Shall we go to the cinema
suggestions
in the afternoon?
advice You should eat less.
It's strange that she It's surprising that she
surprise should talk so rudely. should have talked so
rudely.
He shouldn't be sitting I should have set the
should
here just doing nothing. alarm clock. I'm late for
criticism
He should be studying for work now.
his exams.
I should pass the driving The package should have
assumption
test tomorrow. arrived by now.
past habits and When we lived in the
used to / would states (with state village, we used to /
verbs only used to:
 would go for a picnic
every Sunday.
I used to know her
There didn't use to be /
well)
used not to be a cinema
here last year.
Would you close the
window please?
would requests Would you mind opening
the door for me? / Would
you mind if I smoked here?

ABILITY

can / be able to

 Yetenekleri ifade ederken kullanılan yapılardır.

Toby can ski, but he can’t swim.

Parrots are able to imitate many sounds.

 Yetenek bildiren be able to farklı tense ve modal verbs ile kullanılabilir.

Anyone who could start a normal truck would be able to drive this vehicle.

If I can get a letter of recommendation from the professor, I might be able to get the job.

Children are resilient enough to be able to cope at school.

The world champion wasn’t able to defend his title.

He has been able to produce the robot by his own labour out of his own material.

could – was / were able to

 Geçmişteki yetenekleri ifade ederken kullanılan yapılardır.

He could / was able to play drums at the age of seven.

My grandparents could / were able to catch fish in this river before it ran dry.

 Geçmişte izin verilmesini ifade ederken de kullanılırlar.

The kids could / were able to complete their projects with the help of the Internet.
Was your sister be able to / could your sister call you whenever she wanted?

 Kendini tekrar etmeyen tek bir durumun üstesinden gelme anlamında was / were
able to kullanılır.

The soldiers were able to dine at first on rabbits until they got rescued.

Finally, the doctors were able to diagnose which type of hepatitis she had.

Duyu fiilleriyle (smell, taste, see, hear, feel) bu anlamı ifade etmek için could tercih
edilir.

Under the dim light of the torch, nobody could see who was screaming in the woods.

Michael could still hear the sound in the distance which was like whispering.

could have V3

 Geçmişte “… yapabilirdin ama yapmadın” anlamına gelen yapıdır.

The scandal could have been suppressed by the board, but they preferred not doing so.

Before I got back into the car, I could have sworn that I saw her smile at me.

couldn’t have V3

 “… yapamazdın ama yaptın” anlamına gelen yapıdır.

It’s evident that David couldn’t have organized the wedding ceremony without the help of
Fiona.

REQUEST
  Ricada bulunurken kullanılan kalıplar;

Can

Could you … ? (… yapabilir misin?)

Will

Would

Could you hide one of these bracelets so I can get it later?

Would you explain your contribution to this foundation?

Can you please tell us about yourself?

 I was wondering if you could … ( Acaba … yapabilir misiniz?)

I was wondering if you could solve this problem for me.

Would you mind … ? ( … yapmanızın sakıncası var mı?)

Do you mind … ? ( … yapmanızın sakıncası var mı?)

 Would you mind / Do you mind kalıplarında söz konusu eylem gerund (Ving) olarak
kullanılır.

Do you mind repeating the last sentence you have just said?

Would you mind telling us exactly how your bedridden father makes your life difficult?

Do you mind not asking me personal questions?

“… sakıncası var mı?” rica kalıplarına yanıt verirken;

Olumlu yanıtlarda: No, not at all.

I’d be glad to.

I’d be happy to.

Of course not.

Olumsuz yanıtlarda: Sorry, I can’t.

 I’m afraid I can’t. ile yanıt verilebilir.

 would like

would like + noun

The new tenant would like some more time to pay the rent.

would like + to infinitive

I’d like to see what you have done so far.

would like + somebody + to infinitive

I’d like Ivan to stay with the rest of the climbers.

Imperatives ( please ile kullanılır)

Check your e-mails for confirmation, please.

Don’t bring your kids, please.

PERMISSION

İzin isterken;

Can

May I / we …? ( … yapabilir miyim / miyiz?)

Could

Mr. Dalloway, could we have a moment, please?

Can I get your phone number?

May I leave my boxes here?

Do you mind if subject V1?

Would you mind if subject V2?

Do you mind if I look at it a moment?

Would you mind if I stayed here tonight?

İzin verirken;

may (not) / can (not)

You may go home now.

Students may not pass without an identity card.

You can borrow the laptop, but you can’t have the iPad.

You cannot change hands in this game.

If you miss any lectures, you may have a make-up lesson later.

OFFER AND INVITATION

 Teklif ve davetlerde kullanılan kalıplar;

Would you like …?

Would you like the receipt of the item?

Would you like to express your first impression of the new design?

Would you like me to elaborate the subject?

Shall I…?

Shall I carry it for you?

Shall I make some coffee?

I’ll …

Don’t worry about your daughter’s birthday. I’ll take the night shift.

Why cry? I’ll talk to your father about the trip.

OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

must

 Zorunluluk ve gereklilik ifade eden yapıdır.

I must have my hair cut as soon as possible.

Books must be returned prior to the due date.

 Güçlü tavsiye ifade ederken kullanılır.

You must really go to the Seychelles. They’re wonderful.

 Geçmişte zorunluluk bildirirken must’ın past formu olan had to kullanılır.

My father had to work hard during his juvenile years.

They had to increase the income tax to compensate for the destruction of the tsunami.

have to

 Otoriteden, kanundan, kuraldan, yetkili bir kişiden kaynaklı zorunluluk ifade eden
yapıdır.

He has to pay taxes on his e-commercial earnings.

You have to wear apron while working here.

 Farklı tense ve modal verbs ile kullanılabilir.

Why will they have to test their super weapon on a planet with a life-form on it?

I might have to make a personal call on the post office to ask for the parcel.

Since he moved to Paris, he has had to throw out a lot of his vintage furniture collection.

need to
  Gereklilik ifade eden yapıdır.

When a post-graduate student hands out his or her thesis, he or she needs to present it to a
committee comprising professors from the related field.

Before the police investigation is completed, there are wider issues that need to be looked at
once.

LACK OF OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t

 Gerekliliğin ve zorunluluğun olmadığını ifade ederken kullanılan yapılardır.

We don’t have to look very deeply into the subject to find out Kolbastı’s origin.

Infants and children who have received this vaccine do not need to be tested for mercury
exposure.

You needn’t speak for me. I can express myself.

didn’t need to / didn’t have to

 Geçmişte söz konusu eylemin yapılmasının gerekli ya da zorunlu olmadığını ifade

ederken kullanılan yapılardır.

Thanks to the deers, the new settlers didn’t have to / didn’t need to wander that far in search
of food.

They didn’t have to / didn’t need to get up early the other day, for it was snowing heavily and
the lessons were cancelled.

needn’t have V3

 Söz konusu eylemin geçmişte gerekmediği halde yapılmış olduğunu ifade ederken
kullanılır.

You are quite a good person, but you needn’t have taken all that trouble for me.

Sally needn’t have bothered about the broken hairdryer, for she found another one in the
drawer.

PROHIBITION
mustn’t

 Söz konusu eylemin yapılmaması gerektiğini, yasak olduğunu ifade ederken

kullanılır.

While working out how the feud tradition started, we mustn’t neglect a major point: the
societies’ economic situations.

You mustn’t drink or eat anything in the library.

can’t / not allowed to

 Söz konusu eylemin yapılmasına izin verilmediğini, yapılmaması gerektiğini ifade

eden yapılardır.

Even though an abstract turns up in the beginning of article, you cannot write your abstract
first.

In that country, you can’t / are not allowed to get married until you are 16.

ADVICE

should / ought to

 Tavsiye, öğüt ifade ederken kullanılan yapılardır.

The newly-weds should / ought to be careful with their money.

The trainees should / ought to read more to enhance their English.

had better

 “ … yapsan iyi olur” anlamındaki bu yapı daha güçlü tavsiyeleri ifade eder.
Cümlenin devamında or / or else / otherwise (aksi takdirde) gibi geçiş kelimeleri ile
eylemin yapılmaması halinde gerçekleşmesi muhtemel riskli, sıkıntılı, tehlikeli
durum ifade edilir.

We had better call the police and testify for the fight.

You had better not travel so fast, or I’m afraid we will have an accident.

Why don’t you …?

  “Neden … yapmıyorsun?” anlamına gelen ve gerçek bir soru niteliği taşımayan
tavsiye yapısıdır.

Why don’t you have a seat and relax?

Why don’t you take a taxi instead of waiting for the bus?

If I were you, I would …

 “Yerinde olsaydım, … yapardım” anlamına gelen tavsiye kalıbıdır.

If I were you, I would sue the institution for forgery.

If I were Jill, I wouldn’t trust Leonard.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Whatever precautions the former government ---- against drug-trafficking, it is essential

that the public ---- about the issue as well.

A) had to take / could be enlightened

B) may have taken / should be enlightened
C) was going to take / can be enlightened
D) will take / must have been enlightened
E) should take / could have been enlightened

Çözüm: Soru kökünde yer alan former ifadesi ilk boşlukta Past anlam verebilecek bir modal yapısının kullanılması
gerektiğini göstermektedir. Present / Future ifadeler içeren D ve E seçenekleri elenir. İkinci boşluktan önce verilen
it is essential ifadesinden boşluk için gereklilik bildiren bir modal tercih etmemiz gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu
nedenle may have taken / should be enlightened diziliminin verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

SUGGESTION

Let’s …

 “hadi … yapalım” anlamına gelir. Öneri ifade eder.

There’s no need to bother with the dinner. Let’s order something to eat.

Shall we … ?
  “ … yapalım mı?”

Shall we visit Joyce’s grave when we are in Dublin?

Why don’t we …?

 Gerçek soru niteliği taşımayan “Neden … yapmıyoruz?” anlamına gelen öneri

yapısıdır.

Why don’t we buy her some flowers?

How about …? / What about …?

 “… yapmaya ne dersin / ne dersiniz?” anlamına gelen bu yapılardan sonra söz

konusu eylem gerund ( Ving) formda kullanılır.

What about going to the northern part of the country this summer?

How about watching the match in my house?

could

 Öneride birden fazla seçenekten söz ederken kullanılan yapıdır.

You could add vinegar or lemon to your dish, or you could just serve as it is.

may as well / might as well

 “… yapalım bari” anlamında gönülsüz öneride bulunurken kullanılan yapılardır.

I don’t like Stephan and his family, but we may / might as well invite them to the wedding.

EXPECTATION

should

 Gerçekleşmesi beklenen durumlardan söz ederken kullanılan beklenti yapısıdır.

Mr. Kuman has already finished the lecture. He should send the slides of it by e-mail very
soon.
Students should be able to use the target language for self-expression in the Silent Way
Technique.

be supposed to / be due to / be to

 Beklenti ifade eden modal-like ifadelerdir.

The board is to hold an urgent meeting about the resignation of the managing director.

You’re supposed to keep an eye on your brother while I’m doing the washing-up.

The freshmen are due to attend the orientation program at least once.

The origins of communicative language teaching are to be found in the changes in the British
language teaching tradition beginning from the late 1960s.

be about to

 Beklenen bir durumun yapılmak üzere olduğunu anlatırken kullanılan modal-like

ifadedir.

In a fairy tale, when the princess is about to perish, there will appear a handsome warrior on
a white horse to keep her alive.

PREFERENCE

 Tercihleri ifade ederken kullanılan yapılar şunlardır;

prefer noun to noun

My kids prefer sausages to cereals.

prefer Ving to Ving

The young and vain ladies prefer getting married as soon as possible to earning a living.

prefer to infinitive rather than V1

I prefer to make a sketch of the model rather than paint it right away on the canvas.

would prefer to infinitive rather than V1

Jerry would prefer to remain silent rather than testify in the Police Department.

would prefer somebody / object pronoun to V1

 Karşıdaki kişiyle ya da başka biriyle ilgili tercihlerden bahsederken kullanılan

kalıptır.

I would prefer you to persuade her to sign the contract.

would prefer to have V3 rather than (have) V3

 Geçmişteki olaylara ilişkin tercihlerimizden söz ederken kullanılan kalıptır.

He would prefer to have had some help from his own family rather than (have) asked a bank
loan.

would rather = would sooner = would just as soon

would rather V1 than V1

The new director would rather have people around him buzzing with new ideas than
command them like a dictator.

would rather have V3 than (have) V3

 Geçmişteki olaylara ilişkin tercihlerimizden söz ederken kullanılan kalıptır.

I would rather have been cut by a knife than (have) been stung by a wasp.

would rather somebody / object pronoun V2 / didn’t V1

 Karşıdaki kişiyle ilgili tercihlerimizden söz ederken kullanılan kalıptır.

I would rather you didn’t speak about my divorce.

My family would rather me asked for permission before having the car.

HABITUAL PAST

used to / would

 Geçmişte yapılan ama artık devam etmeyen alışkanlıkları ifade ederken kullanılan
yapılardır. Durum bildiren fiilerle would geçmiş alışkanlık bağlamında kullanılmaz.

She used to / would take a seat at the back of the café and order hot chocolate.

This harbour used to be a pretty nice place thirty years ago. (would be a … yanlıştır.)

The machine didn’t use to generate power, but now it does miraculously.

I miss my aunt and the way she used to / would comfort me.

be used to Ving

 Alışık olmak anlamına gelen bu yapıda söz konusu eylem gerund (Ving) formda
kullanılır.

I’m used to living in a crowded city.

She is so shy. She isn’t used to giving speech in public.

get used to Ving

 Alışmak anlamına gelen bu yapıda söz konusu eylem gerund (Ving) formda
kullanılır.

The dwellers of this area are unwilling to get used to living with the gypsies.

He needs to get used to being around his frail mother.

be used to = be accustomed to

get used to = get accustomed to

ÖRNEK SORU:
 The blockade runners of the American Civil War were seagoing steam ships that ----
cargoes to and from neutral ports often located in Nassaua and Cuba.

A) can carry
B) should be carrying
C) might carry
D) would carry
E) ought to have carried

Çözüm: Temel cümlede verilen were seagoing fiili boşlukta da Past bir ifade kullanılması gerektiğini gösterir.
Present ifadeler içeren A, B, C seçenekleri elenir. D seçeneğinde verilen ought to have carried “taşımalıydı ama
taşımadı” şeklinde bir eleştiri anlamı taşımaktadır. Ancak soru kökünde eleştiri anlamı yer almamaktadır.
“Geçmişte kargo taşırlardı” anlamını verebilecek would carry geçmiş alışkanlık ifadesinin verildiği D seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.

DEDUCTION

must / must not

 Varsa bir gerçeğe ya da bir deneyime dayanarak söz konusu eylemin kesinliğiyle
ilgili çıkarımda bulunurken kullanılan yapılardır.

You must be tired now after a three-hour-exam.

They must not be aware of the changes in the schedule; otherwise, they should be here by
now.

 Bu kullanım geçmişe dönük ifade edilecekse must have V3 kullanılır.

The thieves must have broken in the house from the kitchen window.

can’t / couldn’t

 Söz konusu eylemin ifade edildiği şekilde olamayacağını söylerken kullanılan

yapılardır.

He can’t /couldn’t be a nobleman. Look how shabby his clothes are.

She can’t / couldn’t be working right now. She seems as if she is reading something hilarious
on the net.

 Geçmişte bir eylemin anlatıldığı şekilde gerçekleşmiş olmasının imkansız olduğunu

ifade ederken can’t have V3 ya da couldn’t have V3 yapıları kullanılır.
The inmates can’t have got out of the roof. There is always a watchman on the tower.

A: Why is Larry late?

B: I have no idea. He couldn’t / can’t have forgotten about the meeting. He is due to make a
presentation.

ÖRNEK SORU:

The emperor’s assassination caused a two-decade-long war with the enemies which ----
to the exhaustion of the empire’s resources and the territorial losses.

A) should have contributed

B) had to contribute
C) had better contribute
D) can contribute
E) must have contributed

Çözüm: Soru kökünde yer alan caused fiilinden boşlukta Past anlam verebilecek bir modal kullanılması gerektiği
anlaşılmaktadır. Present yapılar içeren C ve D seçenekleri elenir. A seçeneği eleştiri anlamı veren should have
contributed ifadesini içermektedir. Oysa ki soru kökünde eleştiri anlamı bulunmamaktadır. B seçeneğinde yer alan
had to contribute kipliği geçmişte zorunluluk ifade eder. Soru kökünde “yirmi yıllık savaşın imparatorluğun
kaynaklarını tükettiği ve bölgesel kayıplar yarattığı” sonucuna ulaşabiliriz. Bu nedenle güçlü tahmin anlamını
vermekte kullanılan must have contributed ifadesinin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

POSSIBILITY

can / may / might / could

 Günümüzde ya da gelecek zamanda olasılığı bulunan eylemleri ifade ederken

kullanılır.

Using your thesis statement might be a good idea to start your abstract whereas using your
concluding comment might be best to finalize it.

The climate scientists claim that the temperature may / might / could rise up to 5 Celcius
degrees.

be likely

Linda is likely to lose her position if she keeps her arrogant attitude.

You are likely to have an acute illness within a few months.

It’s likely that beekeeping industry will soon be affected by the current weather.

It’s likely that there will be uprisings after the election.

may have V3 / might have V3 / could have V3

 Geçmişte “… olabilirdi / gerçekleşebilirdi / olmuş olabilir” anlamında kullanılan

geçmişteki olasılıkları ifade eden yapılardır.

I haven’t heard from my friends in Australia for a long time. They may / might / could have
lost my phone number.

The organizers of conferences might have preferred publishing oral presentation in their
conference proceeding in a written fashion though it is easier to publish a chapter in
conference proceedings in comparison with publishing an article.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Withdrawal reactions are the most dangerous and owing to physical dependence on
alcohol, they ---- shivering, palpitations, sweating also if not treated, these reactions ----
fatal.

A) should generate / have to be

B) are able to generate / had to be
C) can generate / can be
D) would generate / might be
E) used to generate / could have been

Çözüm: Soru kökünde bilimsel bir genelleme verildiği görülmektedir. Past anlam içeren kipliklerin verildiği B, D ve
E seçenekleri elenir. A seçeneğinde gereklilik ve zorunluluk anlamlarını veren kiplikler yer almaktadır. Ancak soru
kökü zorunluluk anlamı içermemektedir. Can kipliği bilimsel ifadelerde bir şeyin potansiyel olarak gerçekleşme
ihtimalini vermek için sıklıkla kullanılan bir yapıdır. Soru köküyle de anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle can
generate / can be diziliminin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

ÖRNEK SORU:

More people ---- the disaster last year had the ship been equipped with more lifeboats
and rafts.

A) would survive
B) should have survived
C) could have survived
D) might survive
E) had better survive
 Çözüm: Soru kökünde Type 3 yapıda devrik bir koşul cümleciği verilmiştir. Bu nedenle bu soruda koşul
cümleciklerinin Type kurallarını da hatırlamamızda fayda vardır:

If + V1 , will / can / may / might / could (type 1)

If + V2 , would / could / might (type 2)

If + had V3 , would / could / might have V3 (type 3)

Bu kurallar çerçevesinde Perfect Infinitive yapılar içeren B ve C seçenekleri öncelikle incelenmektedir. Soru
kökünde anlam genel olarak “eğer gemide daha fazla can kurtarma kayığı ve salı olsaydı, daha fazla insan
kurtulabilirdi” şeklindedir. Bu nedenle could have survived kipliğinin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

CRITICISM

should / ought to be Ving

 “ … yapıyor olman gerekirdi” anlamında eleştiri ifade eden yapılardır.

Instead of shivering and chatting here, you should / ought to be lighting the fire.

Why are you still here? You guys should / ought to be getting dressed.

should have V3 / ought to have V3

 “… yapmalıydın ama yapmadın” anlamında gelen bu yapılar geçmişe ilişkin

eleştiride bulunurken kullanılır. Olumsuz olarak kullanıldığında “ … yapmamalıydın
ama yaptın” anlamına gelir.

Your kids are at home now. You should / ought to have known it was just a needless worry.

Bill shouldn’t / ought not to have bought such expensive toys to a 3-year-old child.

You shouldn’t / ought not to have lied to me. I’m not going to pardon you.

They should have been finishing the papers and preparing for the exams until the final week
of school.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Concordances in corpus linguistics ---- vast amounts of authentic use of language and
they also have the potential to show frequency of the use of a certain word and in which
context it was used.

A) should store

B) can store
 C) would rather store

D) had to store

E) could have stored

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen “they also have the potential …” ifadesi sorunun çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur. Bu
ifade ilk boşluğun verildiği kısımda da potansiyel olarak gerçekleşmesi mümkün / olası bir durum olduğunu
göstermektedir. Bu ihtimal anlamını da B seçeneğinde yer alan can store ifadesi karşılamaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt B seçeneğidir.

ACTIVE – PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT John cleans his room. The room is cleaned by John.

PRESENT
John is cleaning his room. The room is being cleaned by John.
CONTINUOUS

SIMPLE PAST John cleaned his room. The room was cleaned by John.

PAST CONTINUOUS John was cleaning his room. The room was being cleaned by John.

PRESENT PERFECT John has cleaned his room. The room has been cleaned by John.

PAST PERFECT John had cleaned his room. The room had been cleaned by John.

SIMPLE FUTURE
John will clean his room. The room will be cleaned by John.
(WILL)

NEAR FUTURE John is going to clean his The room is going to be cleaned by
(BE GOING TO) room. John.
 FUTURE
CONTINUOUS The room will be being cleaned by
John will be cleaning his room.
John.

FUTURE PERFECT
John will have cleaned his The room will have been cleaned by
room. John.

USED TO John used to clean his room. The room used to be cleaned by John.

FUTURE IN THE PAST

John would clean his room. The room would be cleaned by John.
WOULD

FUTURE IN THE PAST John was going to clean his The room was going to be cleaned by
WAS GOING TO room. John.

MODALS (SHOULD,
John should clean his room. The room should be cleaned by John.
MUST, CAN ETC.)

PERFECT
INFINITIVES John should have cleaned his The room should have been cleaned
(SHOULD, MUST, CAN room. by John.
HAVE DONE ETC.)
 IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

(especially with verbs: suggest, argue, believe, know, say, suppose, claim, allege etc.)

TEMEL CÜMLE THAT CÜMLECİĞİ EDİLGEN

Present Simple Present Simple To do To be done

It is said that Professor Adams Professor Adams is said That course is said to be
teaches that course. to teach that course. taught by Professor
Adams.

Present Simple Present Continuous To be doing

It is said that Professor Adams is Professor Adams is said

teaching that course. to be teaching that
course.

Present Simple Present Perfect To have done To have been done

Simple

It is said that Professor Adams has Professor Adams is said That course is said to
taught that course. to have taught that have been taught by
course. Professor Adams.

Present Simple Present Perfect Cont. To have been doing

It is said that Professor Adams has Professor Adams is said

been teaching that course. to have been teaching
that course.

Present Simple Future Simple To do To be done

It is said that Professor Adams will Professor Adams is said That course is said to be
teach that course. to teach / to be teaching taught by Professor
that course. Adams.

Present Simple Past Simple To have done To have been done

It is said that Professor Adams Professor Adams is said That course is said to
taught that course. to have taught that have been taught by
course. Professor Adams.

Present Simple Past Simple (to be) To have been

It is said that Professor Adams was Professor Adams is said

 in Ankara. to have been in Ankara.

Present Simple Present Simple To be done

Passive

It is said that the car is washed The car is said to be

every day. washed every day.

Present Simple Past Simple Passive To have been done

It is said that the car was washed The car is said to have
yesterday. been washed yesterday.

Past Simple Past Simple To do

It was said that Professor Adams Professor Adams was That course was said to
taught that course. said to teach that course. be taught by Professor
Adams.

Past Simple Past Perfect To have done

It was said that Professor Adams had Professor Adams was

taught that course. said to have taught that
course.

PASSIVE VOICE (Infinitive / Gerund)

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Infinitive to + Verb to be + V3

Perfect Infinitive to have V3 to have been + V3

Gerund Ving being + V3

Perfect Gerund having V3 having been + V3

EXAMPLES:
She expects to be admitted to a university in London.

She seems to have lost her temper.

The child appears to have been kidnapped.

He denies stealing the jewelry.

He admits having stolen the jewelry.

I hate being laughed at.

I didn't like having been laughed at in the previous meeting.

STATIVE PASSIVE ADJECTIVES

be accustomed to sth/sb. be delighted at/with sth. be made from sth.

be acquainted with sth/sb. be derived from sth. be made of sth.

be amazed at sth. be devoted to sb/sth. be made out of sth.

be annoyed at/about sth. be disappointed in sb. be married to sb.

be annoyed with sb. be divorced from sb. be opposed to sth/sb.

be associated with sth. be done with sth. be pleased about/with sth.

be astonished at sth. be dressed in sth. be provided with sth.

be based on sth. be engaged to sb. be related to sth/sb.

be bored with sth. be equipped with sth. be satisfied with sth.

be committed to sth/sb. be excited about sth. be scared of sb/sth.

be composed of sth. be exposed to sth. be shocked at sth.

be concerned about sth. be filled with sth. be surprised at sth.

be concerned with sth. be finished with sth. be terrified of sth/sb.

be confused with sth. be interested in sth. be tired of sth.

be convinced of sth. be involved in sth. be tired from sth.

be covered with sth. be known for sth. be troubled with sth/sb.

be crowded with sb. be limited to sth. be upset with sb/sth.

be dedicated to sb/sth.
 CAUSATIVES

Make sb. do sth. (force sb. to do sth.): The boss made us overwork for the new project.

Let sb. do sth. (allow sb. to do sth.): My father let me go out last night.

Get sb. to do sth. (persuade): I got my mother to iron my new dress.

Have sb. do sth.: I had the hairdresser cut my hair.

Have / get sth. done: I had my hair cut yesterday.

I had my wallet stolen while I was walking through the park (accident or misfortune).

Mike insured the car.

Subject Verb Object

The car was insured by Mike.

Subject Verb by + agent

Mike insures the car. The car is insured by Mike.

Mike is insuring the car. The car is being insured by Mike.

Mike insured the car. The car was insured by Mike.

Mike was insuring the car. The car was being insured by Mike.

Mike has insured the car. The car has been insured by Mike.

Mike had insured the car. The car had been insured by Mike.

Mike will insure the car. The car will be insured by Mike.

Mike is going to insure the car. The car is going to be insured by Mike.

Mike could insure the car. The car could be insured by Mike.

 Perfect Continuous ile Future Continuous Tenselerle passive kullanılmaz.

 Edilgen yapılarda aktif cümlenin nesnesi passive cümlede özne olarak kullanılır.

They fined me 300 TL for speeding.

I was fined 300 TL for speeding.

You can buy stamps in post offices.

Stamps can be bought in post offices.

 Aktif cümlenin öznesi edilgen cümlede by ile birlikte kullanılabilir.

Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in 1601.

Hamlet was written in 1601 by Shakespeare.

A prominent group of economics critics were intensely supported by the Clinton

Administration.

ÖRNEK SORU:

As the practitioners of Indian English literature ---- writing with an eye on the foreign
reader, they ---- strongly by both English and Indian critics.

A) blamed for / are criticising

B) had blamed for / are criticised
C) were blamed for / criticised
D) are blaming for / will be criticised
E) have been blamed for / has been criticised

Çözüm: Soru kökünde as (-dikçe / -dıkça) bağlacı ile kurulmuş bir cümle verilmiştir. Bu bağlaç eylemler
arasında paralellik gerektirir. Örneğin, As I get older, I become more nervous (Yaşlandıkça daha gergin
bir insan oluyorum). Ayrıca ilk boşluğa passive bir ifade gelmesi gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Çünkü
writing eylemi herhangi bir konuda suçlanamaz. Bu kriterler doğrultusunda have been blamed for / has
been criticised diziliminin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
  by + agent daima kullanılmaz.

 Eylemin kim tarafından yapıldığı bilinmiyorsa;

My mobile has been stolen.

 Eylemin kim tarafından yapıldığı önemli değilse;

The palace was built in 1876.

 Eylemin kim tarafından yapıldığı zaten biliniyorsa;

A new bridge is being constructed these days.

ÖRNEK SORU:

The biggest economic matter raised ---- the board members is ---- the country’s
deteriorating condition.

A) for / under

B) from / into

C) by / over

D) in / between

E) within / towards

Çözüm: ilk boşluğun verildiği cümlede passive bir yapı kullanılmıştır. Bu boşlukta “yönetim kurulu
üyeleri tarafından” anlamını vermek için by edatının kullanılması gerekir. Bu nedenle by / over
diziliminin verildiği C seçeneği yanıttır.

 Edilgen yapılarda eyleme vurgu yapılır ve resmi dilde kullanımı yaygındır.

Children are given on average $ 10 a week pocket money.

Nearly 60 % of what we consume is imported.

The hotel is being observed by a camera surveillance system.

The service sector is financed by and dependent upon the wealth and profits
generated by technical advances in agriculture and manufacturing.
 ÖRNEK SORU:

By the time Mark Soper’s first book ----, he ---- in writing for over a decade.

A) published / was involved

B) is published / will have involved

C) was published / had been involved

D) had been published / involved

E) has been published / had been involved

Çözüm: Soru kökünde bir zaman bağlacı verilmiştir. Zaman uyumu kurallarının uygulanması gerekir. By
the time bağlacı cümlelerde bir eylem olduğunda diğer eylem olup bitmişti ya da gelecekte olup
bitecek anlamlarını verir. Bu nedenle bu bağlacın verildiği cümlelerde, temel cümlecikte “Past Perfect”
ya da “Future Perfect” kullanılması gerekir. Boşluktan sonra verilen in edatı (preposition) boşlukta
passive bir yapı kullanılması gerektiğini gösterir. Bu kriterler doğrultusunda was published / had been
involved diziliminin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

 Geçişsiz fiillerle (nesne almayan) edilgen cümle oluşturulamaz.

appear, arrive, agree, collapse, consist of, cost, disappear, die, emerge, fall, go,
happen, have, lie, live, look, occur, resemble, rise, sleep, sit, stand, swim, wait, vb
fiiller nesne almadıkları için etken cümle yapısı ile kullanılırlar.

 İki nesneli fiiller edilgen yapıda olsalar dahi cümle içinde nesne görmek
mümkündür. Bu filler;

give ask bring send sell

show lend teach tell write
post read offer

They have given the students a speech on career choosing.

Object 1 Object 2

The students have been given a speech on career choosing.

Object

We teach children how to be a good citizen.

 Children are taught how to be a good citizen.

Stative Passive

 Edilgen cümlelerdeki be + V3 Past Participle ifadesi sıfat olarak da kullanılabilir. Bu

halde be + V3 yapısı eylem değil durum bildirir.

STATIVE PASSIVE ADJECTIVES

be accustomed to sth / sb

be acquainted with sth / sb

be amazed at / by sth

be annoyed at / about sth

be annoyed with sb. For sth

be associated with sth

be astonished at sth

be based on sth

be bored with sth

be committed to sth. / sb

be composed of sth

be concerned about / with sth

be confused with / about sth

be convinced of sth

be covered with / in sth

be crowded with sb

be dedicated to sb / sth

be delighted at / with sth

be derived from sth

be devoted to sb / sth
be disappointed in sb

be disappointed with / at / by sth

be divorced from sb

be done with sth

be dressed in sth

be engaged to sb

be equipped with sth

be excited about sth

be exposed to sth

be filled with sth

be finished with sth

be interested in sth

be involved in sth

be known for / as sth

be made from / of / out of / by sth

be married to sb

be opposed to sth / sb

be pleased about / with sth

be provided with sth

be related to sth / sb

be satisfied with sth

be scared of sb / sth
be shocked at / by sth

be surprised at / by sth

be terrified of sth / sb

be tired of / from sth / sb

be troubled with sth / sb

be upset with / by / about sb / sth

be worried about sb / sth

Modularity of the mind, which is the view that the mind is composed of specialized functional
parts, provides a wonderful metaphor and practical lesson for experiential marketing.

In 1955, while other people were worried about the Cold War and were building air raid
shelters, the inhabitants in Meyersville were worried about the down payment on a small
house they wanted to buy in their own town.

Alexander the Great made a pretext of letting the League of Corinth decide what was to be
done with the ruins of Thebes, which was only a show.

 get + V3 ile de edilgen yapı ifade edilebilir.

The infant is going to get tested against HIV.

You shouldn’t get upset easily when you fail in your task.

PASSIVE FORM OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Active Passive
Infinitive to V1 to be V3
Perfect Infinitive to have V3 to have been V3
Gerund Ving being V3
Perfect Gerund having V3 having been V3

She is looking forward to being hired for the position.

Molly, as the director, doesn’t want to be bothered by the details.

ÖRNEK SORU:

I like ---- by my friends often when I’m at home and when I have quite a lot of leisure
time, but I don’t want ---- at the times when I’m awfully busy.

A) being called / to be disturbed

B) having called / being disturbed
C) to call / to be disturbed
D) having been called / to disturb
 E) calling / being disturbed

Çözüm: Soru kökünde anlam itibariyle bir genelleme verildiği görülmektir. İlk cümlecikte hoşlanılan
durumun arkadaşları tarafından aranmak olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Like fiili gerund nesne alan bir
yapıdır. Seçenekler arasında sadece A ve D seçeneklerinde hem passive hem de gerund ifadeler
verilmiştir. Ancak soru kökündeki genelleme anlamı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda being called / to
be disturbed diziliminin verildiği A seçeneğinin doğru yanıt olduğu görülmektedir.

 Ana yüklem ile söz konusu eylem arasında zaman farkı varsa Gerund için having V 3
Infinitive için to have V3 kullanılır.

The young woman is said to have been beaten by her husband when they were
married.

David denied having been involved in the bribery.

She forgot to have set the alarm clock, so she overslept this morning.

At first, she refused to have copied the confidential documents, but later she
confessed it.

Those villagers have now experienced the consciousness of having been praised.

On the trip, Ciara is reported to have played golf for half a million dollars a round.

Impersonal Passive

Ana cümle + yan cümle ile oluşturulan cümleler edilgen yapıya dönüştürülebilir.
Bu cümleler edigen yapıya aktarılırken active ise to V 1, passive ise to be V3, ana
cümlenin yüklemi ile yan cümleciğin yüklemi arasında zaman farkı varsa active iken
to have V3, passive iken to have been V3 kullanılır.

They allege that one of the mosaics in the monastery is that of St. Bartholomew.

It is alleged one of the mosaics in the monastery is that of St. Bartholomew.

One of the mosaics in the monastery is alleged to be that of St. Bartholomew.

They report this region is controlled by the militia.

It is reported that this region is controlled by the militia.

This region is reported to be controlled by the militia.

They say that he daily fed more than 300 people during the famine of 1774.

It is said that he daily fed more than 300 people during the famine of 1774.

He is said to have fed more than 300 people during the famine of 1774.

They believe that the prophecy was copied by an old peasant.

It is believed that the prophecy was copied by an old peasant.

The prophecy is believed to have been copied by an old peasant.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Known as the father of English literature, Geoffrey Chaucer is alleged ---- three English
kings in high governmental positions.

A) to be

B) to have been

C) being

D) to being

E) having been

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ölmüş bir insan olan Geoffrey Chaucer’dan söz edilmektedir. Bu nedenle boşluğa
gelecek ifadenin günümüzle bağlantısı olmaması gerekir. “Passive Form of Impersonal Pronouns”
yapılarında cümlecikler arasındaki zaman farklılığı “to have V 3 ile ifade edilmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt B seçeneğidir.

CAUSATIVES

Cümle içindeki söz konusu eylemi ettirgen hale dönüştürmek için kullanılan
yapılardır.

HAVE SB DO SMT

We drove back Glenard Avenue and I had him stop for a few minutes in front of the
library to leave the reference book.

NOTE: Mary has had her husband arrested and imprisoned.

GET SB TO DO SMT

Mr Leonard gets the kids to pick up the chicken feathers in the chicken yard.

HAVE SMT DONE / GET SMT DONE

After writing your thesis, you’re supposed to have it translated into French.

At least 12 hours before your flight, you need to get it confirmed.

MAKE SB DO

Giving responsibility to the children will make them feel grown-up.

Her father is constantly making her pay the bills.

LET SB DO

Why don’t you just let me go and finish my work.

The inhabitants didn’t let the refugees use the communal toilets.

NOTE: make sb do kalıbının edilgen yapısı be made to do ile kurulurken, let sb do

kalıbında edilgen yapı be allowed to do olarak yapılmaktadır.

In the 15th century, just the nobility were allowed to hold private religious services in
their houses.

The contestants are made to sign a 5-year-contract.

GET ONESELF DONE / MAKE ONESELF DONE

You should get yourself examined before pregnancy.

Make yourself respected!

LET ONESELF BE DONE

He is so cautious that he doesn’t let himself be misunderstood by anyone.

ADJECTIVE – ADVERB – COMPARISON
ADJECTIVE ADVERB

happy happily

swift swiftly
-ly adverbs
beautiful beautifully

wide...etc. widely...etc.

good well

fast fast

hard hard

late late

early early
irregular adverbs
high high

far far

long long

wide wide

daily/weekly/monthly…etc. daily/weekly/monthly…etc.

ADJECTIVES

USE EXAMPLE

before nouns An easy exam, a tall boy, a long table…etc.

after verbs like "be / become / get" Getting dark, remain silent, become old…etc.

after linking / sense verbs Taste delicious, look tired, seem nice…etc.

after indefinite pronouns Nothing exciting, somewhere peaceful…etc.

ADVERBS

USE EXAMPLE

adverbs modifying She spoke very quickly so nobody could understand her works.
verbs

adverbs modifying She is unbelievably intelligent.

adjectives

adverbs modifying He plays football incredibly successfully.

adverbs

adverbs modifying Obviously, she cheated during the examination.

whole sentence
PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES

Present participle Past participle Present participle Past participle

alarming alarmed frustrating frustrated

aggravating aggravated fulfilling fulfilled

amazing amazed gratifying gratified

amusing amused horrifying horrified

annoying annoyed humiliating humiliated

astonishing astonished inspiring inspired

astounding astounded insulting insulted

bewildering bewildered interesting interested

boring bored intriguing intrigued

captivating captivated irritating irritated

challenging challenged mystifying mystified

charming charmed moving moved

comforting comforted overwhelming overwhelmed

concerning concerned perplexing perplexed

confusing confused perturbing perturbed

convincing convinced pleasing pleased

depressing depressed puzzling puzzled

devastating devastated relaxing relaxed

disappointing disappointed satisfying satisfied

discouraging discouraged shocking shocked

disgusting disgusted sickening sickened

distressing distressed soothing soothed

 disturbing disturbed surprising surprised

embarrassing embarrassed tempting tempted

enchanting enchanted terrifying terrified

encouraging encouraged threatening threatened

energizing energized thrilling thrilled

entertaining entertained tiring tired

exasperating exasperated touching touched

exciting excited troubling troubled

exhausting exhausted unnerving unnerved

fascinating fascinated unsettling unsettled

flattering flattered upsetting upset

frightening frightened worrying worried

ADJECTIVES

 Sıfatlar ismi niteleyen, tanımlayan sözcük grubudur.

a little boy

an expensive gift

chilly weather

absent-minded students

 Sıfatlar genellikle “be” fiilinden sonra kullanılır. Fakat durum ve algı fiilleriyle de
sıfat kullanmak mümkündür.

get

become
turn (out)

grow

keep

remain + sıfatın yalın hali (good)

appear + sıfatın comparative hali (better)

look

seem

smell

taste

feel

sound

The salary of this position is quite satisfying.

My brother will become excited when he learns he has been accepted for the project.

My blouse turned out gray after I had washed it.

Having worked in the night shift, Toby grew exhausted.

Keep quiet! The baby is sleeping!

In the middle of the interrogation, the old major remained silent, and said nothing about the
bribery.

What’s wrong with you? You seem / appear terrified.

The traffic on the Kennedy Street appears / seems to be congested.

The HR manager let her leave the office early, for she looked very pale.

The cookies smell delicious!

The avocado in the salad tasted sour.

Without a glass of fresh orange juice, I don’t feel ready for the day.

His argument didn’t sound reasonable for anyone in the room.

  Sıfatlar belgisiz zamirlerden (indefinite pronouns) sonra kullanılır.

He has drunk something blur from that bottle.

Bruce kept waiting for Dina to do something romantic.

They had found nothing edible in the island, so they starved to death.

Types of Adjectıves

Participle adjectives fascinated/fascinating/worrying/worried

Adjectives used as nouns the unemployed/the youth/the
experienced/the poor
Nouns used as adjectives a summer house/a gold watch/ a stone roof/
emerald earrings
Adjectives not followed by a noun alone / ready / unable / sorry
Adjectives used only before a noun main / chief / recent / principal
Metaphorical adjectives golden heart/ stony face / steely body /
rusty feelings
Emphasizing adjectives pure / absolute / true / genuine
Adjectives derived from nouns a two-faced girl / a broad-shouldered man /
a many-sided problem /a narrow-minded
person

PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES

 Present Participle Ving  Fiile –ing takısı getirerek sıfat oluşturulabilir. Bu haliyle
etkileyen tarafı nitelemiş olur.

The end of the movie was so touching that I couldn’t stop but cry.

What makes my job so fulfilling is that the more I learn, the more I enjoy.

 Past Participle V3  Fiillerin üçüncü halleri etkilenen taraf olarak durum bildirip
sıfatlaşabilir.

I’ve been thrilled from the beginning just to be a part of this wonderful expedition.

I felt as if I was relieved from a heavy weight when the necklace was found.

 Present Participle devam etmekte olan, Past Participle da bitmiş olan bir durumun
niteleyicisi olarak kullanılabilir.

55 % of the country’s population lives in underdeveloped rural areas where local

governments have inadequate budget and technical resources.

The cottage had indoor running water from a hand-pumped well which had been brought up
through the counter.
Her annoying cough during the symposium is distracting all of us!

Cook the pasta in boiling salted water 10-15 minutes.

The ecosystem cannot sustain the balance between the overpopulation of humans and the
nature itself.

ADVERBS

 Zarflar, fiili, sıfatı ya da başka bir zarfı niteleyen sözcük türleridir. Genellikle sıfatın
sonuna –ly eki getirilerek oluşturulur.

Those girls grew increasingly annoyed by the overwhelmingly male-centered jokes in the
summer camp.

Vitamin C is incredibly vital for the health, for its deficiency causes to scurvy.

The nation is on the brink of political collapse because of the badly designed system of
government.

 -ly ile bittiği halde sıfat olan sözcükler de vardır: lovely, elderly, friendly, ugly, lively,
likely, lonely, cowardly, silly. Ancak bu sıfatlar in a … manner / way sözcük grubu ile
zarf olarak kullanılır.

The prince nodded to the young lady in a friendly manner.

The new lecturer teaches in a lively manner.

ADVERBS WITH TWO FORMS AND DIFFERENCES IN MEANING

Late: Today, I'll go home late.

Lately: The prices have increased lately.

Last: I came last in the race.

Lastly: Lastly, I'd like to sum up the whole topic.

Deep: Don't go deep in the sea. It can be dangerous.

Deeply: I was deeply hurt when I heard those remarks.

Free: I can travel free with this card.

Freely: She can go freely wherever she likes.

High: I threw the ball high into the sky.

Highly: He is a highly opportunist man.

Direct: This bus goes direct to Istanbul.

Directly: You should apply directly to the assistant manager.

Types of Adverbs

Adverbs of manner angrily / ruthlessly / rapidly / vividly

Adverbs of time today / lately / the other day / for the past
few years
Adverbs of place ahead / forward / somewhere / outside
Adverbs of degree rather / fairy / very / a little
Adverbs of frequency never / often / usually / rarely
Focus adverbs simply / even / just / merely
Sentence adverbs actually / clearly / principally / generally
Connecting adverbs also / furthermore / hence / afterwards

TOO, ENOUGH, VERY, MUCH

Too  Aşırı / çok fazla anlamında sıfat ya da başka bir zarfı niteleyebilir.

I have to admit that my mistake during the game was too apparent.

You are eating too much.

TOO ADJ / ADV TO V1

One problem with the death penalty is that once a man has been executed, it is too late to
question whether or not he is innocent, should new evidence be found.

Enough  Yeterli / yeteri kadar anlamında fiili, ismi, sıfatı ya da zarfı niteleyebilir.
Is the fish cooked enough?

She played the piano well enough, but the show was a total failure.

It’s evident enough that some of the questions were the same as the previous ones.

If he had enough time, he could have given us a lift.

ADJ / ADV ENOUGH TO V1

Any injury forceful enough to fracture the jaw may also injure the cervical vertebrae.

Very  Çok anlamında sıfat ya da zarfı niteleyebilir.

My grandfather was a very much admired officer.

The performance was very well choreographed.

Much  Çok, pek anlamında derecelendirilebilecek fiillerle (love, like, enjoy, care, hope,
admire, regret, etc.) zarf olarak kullanılır.

She doesn’t get out much.

If your contact lenses are much used, it may infect your eyes.

My parents are not much used to eating meat.

The world needs to take care much for the rainforests.

BARELY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, LITTLE

 Neredeyse hiç anlamına gelen bu zarflar olumlu cümlede ama olumsuz anlamda
kullanılır.

The title scarcely / barely / hardly gives an idea of the subject of the poem.

Hardly an art school in our country now insists on figurative drawing, clay modeling, casting,
or the mastery of pigments.

Democracy was a term scarcely / hardly / barely used before the French Revolution.

Jesse works long hours and sleeps little.

They little knew that all the scandal had been made up by paparazzi.

ALMOST, NEARLY, VIRTUALLY, PRACTICALLY

 Hemen hemen, neredeyse anlamında fiilin önünde kullanılan zarflardır.

The town was virtually / almost / nearly / practically paralyzed by the snowstorm.
Linda almost persuaded the board into trying something with more commercial appeal.

FAIRLY, QUITE, RATHER, PRETTY

 Bu zarflar oldukça anlamında kullanılmaktadır.

Fairly  Genellikle olumlu anlamdaki sıfat ya da zarflarla kulanılır. Sıfat tamlaması ile
kullanılacaksa a / an belirteci fairly’den önce gelir.

I was fairly sure that I would go to the concert.

Hobert is a town fairly situated for foreign trade.

He always dreams of a fairly affluent community with large houses.

Quite  Genellikle olumlu anlamdaki sıfat ya da zarflarla kullanılır. Sıfat tamlaması ile
kullanılacaksa a / an belirteci quite’dan sonra gelir. Tamamen (completely) anlamında güçlü
anlama sahip sıfatlarla (amazing, horrible, incredible, ready, sure, etc.) kullanılabilir. Fiili de
niteleyebilir.

I’m quite positive about living abroad.

The pancake with caramel is quite tasty.

We need another 2 days, for the reports are not quite finished.

Simon felt quite alone during the absence of his family.

Even though we had quite applied the pomade to the burnt skin evenly, it got worse day by
day.

Alice had wished to get closer with her son when he was quite a young man.

Rather  Oldukça anlamında genellikle olumsuz anlamdaki fiil ve sıfatlarla kullanılır. Şaşırtan
bir sonuç varsa rather olumlu sıfat, fiil ve zarflarla kullanılabilir. Sıfat tamlaması ile
kullanılacaksa a / an belirteci rather’dan önce ya da sonra gelebilir.

The central heating in the dormitory wasn’t working properly, so my bedroom was rather
cold.

The counsellor spoke to the kid rather sarcastically though I had warned her.

No matter how late she went to bed last night, she looked rather pretty during the breakfast.

Your demand is rather a large thing to be expected from a 10-year-old girl.

He expressed a rather weak-looking smile on his face when he learnt he was rejected.
Pretty  Oldukça anlamında genellikle olumlu fiil ve sıfatlarla kullanılır. Sıfat tamlaması ile
kullanıldığında a / an belirteci pretty’den önce gelir.

The title pretty much gives away the plot of the entire film.

With her long black garment, she was pretty elegant.

Colin is a pretty hard-working employee in this project.

SENTENCE ADVERBS

 Cümle zarfları tüm cümleyi niteleyen ve konuşmacının söylenen şey hakkında

kişisel yorumunu, düşüncesini ya da duygularını ifade etmek için kullanılır.

actually, apparently, basically, briefly, certainly, curiously, evidently, fortunately, hopefully,

however, ideally, indeed, ironically, naturally, obviously, personally, presumably, regrettably,
seriously, surprisingly, thankfully, truthfully, ultimately, wisely, etc.

Surprisingly, İstanbul is sometimes much colder in winter than it is in Ankara.

Actually, friends say, Tempelsman made Onassis feel as if no one else mattered.

FOCUSING ADVERBS

 Only, merely, even, just, also, too, as well gibi zarflar cümlenin belirli bir öğesine
dikkati çekmek için kullanılır. Vurgulanmak istenen öğenin hemen önünde bulunur.

Let’s face it, Sherlock Holmes wasn’t very good. His methods of detection veered from the
merely unscientific to the ludicrous.

SO … THAT / SUCH … THAT

 İki cümle arasındaki neden – sonuç ilişkisini kurar.

King Charles’s restaurant is such a popular to dine at that customers need to book a table at
least a week in advance.

The conference was presented in such an elaborate way that it left no questions in the minds
of the audience unanswered.

His lecture was attended by so many people that the hall was completely full.
 COMPARISON

COMPARATIVE

 İki sıfat ya da iki zarfın karşılaştırılması yapılırken kullanılır.

a) comparison using –er ve more + than

Britain has the higher inflation rate of any of the big seven economies and economic growth
has been more robust than expected.

A keener understanding of the volcano and its internal structure can help scientists better
anticipate eruptions.

The traditional view of further education colleges is that they represent the last chance for
those who can’t make it at school.

b) comparison using as … as / not so … as

Over this period, according to a report recently issued by the Hispanic Studies Center in Los
Angeles, Mexicans received 14. 5 billion US dollars from relatives working in the United
States, which is almost as much as Mexico earned from foreign oil sales.

ÖRNEK SORU:

In the 20th century, Rock and roll’s ---- known artists were, Elvis Presley and ---- Jimi
Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Bruce Springsteen who combined Afro-American rhytm and
blues and country and western.

A) well / after
B) best / later
C) as / also
D) such / lately
E) less / late

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ikinci boşlukta ‘’ve sonrasında’’ anlamını verebilecek bir geçiş sözcüğü
kullanılması gerekmektedir. A seçeneğinde verilen ‘’after’’ cümlede bağlaç ya da zaman zarfı olarak
kullanılabilir. Ancak her iki halde de temel cümle gerektirir. Soru kökünde böyle bir cümle
verilmemiştir. ‘’Later’’ burada ‘’sonra’’ anlamını karşılamaktadır. Bu nedenle ‘’best / later’’ diziliminin
verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

NOTE: Cümle içinde sözü geçen eylem, isim ya da durumdan ikinci defa söz ederken
birincisi için the former, ikincisi için the latter kullanılır.
 The popular press and politicians often get excited about the British weather, the
former to find a scapegoat, the latter to ensure that none of the blame rubs off on
them.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Politicians describe meetings between representatives of different countries ----

‘round table conferences’, fostering the pleasant illusion that all nations are equal,
even though, in George Orwell’s famous phrase: ‘some are ---- equal than others.’

A) more / too

B) like / much

C) with / rather

D) as / more

E) quite / such

Çözüm: Sorunun çözümünde ikinci boşluğun yer aldığı cümlecik önemli bir ipucudur. Bu kısımda
verilen than karşılaştırma sözcüğü boşlukta comparative bir ifadenin kullanılması gerektiğini
göstermektedir. Comparative çekimlenmiş tek ifade D seçeneğinde verilmiştir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt
D seçeneğidir.

SUPERLATIVE

 Ikiden fazla kişi, durum ya da nesneyi karşılaştırırken kullanılır.

The megalodon was a giant prehistoric shark that probably lived between 16 and 1,6 million
and it’s believed to be the largest predatory fish to have ever lived.

Pete Sampras is acknowledged to be the best tennis player of his generation and perhaps the
best grass court player of all time.
 ÖRNEK SORU:

Despite being one of ---- growing countries in Asia, the development has been highly
uneven especially in agriculture, in Thailand, although international demand has
recently led to ---- diversity in this area.

A) more rapidly / more

B) rapid / much more
C) the most rapidly / less
D) rapidly / much
E) the most rapidly / more

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ilk boşlukta verilen ‘’one of ----‘’ ifadesi bu boşlukta ‘’en hızlı büyüyen ülkelerden
biri’’ anlamını verebilmek için ‘’superlative’’ kullanımını gerektirmektedir. C ve D seçeneklerinde ‘’the
most rapidly’’ şeklinde ‘’superlative’’ ifadeler mevcuttur. Ancak ikinci boşluğun olduğu kısımda
‘’uluslararası talep’’ şeklinde bir ifade yer almaktadır. ‘’Uluslararası talep’’ varsa ‘’daha fazla çeşitlilik
olacağı’’ sonucunu çıkarabiliriz. Bu nedenle ‘’the most rapidly / more’’ diziliminin verildiği E seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.

ÖRNEK SORU:

According to Evangelical Protestantism which is actually ---- growing type of

Christianity, abortion is nothing ---- than murdering somebody.

A) the faster / more

B) so / much
C) the fastest / less
D) much faster / more
E) very / little

Çözüm: İkinci boşluktan sonra verilen ‘’than’’ ifadesi boşlukta ‘’comparative’’ bir yapı kullanılması
gerektiğini göstermektedir. A, C ve D seçeneklerinde ‘’comparative’’ yapılar mevcuttur. Ancak birinci
boşluktan sonra yer alan ‘’of Christianity’’ ifadesi bu boşlukta ‘’superlative’’ kullanımı gerektirmektedir.
Bu nedenle ‘’the fastest / less’’ diziliminin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

DOUBLE COMPARISON

 The + comparative + clause, the + comparative + clause

The harder a material is, the less ductile or workable it tends to be.
The more an organization depends on collaborative arrangements, the more likely it is to lose
control over decisions.

THE SAME AS / THE SAME + NOUN + AS

For the ambitious parent the long vacation can be one non-stop, helter-skelter series of
courses and residential weeks at summer camps, the whole period conducted with the same
rhythm as the school term.

SIMILAR TO / DIFFERENT FROM

Lopez declared that machine translation is the automatic translation of a language into the
target one through computers and its history is similar to the computer itself.

Intensive reading is different from extensive reading in that it is usually at a slower speed and
requires a much higher level of comprehending.

AS / LIKE / SUCH AS

As + noun (olarak)

As + subject + verb (gibi)

Like + pronoun / noun / gerund (gibi)

General noun such as specific noun (gibi)

Such general noun as specific noun (gibi)

During the decoration for new items such as the main reception desk and the moveable
furniture in the staff restaurant, Davies has kept in touch with the curved lines of the original
building.

People who have learnt poetry by rote and know how to compose the occasional sonnet may
not revolutionize the consciousness of mankind as Shakespeare did, but they are more likely
to understand what great writers are saying, are likely to live on a more exalted plane as a
result of doing so, and are also able, through their life and example, to make a positive
contribution in the great war against Dullness.

As in most conflictive situations, parents begin by listening sympathetically in a parenting

class but when they are driven frantic by rudeness or simply being ignored, scream and shout
until they fall silent, horrified that they themselves are ‘’behaving like kids’’.
The myth that we are all instinctively creative goes hand in hand with the belief in originality
as the sole criterion of artistic merit.

RATHER THAN

 -den ziyade anlamına gelen bu yapı cümlelerde nispilik (görelilik) ilişkisi kurar.

Contrary to perceptions outside Canada, the majority of Canadians are descended from the
English, the Scots, and the Irish rather than from the French.

EXPRESSING BIG OR SMALL DIFFERENCES IN COMPARATIVE FORMS

 Karşılaştırmanın derecesini belirtmek için Comparative bir sıfatın ya da zarfın önüne

“çok, az ya da biraz” anlamını veren sözcükler gelebilir.

MUCH / FAR / A LOT (ÇOK) A BIT / A LITTLE / SLIGHTLY (BIRAZ) ANY / NO (HIÇ) EVEN (BILE) BY FAR

The term “radical”, in politics, refers to anyone with opinions much more extreme than the
main current of a country’s major political party or parties.

Evolution takes place too slowly for us to be able to observe it within our limited lifespan,
which is no longer than a century.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Although there are differing attitudes towards male baldness, some of the people who
start losing their hair feel that they are becoming ---- attractive.

A)much
B)so
C)little
D)very
E)less

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen boşlukta ‘’saçını kaybeden insanların hissedebileceği bir durum’’
istenmiştir. Cümlede yer alan ‘’are becoming’’ (oluyorlar) kötü yönde bir değişim olduğunu
göstermektedir. Bu nedenle ‘’less’’ ‘’-comparative-‘’ ifadesinin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
RELATIVE CLAUSES (ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES)

Zaten tanımlanmış bir isim hakkında fazladan

Nitelediği isim hakkında tanımlayıcı bilgi
bilgi verir. Bu tür tanımlanmış isimler genelde
verirler.
özel isimlerdir.

Who, whom, that, which, whose Who, whom, which, whose (that kullanılmaz!)

Öznenin yerine gelen ilgi zamirleri cümleden

atılamaz.
İlgi zamiri atılamaz.
Nesnenin yerine gelen ilgi zamirleri cümleden
atılabilir. "whose" atılamaz.

Sıfat cümleciği virgülle ayrılmaz. Sıfat cümleciği virgülle ayrılır.

Jane, who got divorced last month, is very

The person who lives downstairs is a doctor.
unhappy nowadays.

RELATIVE PRONOUN AS SUBJECT

SUBJECT RELATIVE FOR USED IN

PRONOUNS

Who People Defining and Non-Defining

Relative Clauses

Which Things and animals Defining and Non-Defining

Relative Clauses

That People, things, and animals Only Defining Relative Clauses

Whose Possession Defining and Non-Defining

Relative Clauses
 RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT

OBJECT RELATIVE FOR USED IN

PRONOUNS

Who People Defining and Non-Defining

Relative Clauses

Whom (formal) People Defining and Non-Defining

Relative Clauses

Which Things and animals Defining and Non-Defining

Relative Clauses

That People, things and animals Only Defining Relative Clauses

Whose Possession Defining and Non-Defining

Relative Clauses

RELATIVE ADVERBS-WHERE, WHEN, WHY

RELATIVE ADVERB MEANING USE

Where In / at which etc. Refers to a place

When In / on which Refers to a time

expression

Why For which Refers to a reason

QUANTIFIERS WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS

QUANTIFIER RELATIVE PRONOUN

one, two etc. half of whom (kişiler için)

all many of which (cansız varlıklar ve

hayvanlar için)
some several
of whose + noun (kişiler ve
any enough cansız varlıkların sahiplik
(a) few most ifadeleri için)
both much

each none

either a number

etc.

REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

(Relative pronoun + be) + Ving The boy (who is) playing in the playground is my
son.

(Relative pronoun + be) + V3 The window (which was) broken by one of the
kids in the neighborhood has been repaired.

(Relative pronoun + be) + adjective phrase I need a bag (which is) large enough to put all
these books in.

(Relative pronoun + be) + prepositional phrase The mobile phone (which is) on the top shelf
belongs to me.

To + infinitive (the first, the second, the last, the
only, the next, something, nothing, anybody,
need, must, etc.)
Neil Armstrong was the first person who landed
(to land) on the moon.
Would you like something that you can eat (to
eat) for lunch?

Atatürk, (who was) the founder of Turkish

Republic, died in 1938. / The founder of Turkish
Republic, Atatürk died in 1938. / Atatürk died in
1938, the founder of Turkish Republic.

My friends who attended the graduation ball

last night, feel absolutely relaxed now. // My
Appositive phrase friends, attending / having attended the
graduation ball last night, feel absolutely
relaxed now. // Having attended the graduation
ball last night, my friends feel absolutely
relaxed now. // My friends feel absolutely
relaxed now, having attended the graduation
ball last night.
  Bu cümlecikler bir ismi niteleyerek sıfat görevi görürler. Sıfatlar niteledikleri
isimden önce kullanılırken “relative clause tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir.

Solar energy, which can be used to heat water and buildings and generate the electricity, is
an inexhaustible source and causes fewer environmental problem than do fossil fuels.

During the transition period between Romanticism and Realism, Heinrich Heine, who is an
important lyrical and political poet, had a great influence.

RELATIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS

who  person

whom person in object position

whose possession (things and person)

which things

whereplace (dolaylı tümleç)

that  person, things

when  time (zarf tümleci)

whythe reason

DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining  Nitelediği isim hakkında bize tanımlayıcı ve gerekli bilgi veren sıfat
cümlecikleridir.

The new opera building that is due to open this Sunday is rumoured to have cost 2 million to
build.

Non-defining  Nitelediği isim (özel isim ya da zaten tanımlanmış bir isim) hakkında
fazladan bilgi verir ve bu bilgi cümlenin anlaşılması için gerekli değildir. Virgülden sonra gelir
ve virgülden sonra THAT ve BOŞLUK gelmez.

Tom, the main character, the Ripley series by Patricia Highsmith, who added a
philosophical dimension to the thriller, was clever but shy.

After WW I, France was given a League of Nations mandate over Lebanon and Syria,
which had formerly been a single political unit.
WHOSE + NOUN

The social sciences are a range of disciplines within the art and humanities whose
priniciples and concerns are the study of various aspects of society.

 İyelik bildirirken of da kullanılabilir. Bu şekilde of whom ya da of which

kullanılmalıdır.

Higuchi Ichiyo, the image of whom appears on a national banknote, is an important

figure in Japanese literature.

The heart is a hollow organ interior of which contains two muscular and membranous
tissues walls, one vertical and one horizontal.

WHERE

Cümle içindeki dolaylı tümleci niteler. Preposition ile kullanılmazlar ve relative clause’da özne
bulunmalıdır.

Charles Bradlaugh’s ideas almost got him thrown in jail, where he looked back
positively at the Enlightenment.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Missouri, - - - - is its chief western branch, the Mississippi flows some 6400 kilometers
from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, - - - - makes it
one of the world’s longest waterways.

A) where / which
B) in which / that
C) which / where
D) that / which
E) which / which

Çözüm: Soru kökünde her iki boşluktan sonra verilen cümlelerin özneleri eksiktir. Bu nedenle yer
bildiren bir öğenin yerine gelebilecek ‘’where’’ ilgi zamiri boşluklar için uygun değildir. A ve C
seçenekleri elenir. ‘’That’’ zamiri ‘’non-defining’’ cümleciklerde kullanılamaz. B ve D seçenekleri de
elenir. Bu nedenle ‘’which / which’’ diziliminin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
WHEN

Cümle içinde zarf tümlecini niteler. Preposition ile kullanılmaz ve relative clause’da özne
bulunmalıdır.

I had never had any health problems until last May, when I was taken to hospital with
a very high fever.

SINCE WHEN

The Constitution of the United States, the brainchild of some of America’s greatest
leaders following the colonies’ war for independence, went into effect on June 21,
1788, since when it has protected Americans’ rights and liberties.

WHY

(= for which) The reason kelimesinden sonra kullanılır.

The reason why I have written this petition is to ask for the dole.

The principal wants to know the reason why the teacher didn’t take the attendance in
the morning.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Many of the views ---- have been advanced are highly speculative, and some no doubt
will prove erroneous, but he has in every case given the reasons ---- have led him to
one view rather than to another.

A) which / which

B) that / why

C) when / who

D) what / that

E) whose / in which

Çözüm: Soru kökünde cümle, boşluklardan sonra direkt yüklemle devam ettiği için why – where –
whose – when – prep + relative pronoun öğeleri elenmelidir. What relative clause pronounu değildir.
Bu halde doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
WHEREBY

by which, by means of which, through which (özellikle technique, means, way, procedure,
process ve scheme gibi sözcüklerden sonra gelir).

You take my life when you take the means whereby I live.

ÖRNEK SORU:

It seems that computers - - - - we can reach a great amount of knowledge are

becoming an indispensable part of our daily lives.

A) on which
B) at which
C) of which
D) for which
E) through which

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ‘’-nın vasıtasıyla büyük oranlarda bilgiye ulaşmak’’ anlamı mevcuttur. E
seçeneğinde verilen ‘’through which’’ (by means of which) bu anlamı vermektedir. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt E seçeneğidir.

WHICH REFERRING TO A WHOLE SENTENCE

Which sadece kendisinden önce gelen ismi değil cümlenin tamamına da gönderme yapabilir.
Bu kullanımda cümlenin sonuna virgül atılıp which ile rel cl getirilir.

Eliot’s essay “The Metaphysical Poets”, along with giving new significance and
attention to metaphysical poetry, introduced his new well-known definition of “unified
sensibility”, which is considered by some to mean the same thing as the term
“metaphysical”.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Heviz is Europe’s largest warm-water lake and visitors can swim there even in winter,
---- helps extend the tourist season.

A) wherever
B) when
C) that
 D) which
E) what

Çözüm: Sorunun çözümünde önemli ipuçlarından biri boşluktan önce verilen virgül ve boşluktan sonra
verilen ifadenin öznesinin olmamasıdır. Cümleyi niteleyen ‘’which’’ bağlacı virgülden sonra kullanılır ve
yanındaki cümleciğin öznesi ya da nesnesi eksiktir. D seçeneğinde verilen ‘’which’’ (ki bu da) boşluğa
yerleştirildiğinde cümleyle anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.

QUANTIFIERS WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Non-defining relative clauselarda sayı / miktar bildiren ifadeler (quantifiers) of whom , of

whose ve of which ile bildirilir.

One, two

Some

Any + of whom (kişiler için)

Many

Most

Neither + of which (cansızlar ve hayvanlar için)

All

Much + of whose + noun (kişiler ve cansızlar için)

None

A number ….

In 1830, the US Army forced the Cherokee Indians to march 2,000 miles to Oklahoma.
Approximately fifteen thousand Indians were involved in this march, four thousand of whom
died on the way.

Many of the medieval buildings in Frankfurt on Main, Germany, were destroyed in WWII, one
of which was the birthplace and childhood home of the German author Goethe.
 REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

In 1599, two early drafts of sonnets 138 and 144 appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim,
published under Shakespeare’s name but without his permission.

Born in St. Louis, Missouri in the US, he moved to the UK in 1914 and was naturalised as a
British subject in 1927 at the age of 39.

ACTIVE  VING , HAVNG V3

The excellence of Singapore’s health care system has made Singapore the most important
centre for health care in the Asia-Pacific, attracting patients from all over the world.

Having died when she was world-famous, Princess Diana had a TV funeral watched by
millions.

PASSIVE V3 , HAVING BEEN V3

First observed in 1731 by John Bevis, the Crab Nebula was independently rediscovered in
1758 by Charles Messier.

Having been signed by both sides, the treaty was sent to the foreign affairs department.

ADJECTIVAL PHRASE 

Atatürk, the first leader of Turkish Republic, was born in 1881.

NOUN PHRASE 

Thomas More, both a lawyer and a philosopher, gained a reputation as a leading

Renaissance humanist.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 

The man on the brink of resignation would like to consult to a lawyer.

 The first, the fifth, the best, the most .. ,the only, the next, the last, belgisiz zamirler
(someone, something, nothing, … ) modal varsa kısaltma to ile yapılır.

William Dean Howells was the first author to bring a realist style to the literature of the
United States.
 ÖRNEK SORU:

There are nineteen rules - - - - literary art in domain of romantic fiction- some say
twenty two and in ‘’Deerslayer’’, Cooper violated eighteen of them.

A) governed
B) having been governed
C) to have been governed
D) to be governed
E) governing

Çözüm: Boşluktan önce bir isim verilmiştir. İsimle biten cümlecikler öncelikle ‘’relative clause’’ yapıları
ile takip edilmelidir. Seçeneklerde ‘’relative clause’’ kısaltmaları mevcuttur. Soru kökünde ‘’edebi
sanata hakim olan on dokuz kural’’ anlamı mevcuttur. Bu şekilde ‘’active’’ bir ‘’relative clause’’
kısaltması ‘’governing’’ şeklinde E seçeneğinde verilmiştir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

TYPE OF THE
IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE USE
CONDITIONAL

Simple present Simple present Fact in the present or

Type zero (Factual
future(Gerçekleşmesi
conditionals)
mümkün durum)

EXAMPLE If you boil water, it evaporates.

Present forms Will, may, might, Likely to happen in

Type 1 (Real Present or
could + V1 the present or
Future / Possible
future(Gerçekleşmesi
Condition)
mümkün durum)

If I study hard, I will pass YDS. / I might go abroad if I can save

EXAMPLE
enough money.

Simple Past / Would, might, could Imaginary

Type 2 (Unreal Present Past continuous + V1 situation(İçinde
or Future / Improbable bulunduğumuz anda
Condition) ya da geleceğe
dönük hayâllerimiz)

EXAMPLE If I were rich now, I would buy a bigger house.

 Past Perfect / Would, could, might Contrary to facts in
Past Perfect + have V3 the past(Artık
Type 3 (Unreal Past /
Continuous gerçekleşmesi
Impossible Condition)
mümkün olmayan
geçmiş durum)

If I had won the lottery last year, I could have bought a bigger
EXAMPLE
house.

Past Perfect / Would, could, might

Type 4 (Mixed Type) Past Perfect + V1
Continuous

EXAMPLE If I had won the lottery last year, I would be rich now.

Simple Past Would, could, might

Type 5 (Mixed Type)
+ have V3

If he weren't so rude, he wouldn't have treated us that rudely

EXAMPLE
at the party.

IF CLAUSE INVERSION

(Type 1) If you need help, … Should you need help

(Type 2) If I were you… Were I you

(Type 3) If they had told us Had they told us

…

WISH CLAUSES

FORM USE EXAMPLE

Simple past / past cont. Wish about a I wish I were in

could + bare infinitive present Istanbul now.
I wish / If only
situation(Günümüzle
ilgili dilekler)

I wish / If only Past perfect / past perfect Wish about a past I wish you had kept
 continuous / could have + situation (regret) my secret
Verb 3 (Geçmiş bir duruma
dair
dilekler:pişmanlık)

Would + bare infinitive Wish for a future I wish it would stop

change(Gelecekte raining.
değişmesini
I wish / If only
istediğimiz bir
duruma dönük
dilekler)

Note: Wish + present / future forms

A) IF

IF ZERO

Bilimsel gerçekler, değişmeyen durumlar, alışkanlıklar, tipik davranışlar, emir ve

talimatları koşul cümlecikleriyle ifade ederken kullanılır.

If SIMPLE PRESENT , SIMPLE PRESENT

Stream capture occurs if an upstream portion of one river drainage is diverted to the
downstream portion of an adjacent basin.

Please remember to include a title if you prepare an oral or written report.

If she sees her mother’s cardigan, she weeps.

IF TYPE 1

Belirtilen koşula bağlı olarak şimdiki ve gelecek zamanda gerçekleşmesi olası eylem ve
durumları ifade ederken kullanılır. REAL PRESENT AND FUTURE

Simple Present, Simple Future, Future Cont.

 IF Present Cont. , Future Perfect

Present Perfect, Present Modals (can, may, could,

might)

Present Modals (can, should, may) Imperative

If I see him in the afternoon, I will let him know the changes on the schedule.

If the baby is sleeping when we arrive, we won’t wake him up.

If the team has been working for more than twelve hours even before finishing the
excavations, the others will take their place right away.

Histosols are generally very difficult to cultivate due to the poor drainage, but they can
sometimes be used for fruit if carefully managed.

IF TYPE 2

Bulunduğumuz zaman dilimi içinde ya da gelecekte gerçek olmayan durumları

belirtmek ve bu durumun gerçek olduğu ya da olmadığı varsayıldığında ne gibi
sonuçlara yol açabileceğini ifade etmek için kullanılır. UNREAL PRESENT OR FUTURE

Simple Past Would

IF Past Cont. , Could Vı

Past Modals (could, had to) Might

I’ll be interviewed between 11- 12 o’clock tomorrow. That’s why, I can’t attend your
graduation ceremony.

I I weren’t interviewed between 11 – 12 o’clock tomorrow, I could attend your graduation

ceremony.

Sally doesn’t have pedagogical formation. She won’t be employed as a teacher.

If Sally had pedagogical formation, she would be employed as a teacher.

If I were you, I might invite her to the dancing floor.

If the board were to hold a meeting, we could learn more about the scandal and its
current consequences.

IF TYPE 3

Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş ya da gerçekleşmemiş eylem ya da durumların şayet

gerçekleşmemiş olsaydı doğuracağı sonuçları ifade ederken kullanılır. UNREAL PAST

Past Perfect Would have V3

IF Past Perfect Cont. , Could have V3

Past Modals (had had to, had been able to) Might have V3

The major powers were at war and therefore the conflict soon spread around the world.

If the major powers hadn’t been at war, the conflict wouldn’t have spread around the
world.

The gunpowder was invented in the 9th century in China. This discovery led to the
invention of fireworks, too.

If the gunpowder hadn’t been invented in the 9th century in China, it wouldn’t have led to
the invention of the fireworks.

His execution could have been avoided if he had confessed his partner’s name who
provided the drug and the weapons.

If there hadn’t been only one stairway in the gallery, less people might have been
suffocated from the smoke in the Brooklyn Theatre Fire.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Students ---- what to say and they get lost if teachers ---- them during a speaking
activity.

A) might forget / didn’t help

B) would have forgotten / don’t help

C) might forget / don’t help

 D) forgot / couldn’t have helped

E) have forgotten / will help

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen get lost present ifadesi ve a speaking activity (any speaking activity)
ifadesi cümlede bir genelleme anlamı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle might forget / don’t help
diziliminin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

MIXED TYPE

Mixed type if Clause’larda unreal (gerçek olmayan) durumlar ifade edilir. Bu yüzden
sadece If type 2 ve If type 3 ile yapılır. If clause’da verilen zaman ile result clause’da
kullanılan zaman daima aynı olmayabilir. Bu tip koşul cümlelerine mixed conditional
denir. Bu tip koşul cümleleri oluşturmak için gerçek durumu göz önünde bulundurmak
gerekir.

(past, present)

They weren’t able to finish constructing the undercrossing on time. Therefore, there is
much more traffic than usual.

If they had been able to finish constructing the undercrossing on time, there wouldn’t be
much more traffic than usual.

The people living in this area didn’t take the aesthetics values into consideration while
building their houses at the time. Now, the city is suffering from unplanned urbanization.

If the people living in this area had taken the aesthetics values into consideration while
building their houses at the time, the city wouldn’t be suffering from unplanned
urbanization now.

He might not go to the hospital very often now if he had had his health checked
previously.

(past, future)

He couldn’t get his holiday confirmed, so he is not going to France next month.

If he had got his holiday confirmed, he would be going to France next month.
The ambassador criticized the government harshly during the last congress. He is not
going to be invited to the New Year’s Reception.

If the ambassador hadn’t criticized the government harshly during the last congress, he
would be invited to the New Year’s Reception.

If you hadn’t lied to your mother about where you were yesterday, she would let you join
us tonight.

(present, past)

Michael Jackson is not alive. Therefore, his award was given to his children.

If Michael Jackson were alive, his award wouldn’t have been given to his children.

I’m not qualified enough for that position. Hence, they hired Melissa.

If I were qualified enough for that position, they might not have hired Melissa.

If I were you, I would have written a complaint petition to the management.

(future, past)

The board is to hold a meeting tomorrow. That’s why, I had to recheck all the sales
figures yesterday.

If the board were not to hold a meeting tomorrow, I wouldn’t have had to recheck all the
sales figures yesterday.

I bought her new book last week because there will be an autograph session of Aslı
Erdoğan in the bookstore soon.

If there weren’t an autograph session of Aslı Erdoğan in the bookstore soon, I wouldn’t
have bought her new book last week.

If Jane weren’t attending the linguistics department, she wouldn’t have gone abroad last
year most probably.

ÖRNEK SORU:

If it ---- for the fact that he is a millionaire, she ---- to him.

 A) hadn’t been / cannot get married

B) wouldn’t be / wouldn’t have got married

C) cannot be / might not have got married

D) wasn’t / wouldn’t have got married

E) won’t be / didn’t get married

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen “he is a millionaire” ifadesi ilk boşluğun Present zaman dilimine ait
olduğunu bildirir. If clause’da bağlacın bulunduğu yere Future ve would ifadelerin de gelemeyeceği göz
önünde bulundurulduğunda sadece C ve D seçenekleri üzerine yoğunlaşmak gerekmektedir. C
seçeneğinde verilen cannot be / might not have got married dizilimi if typeların hiçbir kalıbına
uymamaktadır. Bu nedenle D seçeneği mixed type olarak doğru yanıttır.

INVERSION IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

TYPE 1  should + subject + V1 + main clause

Should you greet your family members, you will probably use a language choice different
from the one you would prefer with your employer.

TYPE 2  were + subject + to V1 + main clause

Were you to perform a rigid application, this method could become very mechanical and
de-motivating.

TYPE 3  had + subject + V3 + main clause

Had Beckett not revolutionized drama in England and deeply influenced young dramatists
with his innovative use of the stage, he might not have been the leading proponent of the
theatre of his time.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- he express himself clearly and concisely, I’m sure most admission officers will
appreciate his application in a positive way.

A) If

B) Were

C) Should
 D) Had

E) When

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen he express ifadesi cümlenin devrik yapıda olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu
nedenle Should ifadesinin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

B) PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT) / ON CONDITION THAT / AS (SO) LONG AS /

ONLY IF

Bu bağlaçlar genelde aynı anlamda kullanılırlar ve “eğer / şartıyla / takdirde”

anlamlarına gelirler. If’e göre daha güçlü bir koşul ifade ederler.

Provided you study the language of the literary text, you can integrate the language and
literature syllabuses more closely.

It would be rather difficult to comprehend Jane Austen’s novels as long as we didn’t know
about the class system and the values of society in England at that time.

**only if “SADECE … OLMASI ŞARTIYLA” anlamına gelir. Cümle başındaysa kendinden

sonraki cümle devrik olur.

Only if a teacher incorporates shared reading and pair work while studying literature can
she develop learners’ feeling of connectedness with others.

C) UNLESS (IF NOT)

“Olmazsa, olmadıkça” anlamına gelir çoğunlukla Type 1 içindir. Uyarı anlamı içeren
ifadelerde tercih edilmelidir. Bu kullanımı only if ile de ifade edilebilir.

One of my colleagues states that unless literature is used in foreign language classrooms,
it will be harder to create good citizens.

D) SUPPOSE / SUPPOSING (THAT) / IMAGINE / IMAGINING (THAT) / WHAT IF

“Diyelim ki, farz edelim ki” anlamlarına gelirler. What if ya olursa anlamına gelir.
Genellikle yan cümleler soru cümlesi ile devam eder.
What if we didn’t submit the performance reports on time?

E) EVEN IF

“Olsa bile” anlamına gelir ve sonucun değişmeyeceğini bildirir.

Even if you have a class of children who have the same abilities, you may still have some
difficulties such as adaptation.

F) IN CASE / IN CASE OF (+NOUN)

“Olursa diye” anlamındadır, önlem ifade eder.

I will bring some books on didactic plays in case you are preparing for them.

G) WHETHER OR NOT

“Olsa da olmasa da” anlamındadır. Even if ile benzerlik taşır, sonucun hiçbir şekilde
değişmeyeceğini gösterir. İki ya da daha fazla seçenek olduğu zaman kullanılır.

Learners will express their understanding of what they have read and thought critically
about the text whether you explain the topic thoroughly or not.

H) AS IF/AS THOUGH

“Sanki, ..mış gibi” anlamına gelir. Çoğunlukla look, feel, smell, taste, seem, be, act,
appear, behave fiilleriyle kullanılır. Real ve unreal durumlarda kullanılabilir.

Every time I read this novel, I feel as if the author has inspired from real life.

I admire our instructor; he always gives the lecture as if he planned it beforehand.

I) IF SO/IF NOT

Bazen bir koşul ayrı bir cümlede verilebilir ve belirtilen koşulu if clause’da
tekrarlamamak için sadece If so ya da If not kullanılabilir.
Learners may have difficulties with the chapter due to its complicated presentation of
different characters. If so, teachers can use the activities given in the book.

J) WITH/WITHOUT + NOUN / Ving

İle, olmadan anlamına gelir.

Summarizing might be impossible without identifying the main ideas in the original text
and reflecting them to the reader in an organization.

K) BUT

I would have finished my doctorate, but the conditions were far from rosy at the time.

L) BUT FOR - IF IT WEREN’T / HADN’T BEEN FOR

But for eğer olmasaydı anlamına gelir ve arkasından noun ya da noun phrase alır.

But for your contributions to the university graduation ball, it wouldn’t have been that
good.

If it weren’t for “... olmasa / ... olmadan” anlamına gelir. Without ve but for ifadelerine
anlamca benzemektedir.

If it weren’t for your nasty attitude, we would still be staying in the dormitory now.

Geçmişten bahsetmek için If it hadn’t been for yapısı kullanılır.

If it hadn’t been for Shakespeare, British literature might not have been that rich.

M) OTHERWISE / OR (ELSE)

“Aksi takdirde, yoksa” anlamına gelir. Arkalarından clause (cümle) gelir.

Brontes Age was a chauvinistic one; otherwise, they wouldn’t have had to use male
pseudonyms.
ÖRNEK SORU:

---- you finish your e-mail with an expression like “regards”, it won’t be formal
enough.

A) Only if

B) In case

C) Supposing

D) Unless

E) Whether or not

Çözüm: Soru kökünde mailin formal olması için bir koşul (uyarı) öne sürülmüştür. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt Unless koşul bağlacının verildiği D seçeneğidir.

ÖRNEK SORU:

I think you didn’t support your lesson with outside activities last year; otherwise, your
students ---- more from interacting with other participants.

A) could have benefited

B) would benefit

C) might be benefiting

D) have benefited

E) benefited

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen last year zaman ifadesi boşluğa unreal past bir çekimin gelmesi
gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle could have benefited ifadesinin verildiği A seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
 WISH CLAUSES

Wish ve If Only yapıları dilek ya da pişmanlık ifade eder. Unreal durumlar için kullanılır.

 Present ve Future tenseler kullanılmaz.

I wish I could leave in the Victorian Age because of the period’s energy and
productivity.

I wish you had used more sentence connectors in this paragraph in order to
strengthen the meaning.

 Gelecekte olması beklenen bir eylem ya da durumla ilgili hoşnutsuzluk, yakınma ifade
ederken WOULD kullanılır.

I wish you would include the background knowledge to the text next time.

 Temel cümle ile yan cümlenin özneleri aynıysa would kullanılmaz.

She wishes she could be a more efficient reader. (would be … yanlıştır)

ÖRNEK SORU:

I wish our teacher ---- elaborating her own talk time; it almost always affects me
negatively.

A) might have stopped

B) could have stopped

C) was stopping

D) might stop

E) would stop

Çözüm: Soru kökünde özne farklılığı mevcuttur. Aynı zamanda değişmesini istediğimiz bir durum vardır.
Bu nedenle would stop ifadesinin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
NOUN CLAUSE

Subject Position:

What you are talking about doesn't concern me.

Subject Verb Object

Object Position:

I don't know whether she is coming with us or not.

Subject Verb Object

QUESTION WORDS USED IN NOUN CLAUSES

what how whatever

when how many whenever

whom how often whomever

where how long whoever

which / what kind of how much whichever

why how far wherever

whose however

who
 VERBS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY NOUN CLAUSES WITH QUESTION WORDS or
WHETHER / IF

know forget

want to know explain

wonder find out

remember figure out

believe determine

hear decide

ask demonstrate

show say

discover

USE OF NOUN CLAUSES WITH QUESTION WORDS and WHETHER / IF

After certain verbs(Bazı fiillerden sonra) I don't know whether / if she is coming to the
party (or not).

After certain adjectives(Bazı sıfatlardan sonra) I am not sure when the package will arrive here.

After adjective + preposition(Sıfat+edat I am curious about whether she will pass the
kombinasyonlarından sonra) exam (or not).

After certain nouns(Bazı isimlerden sonra) I have doubts if everything is going to be alright.

As the subject of the sentence(Cümlenin öznesi What I will order for the dinner depends on the
olarak) price.

In sentences starting with impersonal It is not obvious how he dealt with the matter.
"it"(Belgisiz ‘it’ öznesiyle başlayan cümlelerde)

USE OF NOUN CLAUSES WITH "THAT"

After certain verbs(Bazı fiillerden sonra) He alleged that the government would impose
 new taxes.

After certain adjectives(Bazı sıfatlardan sonra) I'm so happy that you are all here.

After certain nouns(Bazı isimlerden sonra) It's a miracle that the baby was so healthy.

After noun/noun phrase + be(İsim/isim The problem with my German is that I cannot
öbeklerinden sonra-özne tamamlayıcısı olarak) pronounce some of the words.

After impersonal "it"(Belgisiz ‘it’ öznesinden It is unfair that poor kids cannot wear new
sonra) brand clothes.

After "the fact"(‘the fact’ ifadesinden sonra) The fact that he won the elections doesn't
mean he is a good leader.

After certain expressions(Bazı isimlerden sonra) The announcement that the interest rates will
fall down sounds so unbelievable to me.

As the subject of the sentence(Cümlenin öznesi That I often wear these trousers doesn't mean
olarak) I'm poor.

SOME VERBS WE CAN USE WITH THAT:

 think  say
 believe  admit
 expect  argue
 decide  reply
 hope  agree
 know  claim
 understand  deny
 suppose  mention
 guess  answer
 imagine  complain
 feel  explain
 remember  promise
 forget  suggest
 allege  rumour
 I knew that I had seen her somewhere before.

Note: tell and some other verbs of saying must always have a direct object( ‘tell’ ve bazı diğer söz
aktarma fiillerinden sonra)

 tell

 convince

 persuade
  inform

 remind
 I tried to tell them that they should stop smoking.
SOME NOUNS WE CAN USE WITH THAT:

 Advice  idea
 belief  fact
 claim  advantage
 feeling  effect
 argument  possibility
 hope  chance
 promise  danger
 report  evidence
 guess  problem
 opinion  difficulty

SOME ADJECTIVES WE CAN USE

WITH THAT:
 pleased

 sorry

 happy

 unhappy

 sad

 excited

 glad

 disappointed

 afraid
 I'm excited that you're coming back.

İsmin yerine gelen cümleciklere noun clause denir. İsim cümlecikleri cümle içinde özne ve /
veya nesne konumunda bulunabilir.

Edward Gibbon’s great book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire informs
us that mankind’s predilection for faction, augmented by environmental and cultural
differences, is what determines history.

We can’t decide what to do at the weekend. Have you got any interesting suggestions?

It is believed that nothing can travel faster than electro-magnetic waves.

 THAT / THE FACT THAT

 Özne konumunda;

The fact that money alone, whatever form it takes, is unlikely to solve Germany’s
demographic problems is the hard truth.

The fact that you will take the examination will decrease my chance.

The fact that he had been visited by the police in connection with the recent crime was
denied.

 Nesne konumunda;

It’s long been known that bats use ultrasonic beams to follow insects through the dark.
It wasn’t until he refused to help her mother organize her aunt’s funeral that I realized
how selfish Jane is.

The widespread colonial and mercantile efforts of the Phoenicians meant that they
influenced cultures across the Mediterranean.

 Nesne konumundaki noun clause’da that atılabilir fakat özne konumundaki noun
clause’dan that kesinlikle atılamaz.

Everyone knows (that) Shakespeare’s topics were in a way commonplace but the way he
employed them in his plays and the language he used was much more different than any
other playwright did.

That informal speaking does not necessarily aim to transfer information whereas formal
speaking is transactional is stated by Nation and Newton.

That the driver succeeded in avoiding an accident was due to luck rather than judgment.

 Sıfatlardan, belli başlı fiillerden ve isimlerden sonra;

I’m glad that she has been able to recover from the deadly disease in just a few months.

It’s obvious that the government should take urgent measures against the alarming rate
of deforestation in the country.

It is advisable that you should consult a lawyer before signing the contract.
 İsimden sonra kullanılan that bir noun clause ya da bir relative clause başlatabilir.
Ancak noun clause’da kullanılan that isimle ilgili içerik bilgisi verirken relative
clause’da kullanılan that içerik bilgisinden ziyade isimle ilgili tanımlayıcı bir cümle
içerir.

Nowadays nearly everyone in the field of astronomy subscribes to the theory that the
universe started off in a hot, dense state at a given moment in the past, but the pace of
discovery has son glowed down at all.

He broke his promise that he would buy a car to his daughter.

The explanation that most of the parents notice the signs of stress on their children is a
little bit incredible.

 Preposition’dan sonra yer alan that clause için the fact that kullanımı zorunludur.

I am aware of the fact that he knows the secret about us.

The employers were all concerned about the fact that the new project would be
rejected due to the insufficient budget.

She is hopeless at the fact that her parents will unite again.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- he was tortured in his own country will be taken into consideration ---- his case for
asylum is heard.

A) where / how
B) the fact that / when
C) what / whichever
D) whom / that
E) whether / whenever

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ilk boşluk için özne, bölümünü doğru tamamlayacak bir isim cümleciği bağlacı
kullanılmalıdır. İlk boşluğun verildiği cümlecikte eksik bir anlam mevcut değildir. Bu nedenle düz cümle
bağlacı kullanmak uygun olacaktır. B seçeneğinde verilen ‘The fact that’ ilk boşluğa yerleştirildiğinde bu
kısımda anlam ‘Kendi ülkesinde işkenceye uğraması’ şeklindedir. Bu seçenekte verilen ‘when’ zaman
bağlacı da ikinci boşluğu anlamlı bir biçimde tamamlamaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
 NOUN CLAUSES-That-After Certain Verbs

acknowledge

add

admit

advise

allege

announce

answer

appear

argue

arrange

assume

assure

beg

believe

claim

command

complain

confess

confirm

consider

declare

decide

demand

demonstrate

deny
determine

discover

doubt

estimate

expect

explain

fear

feel

forget

guess

guarantee

happen

hear

hope

imply

inform

insist

know

learn

mean

notice

order

point out

predict

presume

pretend
promise

propose

prove

realize

recognize

recommend

remark

remember

remind

reply

report

request

reveal

say

see

seem

sense

show

state

suggest

teach

tell

think

threaten

understand

urge
warn

wish

wonder

ÖRNEK SORU:

Piaget suggested ---- children’s cognitive development is linked to language acquisition as

a system of symbols and ‘language can be used to represent knowledge ---- children have
acquired through physical interaction with the environment’

A) whether / which
B) when / whom
C) how / that
D) if / where
E) that / that

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen ‘suggest’ (öne sürmek) fiili ‘suggest that’ şeklinde ‘that clause’ ile
kullanılan bir yapıdır. Yani kararlı durum bağlacı gerektirir. Karalı durum (düz cümle) bağlacı ‘that’ E
seçeneğinde ilk boşluk için verilmiştir. Bu seçenekte ikinci boşluk için verilen ‘that’ ise cümlede
‘knowledge’ ismini niteleyen bir ‘adjective clause’ (relative clause) yapısıdır. Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.

WHETHER / IF

Yardımcı fiille başlayan soruları noun clause yapısına dönüştürürken whether ya da

if kullanılır ve soru cümlesi düz cümle formuna dönüştürülür. Whether ve if ile
birlikte kullanılan or not cümlede whether’dan sonra ya da noun clause sonunda
kullanılır ancak if ile yan yana kullanılmaz.

The issue under debate today is whether, for all its flaws, capitalism is the best
economic system man has yet invented.

Whether he will buy a Fiat or a Renault depends on his father.

He wanted to know if I could tell him the time.

 Or not ifadesinin cümlede kullanılması zorunlu değildir.

It’s not known for certain whether the elections will be delayed.
whether or not the elections will be delayed.
whether the elections will be delayed or not.
İf the elections will be delayed.
 İf the elections will be delayed or not.

NOTE: Noun clause özne durumundaysa ya da öncesinde preposition varsa If

kullanılmaz.

In the early years of the global warming debate, there was great controversy over
whether the planet was indeed warming.

Whether he was a good writer or not cannot be determined only by assessing his own
time and how many copies his books have been sold.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Any one wonders---- the newborn baby senses touch or experiences pain should watch
baby’s reaction to a heel prick for a blood sample.

A) whereby
B) that
C) whether
D) until
E) what

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen “wonder” fiili “ask” ve “want to know” fiilleri gibi “noun clause”
yapılarında soru sözcükleriyle kullanılması gereken bir fiildir. C ve E seçeneklerinde soru sözcükleri
verilmiştir. Ancak boşluktan sonra verilen cümleciğin özne ve nesnesi mevcuttur. Boşluktan sonra eksik
öğe bulunmadığı için doğru yanıt “-ıp, -ıpmadığı” anlamına gelen “whether” bağlacının verildiği C
seçeneğidir.

QUESTION WORDS

WHO, WHAT, HOW, WHERE gibi soru sözcükleri ile başlayan soruların noun clause’a
dönüştürülmesi için soru yapısından çıkarılması gerekir. Bu durumda, soruda
kullanılan soru sözcüğü noun clause’un başında kalır ve ana cümle ile isim cümleciğini
bağlar.

It’s hard to explain what makes Hong Kong so exhilarating.

In the past, it was not clear how proteins might be associated with membranes.

Marian persecution was indirectly responsible for what would become the most
scholarly Protestant English Bible, the translation known as the Geneva Bible,
prepared by English exiles in Calvin’s Geneva.
 ÖRNEK SORU:

In dramatic irony, the character unknowingly acts in a way we recognize to be grossly

inappropriate to the actual circumstances, or expects the opposite of ---- we know
that fate holds in store or says something ---- anticipates the actual outcome.

A) how / whether
B) which / when
C) whatever / how
D) that / where
E) what / that

Çözüm: Soru kökünde boşluktan sonra verilen ‘The opposite of …’ önemli bir ipucudur çünkü
‘Bildiğimiz şeyin tersi ‘ anlamını vermektedir. ‘Bu bildiğinin ne olduğu’ yönünde bir anlam taşımaktadır.
Bu nedenle ilk boşluk için ‘What’ isim cümleciği yapısı uygun olacaktır. E seçeneğinde ‘What’ bağlacı
verilmiştir. Bu seçenekte verilen ‘That’ ise soru kökünde yer alan ‘Something’ ifadesini niteleyen bir ilgi
zamiridir ( relative pronoun ). Bu nedenle doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.

 Özne sorularında cümle yapısı aynı kalır, ancak nesne sorularında değişir.

Who is going to be in charge of the Human Resources will be determined after the
board meeting.

Have you got an idea what on earth is happening here?

EVER WORDS

Whatever wins will be expected to take the rest of us for a meal.

The question of whatever the means justify the ends is often asked in political circles.

Whoever did this cannot be punished until after his or her guilt has been proved.
 ÖRNEK SORU:

It is believed ---- known as “Moses”, Harriet Tubman made 19 trips into the South
and, over a period of ten years, conducted approximately 300 people to freedom----
she went in the North without ever losing any of her charges.

A) whether / where

B) while / whomever

C) the fact that / when

D) if / how

E) that / wherever

Çözüm: Boşluktan sonra verilen cümlecikte öğe eksiği bulunmamaktadır ve believe kararlı durum
bağlacıyla birlikte kullanılması gereken bir fiildir.Bu yüzden ilk boşluk için “that” uygun olacaktır.İkinci
boşluk içinse kuzeyde “her nereye gittiyse” anlamını vermek gerekir. “That/wherever” diziliminin
verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

SUBJUNCTIVE

Gereklilik, önem, aciliyet, zorlama, hayatilik, ısrar, talep, tavsiye, öneri gibi anlamlar
taşıyan fiil, isim ve sıfatlardan sonraki noun clause’larda tüm özneler için V 1 ya da
should + V1 kullanılmalıdır.

Words Often Used with Subjunctives

Verbs ask, advise, beg, command, decide, demand,
determine, insist, order, propose,
recommend, request, require, suggest, urge
adjectives advisable, crucial, desirable, essential,
imperative, important, necessary,
obligatory, ridiculous, significant, urgent,
vital
Nouns advice, demand, desire, insistence,
instruction, must, necessity, obligation,
order, proposal, recommendation,
requirement, suggestion, wish
 It’s her father demand that she (should) graduate from a university.

They advise that cabbage (should) not be chopped with a knife.

GERUND & INFINITIVE

Gerunds

Fiil köküne –ing getirilerek oluşturulan ve isim görevi gören bir fiildir.

Scanning the passage before thoroughly reading will be helpful for you to understand what
the topic is.

Adults can multiply by many times the knowledge children absorb if they appreciate their
curiosity while simultaneously encouraging the children to learn.

An acorn, left to itself becomes an oak, and a geneticist altering its DNA to make it grow into
an elm may justly be said to have interfered with its natural course.

The witness finally admitted that he did remember having seen someone standing by the
entrance.

Use of Gerunds

in compound nouns word building, sightseeing, trouble making

as the subject of a clause Dancing is my favourite hobby.

as the subject complement The best thing after a hard day is having a
shower.

after certain words Melinda enjoys skiing.

after prepositions Instead of calling, he prefers texting.

after verbs with prepositions Success depends on being determined.

after adjectives with prepositions We are excited about going on holiday.

after nouns with prepositions She is on the brink of going into depression.

GERUNDS WITH SOME COMMON PHRASES

go + Ving (go swimming, go fishing)

spend / waste

sit / stand / lie

a waste of time / energy / money

It is worth / not worth + GERUND

It is no good / no use

There’s no point (in)

busy

have a good time/ trouble/fun/difficulty

can’t / couldn’t help / stand / bear / stop

feel like

I felt like bursting out of my skin, as if I was walking quickly downhill after weeks of uphill
trudgery.

It’s no good applying oil to the burnt skin as it is thought just a remedy of old times.

He was lying on the sofa indolently reading the journal and looked so indifferently to the
toddler on the carpet.

There is no point in hoping for a change after the committee has decided to shut down the
factory.

It is a waste of time trying to persuade her to marry you after you have cheated you.

Gerund – Object Position

VERB + GERUND

admit

adore

anticipate

appreciate

avoid

complete
consider

delay

deny

detest

discuss

dislike

enjoy

endure

envisage

fancy

finish

give up

hate

imagine

include

involve

justify

keep

mention

mind

postpone

practice

quit

remember / recall / recollect

recommend

report

present
resist

risk

suggest

tolerate

The government can’t envisage running a Yes for European Union without asking its nation.

We shouldn’t tolerate people’s acting blind to violence towards women.

I will always remember being humiliated during the meeting by the sales director.

Gerund After Prepositions

VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND

abstain from

adjust to / adapt to (into)

apologize for

approve of / disapprove of

argue about

believe in

comment on

complain about

concentrate on

consist of

deal with

decide on / upon / against

depend on / upon

dream of / about

insist on

participate in

plan on
succeed in

specialize in

talk about / of

think of

worry about

Sheila is thinking of moving her house to a neighborhood farther from her parents.

Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights is an American play about a young Jewish man who
insists on becoming a slave to an African-American law student as a personal penance for the
years of wrongs whites have done to blacks.

Joshua Reynolds, who depended on executing idealization of the imperfect, was an influential
eighteenth-century English painter, specializing in portraits and promoting the "Grand Style”
in painting.

TO AS A PREPOSITION

due to

owing to

look forward to

be / get used to

be / get accustomed to + Ving

object to

prefer Ving to Ving

in addition to

be opposed to

The Melting Pot implied that each individual immigrant, and each group of immigrants,
assimilated into American society at their own pace which, as defined above, is not
multiculturalism as this is opposed to assimilating and integrating.

It is usually best to first take the parrot out in a cage or carrier to let it become
accustomed to being outdoors.
VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION + GERUND

accuse somebody of

apologize to somebody for

arrest somebody for

blame somebody for

charge somebody with

complain to somebody about

congratulate somebody on

deter somebody from

devote oneself to

discourage somebody from

forgive somebody for

keep somebody from

prevent somebody from

punish somebody for

stop somebody from

suspect somebody of

thank somebody for

warn somebody about / against

They should keep their kid from eating fast-food so much.

If I were you, I would never forgive her for behaving me that rude.

I feel nervous when somebody warns me against getting married.

ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + GERUND

accustomed to
afraid of

angry at / about

appropriate for

ashamed of

aware of

capable of

concerned about

content with

crazy about / for

disappointed about / at

essential to / for

excellent in / at

excited about

famous / notorious / infamous for

fed up with

fond of

generous about

glad about

good / bad at

guilty about / of / for

happy of / about

interested in

jealous of

keen on

proud of

quick at

responsible for
sick of

similar to

sorry about

successful in

suitable for

sure of / about

surprised at

terrified of

tired from / of

worried about

Most people seem to be generous about helping; nevertheless, they are just trying to show
off.

Cleopatra is infamous for ordering the assassination of her own sister.

I’m sick of collecting the used glasses in the teachers’ room to the canteen.

NOUN + PREPOSITION + GERUND

advantage of

chance of

choice between

danger of

difficulty (in)

doubt about

excuse for

hope for

idea of

interest in

method of
need for

possibility of

problem of

reason for

risk of

technique for

the point of

way of

The outbreak of fire underground provided an excellent opportunity for enforcing a no

smoking rule.

One way of cutting down waste is to recycle such things as glass and paper.

Jane Tate will go far in the film world since she has a remarkable talent for depicting even the
most conflicting emotions.

PREPOSITION + NOUN + PREPOSITION

on account of

on the brink of

on the point of

on the verge of

in charge of

in danger of

in exchange for

in favour of

in return for

in the course of

in the middle of

in the habit of

in case of
for fear of

for the sake of

the point of

My sisters are in habit of wearing my jewellery.

He was on the verge of committing suicide because of his depression.

All I do is for the sake of earning money.

PASSIVE GERUND being V3

Being married now, you have more responsibilities.

PERFECT GERUND having V3

Having sprained my ankle yesterday, she now has difficulty in walking.

PASSIVE PERFECT GERUND having been V3

Having been transferred to another branch, he resigned.

ÖRNEK SORU:

The biologist I work with was bitterly disappointed ---- that her experiment hadn’t
produced the desired outcome.

A) finding out
B) having found out
C) on finding out
D) to be found out
E) to be finding out

Çözüm: Boşluktan önce verilen ‘’disappointed’’ sıfatı boşluğa gelebilecek ifadenin öncelikle ‘’infinitive bir yapı’’ ya
da ‘’noun clause’’ olabileceği ihtimali üzerinde durmamıza neden olmaktadır. Ancak seçenekler arasında ‘’to find
out’’ infinitive ya da isim cümleciği yapısı bulunmamaktadır. C seçeneğinde verilen ‘’on finding out’’ , ‘’when she
found out’’ cümleciğinin kısaltılmış halidir. ‘’Öğrenince ciddi bir hayal kırıklığına uğradı’’ anlamına katkıda
bulunabilecek ‘’on finding out’’ ifadesinin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

INFINITIVES
Fiilin başına “to” getirerek ya da fiili yalın halde kullanarak oluşturulan isim görevi gören
fiildir.

Use of Infinitives

As the subject of a clause To believe in aliens sounds absurd to me.

As subject complement Her biggest dream is to become a film star.

After preparatory “it” It is important to confirm your flight.

After certain verbs I want to speak to the manager himself.

After verb + object She would like me to make the opening

speech.

After certain adjectives She was hesitant to ask for a pay rise.

After certain nouns It’s a pleasure for me to meet you.

After question words She is asking how to get to the airport.

After “whether” I don’t know whether to go or stay.

As reduced relative clauses The first man to walk on the Moon was
dead.

After “too + adjective” It’s too hot to go shopping outside.

After “adjective + enough” You’re not old enough to ride bungee-

jumping.

To show purpose I go walking to / in order to / so as to lose

weight.

After “it + take + somebody + time” It takes me half an hour to get to work.

After subject + passive reporting verb They are said to live in Madrid.

To travel abroad is always exciting for me.

The case must be heard in private to decide his punishment.

This drug is used to prevent the microbes.

Ahmet taught them how to answer this kind of questions.

Dilara was happy to learn that she won the examination.

We decided to cooperate in the new research project.

Why did the Parliamentary candidate ask the electors to vote for him?

Today coffee prices are far below the required rate; hence, growers are unable to pay their
debts and cooperatives find it hard to survive.

To tell you the truth, I don’t know how to dance.

 Amaç bildirmek için for Ving de kullanılabilir ama bu kullanım genellikle bir aracın
kullanım amacını açıklamak için tercih edilir.

A microprocessor is a device for processing digital information and commanding YESs or NOs
to the digital devices.

INFINTIVE AFTER CERTAIN VERB

afford

agree

appear

arrange

ask

attempt

care

choose

claim

dare

decide

demand

deserve

endeavor

expect

fail
happen

hesitate

hope

intend

learn

manage

offer

plan

prepare

pretend

proceed

propose

promise

prove

refuse

seem

struggle

swear

tend

threaten

volunteer

wait

want

wish

The customers dare to change the items after they have worn them.

Some think that teachers deserve to earn more than others.

The detective has failed to find out who killed the old lady.
VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE

advise

allow

ask

beg

cause

command

convince

enable

encourage

expect

forbid

force

get

help

instruct

invite

order

permit

persuade

prefer

remind

request

teach

tell
tempt

urge

want

warn (not to)

The principal has warned all the teachers not to let the students cheat during the exams.

The interns asked the professor to instruct them to use the machine.

Many young ladies prefer to look like a model.

INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES

amazed

anxious

ashamed

bound

careful

(be / appear / look) certain

delighted

determined

eager

fortunate / lucky

glad

happy

hesitant

likely

pleased

proud

ready
reluctant

sad

shocked

sorry

surprised

Our grandmother was delighted to see us before her operation.

They were sad to learn their son was smoking.

The chairman was reluctant to accept the proposal of a reunion with a foreign company.

INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS

ability

attempt

chance

decision

desire

determination

dream

effort

goal

need

offer

opportunity

plan

permission

preparation

proposal
refusal

request

suggestion

tendency

wish

way

Protesting is one of the ways to express your opposition.

My dream to become an actor is about to realize.

The new employee’s offer to change the whole visual design of the building frustrated the
others.

PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE to be Ving

He seems to be working hard on a solution to the problem. Don’t interrupt him.

PASSIVE INFINITIVE to be V3

He was the first runner in Africa continent to be awarded in a marathon.

PERFECT INFINITIVE to have V3

Following a noticeable improvement in the general economic scene, unemployment too,

seems to have taken a turn for the better.

PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE to have been V3

This poem is generally supposed to have been composed in the fifteenth century, but some
people date it even earlier.

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE to have been Ving

Considering his knowledge about the scandal, he is thought to have been listening to the
manager room secretly.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Novel ---- as a new literary genre in 18th century but it still owes much ---- traditions
and works, literary and non-literary, from earlier times.
 A) is said to emerge / from
B) can be said to have emerged / to
C) has been said to emerge / on
D) was said to emerge / in
E) is said to have emerged / by

Çözüm: Soru kökünde yer alan ‘’18th century’’ ifadesi romanın bu yüzyılda (geçmişte) ortaya çıktığını
göstermektedir. Bu nedenle kullanılan infinitive / passive yapı ‘’past’’ anlam içermelidir. Ayrıca ikinci
boşluktan önce verilen ‘’owe’’ fiili ‘’bir şeye / birine borçlu olmak’’ anlamında ‘’to’’ edatı ile kullanılır.
Bu nedenle ‘’can be said to have emerged / to ‘’ diziliminin verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Although for our immediate purposes it is important ---- the novel from the romance,
the novel superseded the romance by, ----, incorporating some important elements of
the romance in itself.

A) distinguishing / at any rate

B) have distinguished / on average
C) being distinguished / by all means
D) to have distinguished / in advance
E) to distinguish / to certain extent

Çözüm: Boşluktan önce verilen ‘’important’’ sıfatı sorunun çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur. Sıfatlardan
sonra sıklıkla ‘’infinitive’’ takibi gelir. ‘’Infinitive’’ yerine ‘’that clause’’ da sıfatlardan sonra kullanılan bir
yapıdır. (It’s important that you be on time). Bu bilginin ışığında A,B ve C seçenekleri elenir. Cümle
anlam olarak bir genelleme (present) içermektedir. Ayrıca ikinci boşlukta da ‘’bir dereceye kadar’’
anlamı mevcuttur. Bu nedenle ‘’to distinguish / to certain extent’’ diziliminin verildiği E seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.

ÖRNEK SORU:

I rushed home only ---- my uncle was dead.

A) having left / learning

B) had left / having learnt
C) leaving / to learn
D) having left / learning
E) leaving / learnt
 Çözüm: Birinci boşluktan önce verilen preposition boşlukta bir ‘’gerund’’ kullanılması gerektiğini
göstermektedir. Bu nedenler B seçeneği elenir. İkinci boşluktan önce verilen ‘’only’’ zarfı ise ‘’infinitive’’
takibi gerektirir. ‘’Only + inf, never + inf’’ gibi yapılar cümlelerde ‘’and’’ anlamını verirler. Kriterlere iki
boşluk için de uyan c seçeneği boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde cümlede anlam ‘’ işten çıkınca eve koştum
ve amcamın öldüğünü öğrendim’’ şeklindedir. Soru köküyle yapı ve anlam olarak örtüşen bir dizilimin
verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

VERBS OF PERCEPTION

Eylemi baştan sona görüldüğü ifade ediliyorsa yalın halde fiil kullanılır. Fiil Ving yapısıyla
kullanıldığında eylemin bir kısmının görüldüğü ifade edilir.

hear

watch + V1

taste + Ving

feel

I always hear my neighbors shout / shouting at each other.

I saw her enter / entering to the bank this morning.

smell

find + Ving

catch

Can you smell something burning in the house?

My mother caught me smoking at the backyard.

Whenever I bump into her on my way to home, I find her asking money from another passer-
by.
 VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND OR INFINITIVE (DIFFERENT MEANING)

remember remember + Ving = geçmiş bir remember + to + V1= yapılması

olayı hatırlamak gereken bir şeyi

forget forget + Ving = gerçekleşmiş bir forget + to + V1 = yapılması

olayı hatırlamak gereken bir işi unutmak

regret regret + Ving = pişman olmak regret + to + V1 = ... için üzgün

olmak, - mekten üzüntü
duymak

stop stop + Ving = bir eylemi stop + to + V1 = başka bir şey

tamamen ya da bir süreliğine yapmak için durmak /
bırakmak durdurmak

mean mean + Ving = anlamına gelmek mean + to + V1 = niyetinde

/ içermek olmak

try try + Ving = işe yarayıp try + to + V1 = yapmaya

yaramayacağını görmek için çalışmak
denemek

propose propose + Ving = suggest propose + to + V1 = intend

(önermek) (niyetinde olmak)

dread dread + Ving = bir işin olması dread + to + V1 = belirli bir

ihtimalinden endişe duymak, durumun olma olasılığını
korkmak düşünerek endişe duymak

be sorry be sorry for + Ving = (apologize) be sorry + to (say / inform /

bi şeyi yapmaktan ötürü üzgün hear ...) + V1= gerçekleşmiş olan
olmak, özür dilemek bir durumu
söylemekten/duymaktan
üzüntü duymak

be afraid be afraid of + Ving= genel bir be afraid + to + V1= belirli bir

korkuyu ifade eder durumda bir şeyi yapılmaktan
çekinmek, korkmak

go on go on + Ving= bir işi yapmaya go on + to + V1= farklı bir

devam etmek eyleme geçmek, farklı bir
eylemi yapmaya başlamak
 VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND OR INFINITIVE (WITH SIMILAR MEANING)

begin

start

attempt

hate

like

love

intend

neglect

continue

*Bazı fiillerin ardından nesne geldiğinde “to infinitive” kullanılır. Fiilden sonra bir nesne yoksa
“gerund” kullanılır.

advise

recommend

allow/permit

forbid

encourage

Teachers are to encourage their students to work in pairs.

Teachers are to encourage working in pairs.

The officials have advised people to stay at home during the hurricane.

The officials have advised staying at home during the hurricane.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS
COORDINATING CONJUCTIONS (SIRALAMA BAĞLAÇLARI)

AND / BUT / OR / SO / FOR / YET / NOR

Bu bağlaçlar, benzer sözcükleri, sözcük öbeklerini veya bağımsız cümleleri bağlamak için
kullanılır.

Moral indignation over the slave trade grew so strong in the US that in 1808 the importation
of slaves was banned, yet new technology then made the slave labour more important than
ever before.

CORRELATIVE (PAIRED) CONJUNCTIONS (DENKLİK BAĞLAÇLARI)

BOTH ... AND / NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO / NEITHER … NOR / EITHER … OR

Bu bağlaçlar benzer sözcük veya sözcük gruplarını bağlar.

BOTH … AND (HEM … HEM DE …)

Özne konumunda kullanılıyorsa fiil çoğul olur. Cümleye kattığı anlam olumludur.

The councils develop both an economy and social institutions that are tailored to their own
natural resources and values.

NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO (AS WELL) (SADECE O DEĞIL, BU DA)

There had been no adequate history of the Crusades in English before, and Runciman broke
ground in the West for telling the story not only from a western viewpoint, but from that of
the Muslim and Byzantine worlds as well.

NEITHER … NOR (NE O … NE DE BU)

In spite of the swift industrialization of countries such as China and India, climate change is
neither any one country’s fault nor any one country’s responsibility.

EITHER … OR (YA O … YA DA BU)

Some parts of the country are either densely-populated or lack infrastructure systems such as
drainage.
WHETHER … OR (… OLSA DA OLMASA DA)

The environment, whether it is artificial or natural, is the most fundamental ingredient of the
tourism product.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- reproducing or altering ---- signing a false document or other instrument with
intention of defrauding others is forgery.

A) Neither / nor
B) Both / and
C) Whether / or not
D) Not only / but also
E) Such /as

Çözüm: Soru kökünde paralel anlamlı isimler (reproducing or altering / signing) verilmiştir. Boşluklara
paralel yapılar gelmesi uygun olacaktır. Bu durumda bir isim cümleciği yapısı olan ‘’whether …or not …‘’
ve örneklemede kullanılan ‘’such as’’ elenir. Soru kökünde ‘’dolandırıcılık’’ eyleminin tanımı verilmiştir.
Anlam olarak örtüşmemesi nedeniyle A seçeneğinde verilen ‘’neither…nor …’’ yapısı da elenir. ‘’Both…
and…’’ ve ‘’not only…but also…’’ anlam olarak birbirlerinin yerine kullanılabilecek yapılardır. (Hem…
hem de… / sadece bu değil o da …). Ancak cümlede yer alan ‘’is’’ yardımcı fiili nedeniyle özne
bağladığında çoğul fiil gerektiren ‘’both…and’’ bağlacının verildiği B seçeneği elenir. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt D seçeneğidir.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Bu bağlaçlar, yan cümle oluşturulurken bağlaç olarak kullanılan zarf ya da zarf gruplarıdır.
Bu bağlaçların bulunduğu yan cümleye adverbial clause denir. Yer, zaman, sebep – sonuç
gibi anlamlar ifade eder.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

When

While / As / Just as

After / Soon after / Until after

Before / Long before / Until before

Until / Till

As soon as / Immediately (after) / The moment / Once

Since (ever since) / Since before

By the time

As long as / So long as

No sooner … than

Hardly / Barely / Scarcely … when

Not until

Every time / Whenever

Actually, I try to keep out of her way because, whenever I do run into her, she pesters me for
a loan.

No sooner are moods more under the spotlight than in our most intimate relationships.

Accounts of the Victorian state of mind can be wildly contradictory when interpretations
focus on one side of this set of attitudes and exclude the other.

Once philosophers had started to put received wisdom to the test of rational examination,
another fundamental question rapidly became obvious: “How can we know?”

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES AND PREPOSITIONS SHOWING TIME

after

before

since

until

by + Noun / Noun phrase

during

up to

within

prior to

TRANSITION WORDS SHOWING TIME

First / First of all / To begin with / In the first place

Next / After that / Then / Afterward(s) / Later

Meanwhile / In the meantime

Henceforth / From now on

Finally

Soon

Bu geçiş kelimeleri iki cümleyi bağlar ve ardından virgül gelir.

During each heartbeat, both sides of your hearth relax to draw in blood and then contract to
squeeze blood either to the lungs or the rest of the body.

One of America’s most modern cities, Las Vegas didn’t exist before the 20th century.

The ex-managing director sent an e-mail including the documents proving the bribery in the
sales department before his resignation.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CAUSE & EFFECT

Ana cümledeki eylemin nedenini açıklayan yan cümleciklerdir. Neden bildiren ya

cümlecikle temel cümle arasında zaman uyumu olması zorunlu değildir ancak anlam
bütünlüğü olmalıdır.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT

as

for

since

because

seeing as

seeing that + CLAUSE

now that

in that

as / so long as
inasmuch as

on the grounds that

It’s because … that

Bu bağlaçlardan sonra cümle gelir. Bağlaçla başlayan cümlelerde iki cümle virgülle ayrılır.
Ana cümle ile bağlacın bulunduğu yan cümle yer değiştirebilir.

Mahmut Yesari’s Works bore little resemblance to other Turkish novels of the time in that his
female characters were wholly different than the Feride character of Çalıkuşu.

As an individual grows to maturity, he acquires a personal structure conditioned by the

position he occupies in the social system.

If there is only one bystander, your chance of being helped during an accident increases, as
he will think he must help immediately.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES EXPRESSING REASON (CAUSE)

because of

due to

owing to

thanks to Noun / Noun phrase /

on account of + Pronoun

as a result of the fact that clause

as a consequence of

in view of

in / by virtue of

with

In view of its subject matter, this folk song is probably familiar to everyone from this region.

Due to the dramatic increase of the population in the world, the need for better basic
standards in health is being highly demanded from the governments.

As a result of the changes in the school curricula, the students are to study at least 5 hours a
day.
SUBORDINATING CLAUSES EXPRESSING EFFECT (RESULT)

so … that CLAUSE

such … that CLAUSE

The idea that American Indians could have built something resembling a city was so foreign
to Europeans settlers that when they encountered the Cahokia Mounds in Illinois in Mid-west
America, they thought they must have been the work of a foreign civilization, either the
Phoenicians or the Vikings.

Solar energy is such an inexhaustible source that, since it causes fewer environmental
problems than do fossil fuels, it can be used to heat water and dwellings and produce plenty
of energy.

TRANSITIONS WORDS SHOWING RESULT

Therefore

Hence

Thus

Consequently

As a consequence

As a result , CLAUSE

Accordingly

Thereby

That’s why

For this reason

Between 1540 - 1660, Europe was racked by a combination of religious wars, political
rebellions, and economic crises. Hence, confidence in traditional structure social, religious,
and political authority was undermined.

Jane is a figure of an ambiguous class standing in Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre and,
consequently, a source of tension for those around her.
All parts of the world are likely to be negatively affected by the globally changing climate.
That’s why, human populations will vary greatly, which is dependent upon where and how
people live.

Today one third of the carbon dioxide (CO2) given off by burning fossil fuels enters the
oceans, thus reducing their naturally alkaline pH.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PLACE

Where / wherever / everywhere / anywhere

as far as / as near as

She is French Canadian, a seemingly amiable and flexible sort who can fit in wherever she
likes.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- aristocrats living in the North of the Alps, Italian aristocrats customarily lived in
urban centers rather than in rural castles and ---- became fully involved in urban
public affairs.

A) Different from / nevertheless

B) Along with / therefore
C) Due to the fact that / also
D) Unlike / consequently
E) Similar to / hence

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ilk boşluktan sonra tam bir cümlecik yer almamaktadır. Bu nedenle ‘’S + V’’ ile
kullanılan ‘’due to the fact that’’ bağlacının verildiği C seçeneği elenir. Cümlede verilen ‘’rather than’’
yapısı ‘’Kuzeyde yaşayan aristokratlarla’’ ‘’şehir merkezinde yaşayan aristokratların’’ aralarında bir
yönde fark olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle ‘’yanı sıra’’ anlamına gelen ‘’along with’’ ve ‘’benzer’’
anlamına gelen ‘’similar to’’ yapıları ilk boşluk için uygun değildir. İkinci boşluğa ise sonuç bildiren bir
geçiş sözcüğünün gelmesi cümleyi anlamca uygun tamamlayacaktır. Bu nedenle ‘’unlike /
consequently’’ diziliminin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION AND CONTRAST (ZITLIK VE
ÇELİŞKİ)

SUBORDINATING CONJUCTIONS SHOWING CONCESSION AND CONTRAST

Although

Though

Even though

Much as / though + CLAUSE

Whereas / while

No matter + question word

However + adj / adv

Adj / adv + though / as

Bu bağlaçlar cümleye “rağmen” anlamı katar. Beklenmeyen bir sonuç gerçekleştiğini ifade
eder.

What you say about the problem may be true in theory, although in practice it does not
contribute to the solution of the problem.

The pragmatic origins and uses of IQ tests have recently been emphasized, while the early
pioneers of intelligence testing were mostly interested in theoretical questions about the
nature of intelligence.

However aware the sufferer is, she cannot overcome the phobias because they are intense
and irrational fears.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- Harvey’s friend and patient Francis Bacon influentially elaborated the theory of
science, Harvey actually performed the kind of innovative experiment Bacon was
recommending.

A) Even though
B) Since
 C) Provided that
D) Inasmuch as
E) While

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen ‘’actually’’ zarfı ve ‘’Harvey’s friend and patient Francis Bacon’’ ile
‘’Harvey’’ özneleri iki cümlecik arasında bir zıtlık ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Özne farklılığı ve
cümledeki anlam iki cümlecik arasında bir ‘’taban tabana zıtlık’’ (direct contrast) ilişkisini
vurgulamaktadır. A seçeneğinde verilen ‘’even though’’ her ne kadar bir zıtlık bağlacı da olsa
cümlelerde ‘’unexpected result / conflict’’ (beklenmedik sonuç / çelişki) anlamlarını verir. ‘’Whereas /
while / whilst’’ grubu ise iki unsur arasında tam bir zıtlık ilişkisi kurar. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt E
seçeneğidir.

PREPOSITIONS & PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES SHOWING CONCESSION AND CONTRAST

Despite

In spite of + noun / noun clause / Ving

Notwithstanding + the fact that clause

In contrast with / to

Contrary to + noun / noun clause

Regardless of + the fact that CLAUSE

Different from + noun / noun clause

Unlike

For all + noun / noun clause / that clause

UNICEF is deeply committed to creating a world in which all children, regardless of their
gender or socioeconomic background, have access to free, compulsory and quality education.

Soon after the end of World War I, pioneers began to show that, contrary to popular opinion
long distance flights across oceans could be made in safety.

Not long after the Euro came into being in January 1999, Germany was mocked as being the
sick man of Europe, its economic fortunes in sharp contrast to the fast-growing countries at
the geographical borders of the new currency zone.

TRANSITION WORDS SHOWING CONCESSION AND CONTRAST

However, but ……. anyway

Nevertheless, on the contrary,

Nonetheless, quite the contrary,

but on the other hand / on the one hand,

yet instead,

Still rather

but … still even so

yet … still all the same

It might not be practical to use a different password for every single website that you log
into, but it is definitely worth having more than one for security reasons.

Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her
popularity; however, Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged
survivor, in an age when government was ramshackle and limited.

Patriarchy originally meant superioty of the father and used to be employed by sociologists
to describe family structures where father rather than the mother was dominant.

Walter Isaacson’s book on Einstein is one of the best books to describe not Einstein the
scientist, but Einstein the man.

ÖRNEK SORU:

Norman bishops, who held land and castles like the barons, wielded both political and
spiritual authority. The earlier Norman kings of England, ----, were often absentee
rulers, as much concerned with defending their Continental possessions as with ruling
over their English holdings.

A) similar to
B) because
C) however
D) furthermore
E) in the same way

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ikinci cümlenin öznesinden sonra boşluk verilmiştir. Dilbilgisinde bu şekilde
kullanılan yapılar geçiş sözcükleri (transitions)’dır. Seçeneklerde C,D ve E seçeneklerinde geçiş
sözcükleri verilmiştir. Ancak ‘’wielded both political and spiritual authority’’ ile ‘’as much concerned
with defending their Continental possessions…’’ ifadeleri arasında bir zıtlık geçişi ilişkisi vardır. Bu
nedenle ‘’however’’ ifadesinin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (AMAÇ)

Amaç belirten bağlaçlar ve edat öbekleri zaman bağlaçlarında da olduğu gibi ana cümle ile
yan cümlecik arasında zaman uyumunu gerektirir.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS EXPRESSING PURPOSE

So that

In order that

Lest + CLAUSE

For fear that

For the purpose that

In case

PREPOSITIONS & PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES EXPRESSING PURPOSE

So as to

In order to + V1

To

For fear of

For the purpose of + Ving

With the aim of

With a view to

Railroads were introduced in England in the 19th century, so that it would change the way
people lived and obtained goods across the country.

Cressida's father, the treacherous Trojan priest Calchas, asked the Greek commanders to
exchange a Trojan prisoner for his daughter, in order to get reunited with her.

In case of a war declaration the government recruited the high-ranking officials who had
retired back in the army.
 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER (DAVRANIŞ)

Bu yapılar cümlede benzetme yapmak, örneklendirmek ve “–mış gibi” ifadesini vermek için
kullanılır.

like +noun / Ving

as + noun / CLAUSE

(in) the way

as though + CLAUSE

as if

as if + to V1

Few poets could have drawn the attention of public as James Milton did with “Paradise Lost”.

Apart from the objections raised by those who regard all forms of gambling as evil, many
people believed, quite rightly, that the poor, who can least afford to lose the money but have
as little chance of winning as the rich would be more likely to buy a ticket.

John Wyndham’s The Day of the Triffids sounds like a warning note for scientists and
politicians who experiment with things they do not fully understand.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION (KOŞUL)

Bu yapılar koşul bildiren bağlaç ve edat öbekleridir.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS SHOWING CONDITION

If

Only if

Provided (that)

Providing (that)

On condition that

Supposing

In case + CLAUSE

In the event that

Whether or not

Even if

Unless

What if

Suppose that

As / so long as

PREPOSITIONS & PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES EXPRESSING CONDITION

In case of + noun / Ving

In the event of

A supermarket selling petrol would be doubly beneficial if it were resided in the city center
instead of outside the city limit.

The classes might be a lot better than they are if the social studies teacher were not so busy
with other interests.

In 1822, Sara Coleridge published an anonymous translation of a work by Martin

Dobrizhoffer in case it should be sold abroad.

TRANSITION WORDS SHOWING CONDITION

otherwise,

or else,

or + CLAUSE

If not,

If so,

Success in the long term will be measured not merely by the number of the trees planted but
by an improvement in the social environment; otherwise, there is no guarantee that the
forest once renewed will be allowed to serve its purpose.

You should keep a spare tyre in your trunk. If not, you will get into serious trouble in the
event of a flat tyre.

I don’t think I’ll get the promotion, but if so, I will ask if you and I can go on working with
each other.
 REINFORCEMENT (GÜÇLENDİRME)

In addition to

Along with + noun / noun phrase

Besides

As well as

In sculpture, an armature is a framework around which a sculpture is built, and it provides

structure as well as stability, especially when a plastic material such as wax or clay is used.

The writers of Chicago Renaissance condemned the loss of traditional rural values in an
increasingly industrial and materialistic society, besides the failure of the idea that hard work
would automatically bring material and spiritual rewards.

TRANSITION WORDS EXPRESSING REINFORCEMENT

Besides,

Furthermore,

In addition, + CLAUSE

Additionally,

Moreover,

What is more

In addition to being a personal relationship between two people, marriage is one of society’s
most important and basic institutions.

Emily was subsequently removed from the school, in June 1825, along with Charlotte and
Elizabeth. Elizabeth died soon after their return home.

During his life, Charles Dickens’ works enjoyed unprecedented fame; furthermore, by the
twentieth century his literary genius was broadly acknowledged by critics and scholars.

GENERALIZATION ( GENELLEME)

On the whole,

In general,

As a rule,

Mostly / in most cases,

To a certain extent / to some extent

Darwin’s great treatise The Origins of Species by the non-scientific public was critised in a
variety of ways. For example, some chose to assume that evolution was synonymous with
progress, but most readers recognized that Darwin’s theories natural selection conflicted
with the concept of creation.

On the whole, development in art has little direct connection either with the general
development of society or with its basic structure.

In the mournful Anglo-Saxon poem The Wanderer, the narrator, to some extent, speaks of an
attack on his people that happened in his youth.

EXCEPTION (İSTİSNA)

Apart from

Except for + noun

With the exception of

But

TRANSITION (GEÇİŞ)

As for + noun

With regard to + noun

As far as I’m concerned, + CLAUSE

Considering + noun, CLAUSE

EMPHASIS (VURGU)

As a matter of fact,

Actually,

Indeed, + CLAUSE

In fact,

To tell the truth,

Let alone + V1

EXAMPLIFICATION (ÖRNEKLENDİRME)

For example, CLAUSE

For instance, CLAUSE

General noun SUCH AS specific noun

EXPLANATION (AÇIKLAMA)

That is,

Namely,

In other words, CLAUSE

I mean,

Alternatively,

More specifically,

Apart from his winning personality, Wally Schirra’s great flight talent helped him to become
the only man to fly in all of NASA’s first three space programmes.

Queen Dido of Carthage tried to commit suicide. Indeed, this idea comes from the belief that,
in an unfair world, humans must try to find justice for themselves.

Most of the fears that we had when we were children are actually quite profound, but as we
grow older and become self-sufficient, the reality of fears diminishes.

As for Shakespeare, he was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest
writer in the English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist.
 REDUCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

AFTER

After I had completed my report, I handed in it to the secretary of the board.

Having completing my report, I handed in it to the secretary of the board.

Having been redecorated, the entire attic was modified as the study in the house.

BEFORE

Before students started the lesson, they celebrated their teacher’s birthday.

Before starting the lesson, the students celebrated their teacher’s birthday.

Before the viewers are able to watch the BBC’s exclusive programmes, they are supposed to
pay extra $ 100 for the cable TV.

Before able to watch the BBC’s exclusive programmes, they are supposed to pay extra $ 100
for the cable TV.

WHILE

While the family was watching the news on TV, they saw their relative being carried on a
stretcher after a car accident.

While watching the news on TV, the family saw their relative being carried on a stretcher
after a car accident.

WHEN

Upon learning the very high bill, he said he was sorry and wouldn’t able to pay it.

When added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid.

When sculpting the human figure, the armature functions much like the skeleton and has
essentially the same purpose: to hold the body erect.

When looking at a mackerel in the fish market, check the skin.

SINCE / BECAUSE / AS

Since he was influenced Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Shakespeare’s poems show the guilt and
moral confusion that stem from (result from) uncontrolled lust.

Influenced by Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Shakespeare’s poems show the guilt and moral
confusion that stem from (result from) uncontrolled lust.
ÖRNEK SORU:

Hicks and Streeten, - - - - four different approaches to the problem of measuring

development, conclude that there is no viable alternative to - - - - Gross National
Product at present.

A) having analyzed / use

B) who have analyzed / using
C) that analyzed / having used
D) having been analyzed / being used
E) analyzing / be used

Çözüm: İkinci boşluktan önce verilen ‘’to’’ edatı sorunun çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur. İngilizce’de
edatlardan sonra isim (noun / pronoun / gerund) kullanılır. Bu nedenle A ve E seçenekleri elenir. İlk
boşlukta anlam olarak ‘’active’’ bir fiil kullanmak gerekmektedir. ‘’That’’ zamirinin ‘’non-defining’’
cümleciklerde kullanılmadığı bilgisi de göz önünde bulundurulduğunda doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- about three miles, we came to a long kind of building, ---- of timber, stuck in the
ground, and wattled a cross; the roof was low, and covered with straw.

A) Travelling / having made

B) After travelling / which made
C) To be travelling / that is made
D) Having travelled / made
E) To have travelled / which was made

Çözüm: İkinci boşluktan önce verilen ‘’building’’ ismi sorunun çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur.
İsimlerden sonra test teknikleri gereği zaman kazanmak açısından seçeneklerde öncelikle bir ‘’relative
clause’’ yapısı aranmalıdır. Tüm seçeneklerde ‘’relative clause’’ yapıları ya da ‘’kısaltmaları’’ mevcuttur.
Ancak ‘’make’’ fiiliyle cansız bir unsur olan ‘’building’’ sözcüğünü nitelerken ‘’passive’’ yapı
kullanılmalıdır. Active yapıdaki A ve B seçenekleri elenir. C seçeneğinde verilen ‘’that’’ virgülden sonra
(non-defining relative clause’da) kullanılmaz. D ve E seçenekleri incelenirken; ilk boşluğa anlam ve yapı
olarak ‘’after’’ bağlacının gelmesi gerektiği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu bağlacın kısaltması olan
‘’having travelled’’ ve ‘’relative clause / passive kısaltması’’ ‘’made’’in verildiği D seçeneğinin doğru
yanıt olduğu görülmektedir.
DETERMINERS & PRONOUNS
QUANTIFIERS USED WITH OR WITHOUT "OF"

"Of" edatı ile birlikte kullanılanlar a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a (large) number of
/ a couple of / a (great) amount of / a great
deal of / a good deal of / a large quantity of /
the majority of / none of

"Of" edatı almayanlar no / every / a great many / a good many /

whole

Genel bir isimle kullanıldığında "of" edatı ile some / any / much / many / a few / few / a little
kullanılmayan ancak belirli (specific) bir isim ile / little / several / either / neither / each /
kullanıldığında "of" edatı alanlar enough

Belirli bir isimle kullanıldığında hem "of" edatı all (of) / both (of) / half (of)
ile hem de "of" edatı almadan kullanılabilenler

QUANTIFIERS USED WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Quantifiers used with singular Quantifiers used with plural Quantifiers used with
countable nouns (Sayılabilir countable nouns (Sayılabilir uncountable nouns (Sayılamaz
tekil isimler ile) çoğul isimler ile) isimler ile)

each some some

every any any

either no no

neither a lot of / lots of a lot of

many a plenty of plenty of

enough enough

all all

most most

none none

half half

a large / vast quantity of a large / vast quantity of

 many much

a few / few a little / little

a large / great number of a large / great amount of

a great / good many a great / good deal of

a number of

several

a couple of

a / the majority of

both

half

neither of

either of

each of

every one of

A large / a great / a small amount of

+ UNCOUNTABLE
A large / a small quantity of
(There is a large quantity of money in the drawer)
A good/ a great deal of
 PRONOUNS

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adj. Possessive Pro. Reflexive Pro.

I me my mine myself

You you your yours yourself

He him his his himself

She her her hers herself

It it its -- itself

We us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

They them their theirs themselves

Indefinite Pronouns

Person Thing Place

anybody anything anywhere

anyone nothing nowhere

no one everything everywhere

nobody something somewhere

everybody

everyone

somebody

someone

Reflexive Pronouns

Singular Plural

I … myself we … ourselves

you … yourself you … yourselves

he … himself they … themselves

she … herself

it … itself

indefinite pronoun one … oneself

PRONOUN

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

 Personal pronouns (şahıs zamirleri) (Subject & Object Pronouns) cümlede özne ve
nesne yerine kullanılırlar. Possessive Adjectives (iyelik zamirleri) sahiplik bildirmekte
olup devamında isimle kullanılırlar. Tek başına anlam ifade etmezler. Possessive
Pronouns (iyelik zamirleri) söz konusu nesnenin kime ait olduğunu bildiren
zamirlerdir. Devamında isim almazlar. Reflexive Pronouns (dönüşlü zamirler) cümle
içinde özne ve nesne aynı iken kullanılır. Bunun yanı sıra by edatı ile kullanıldıklarında
eylemin sadece o kişi tarafından yapıldığını vurgular. Öznenin ya da nesnenin
kendisine vurgu yapmak istendiğinde özneden ya da nesneden sonra kullanılırlar ve
bizzat, şahsen vurgusu yapmaktadır.

Virginia Woolf killed herself in 1941.

Having shown, under a previous head, that servants sold themselves, and of course received
the compensation for themselves, except in cases where parents hired out the time of their
children till they became of age 10, a mere reference to the fact is all that is required for the
purposes of this argument.

DEMONSRTATIVE PRONOUNS

 İşaret zamirleridir. Yakındaki nesneleri işaret ederken tekil ise this, çoğul ise these
kullanılır. Söz konusu nesne uzakta ve tekil ise that, çoğul ise those kullanılır. Bu
zamirler zaman içinde uzaklık – yakınlık belirtmek amacıyla da kullanılır. Cümlede
daha önce söz edilmiş bir ismi ya da isimleri tekrarlamamak için tekiller için that of,
çoğullar için those of kullanılır.

Your examination results are far better than those of last year.

Those were my worst memories of my life.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Person Thing Place

everyone / everybody everything everywhere

no one / nobody nothing nowhere

anyone / anybody anything anywhere

someone / somebody something somewhere

 Belgisiz zamirler daima tekil fiil ile kullanılır. Şahıs bildiren (one – body) özne olarak
kullanıldıklarında, bunlara gönderme yapan zamirler tekil ya da çoğul (he, she, they)
olabilir. Any ile oluşturulan belgisiz zamirler olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde hiç
anlamında kullanılır ve özne konumuna getirilemezler. Eğer any ile oluşturulan
belgisiz zamirler herhangi anlamında kullanılacaksa olumlu cümlede ve hatta özne
konumunda kullanılabilirler. No ile başlayan belgisiz zamirler hiç anlamında olumlu
yapıda ama olumsuz anlamdaki cümlelerde kullanılırlar. No ile başlayan belgisiz
zamirlerde cümlenin devamında tekrar belgisiz zamir kullanılacaksa any ile başlayan
belgisiz zamirler kullanılır. Nowhere cümle başına geldiğinde cümleyi devrik yapar.
Belgisiz zamirler kendilerinden sonra else (başka) sözcüğü ile kullanılabilir. Belgisiz
zamirler isimlerden farklı olarak kendinden sonra sıfat alır.

No one here is really saying they do — problem is that “they” are expecting or demanding
non-Mexican Americans to give up “theirs” for a day.

As soon as the lights went out, we all knew that something exciting was about to happen.

Nowhere have I eaten such a tasty dessert!

FORMS OF OTHERS

ANOTHER

 Bir diğeri, bir başkası anlamında tekil isimle sıfat olarak ya da isim olarak tekil fiille
kullanılır. Zaman, para, mesafe birimlerinde another daha anlamında çoğul isim alır.

In hay fever, the symptoms vary from one patient to another, and treatment will also vary.

There are some 400 kilometers to İstanbul.

OTHER

 İki ya da daha fazla özne veya nesneden söz ederken sadece sıfat olarak kullanılır ve
daima çoğul isim alır.

While some like instant coffee, other people prefer Turkish coffee.
OTHERS

 İki ya da daha fazla özne veya nesneden söz ederken sadece zamir olarak kullanılır ve
daima çoğul yüklem alır.

That kind of people are so arrogant that they don’t care about others’ feelings.
THE OTHER

 Belirli sayıda kişi ya da nesnelerden söz ederken sona ya da geriye kalanı ifade etmek
için diğeri anlamında kullanılır. Zamir olarak kullanılabildiği gibi tekil ya da çoğul isim
alabilir.

There are four journals on the shelf. One is on science. Another is on art. The other is on
tourism.
THE OTHERS

 Belirli sayıda kişi ya da nesnelerden söz ederken sona ya da geriye kalanları ifade
etmek için diğerleri anlamında kullanılır. Daima zamir olarak kullanılır, ardından isim
gelmez.

While 345 people were killed in the disaster, the others were rescued with the life-boats.
EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHER

 Birbirleri / birbirlerini anlamında genellikle aynı anlamda kullanılırlar.

A structural formula is a chemical formula that slows how the atoms are bonded to each
other in a molecule.
EVERY OTHER

 Kendisinden sonra tekil sayılabilen bir isim alır her iki seferde bir anlamı verir.

You can run into a newsagent’s every other corner.

ONE AFTER ANOTHER / ONE AFTER THE OTHER

 Art arda, sırayla, teker teker anlamına gelirler.

The Prime Minister answered the questions one after another.

ÖRNEK SORU:

For our ordinances and rites, we have two very long and fair galleries: in one of ---- we
place patterns and samples of all manner of the rarer and excellent inventions; in ----
we place the statues of all principal inventors.
 A) these / the other
B) them / another
C) it / the other one
D) those / the others
E) all / others

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ‘’two’’ rakamı verilmiştir. İki unsurdan söz edileceği anlaşılmaktadır. Sınavlarda
artık klişe olmuş ‘’one. . . the other’’ tamlamasının verildiği A seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- approach that language is learned through children’s interaction with the world or
with ---- is called social interactionist theory.

A) the / others
B) - / another
C) none / the other
D) few / each other
E) a great deal of / some other

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ilk boşluktan sonra verilen ‘’approach’’ ismi sayılabilen tekil bir isimdir.
Sayılabilir çoğullarla kullanılan ‘’few’’ miktar ifadesinin verildiği D seçeneği elenir. Sayılamaz isimlerle
kullanılan ‘’a great deal of’’ un yer aldığı E seçeneği de elenir. C seçeneğinde verilen ‘’none’’ ‘’of’’lu
tamlamalarda kullanılır. Bu nedenle C seçeneği de soru köküyle örtüşmemektedir. İlk boşluk için ‘’the’’
tanımlığının kullanımını gerektirmektedir. Ayrıca ‘’çocuğun dünyayla ve diğerleriyle ilişkisi’’anlamında
‘’others’’ifadesi ikinci boşluk için uygun olacaktır. Bu nedenle ‘’The / others’’ diziliminin verildiği A
seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

DETERMINERS

ARTICLES A / AN / THE

Indefinite Articles A / An

 Bir nesnenin ne olduğunu ifade ederken ya da kişilerin mesleğini söylerken;

This is a spoon, not a fork!

  Kişi hakkında adından başka pek bir şey bilmiyorsak kullanılır.

Mr Jason, there’s a Ms Brown on the phone for you. She insists on talking to you.

 Sayılabilir tekil isimleri bu şekilde belirtisiz nesne biçiminde kullanırken, tek başlarına
kullanamayız. Mutlaka a / an ile kullanılmalı. Sayılabilir çoğul isimler ve sayılamaz
isimler ile genel anlamda kullanıldıklarında, tek başlarına kullanılırlar.

My sister and I are teachers.

I like oranges.
Money can’t be a solution to every problem.

 Sayılabilir çoğul bir ismi ya da sayılamaz bir ismi genelin içinde bir grup, bir miktar
ifade edecek şekilde kullanılırken, her ikisi için de SOME kullanabiliriz. Some + plural
noun çoğul fiil ile; some + uncount noun tekil bir fiille kullanılır.

Some people like power excessively.

There is some yoghurt in the fridge.
You should have some experience for this position.

Definite Article The

 Belirli bir nesneden söz ediyorsak the kullanılır. Sayılabilir tekil ya da çoğul ve
sayılabilir isimlerin hepsiyle kullanılır.

Yesterday, I bought a shirt and a sweater. The shirt was reasonably cheap, but the sweater
was rather expensive.
She served us rice and fish at the dinner last night. The rice was really tasty, but the fish
wasn’t very well-cooked.
The Windsor Castle, occupying an area of 287 hectares, is among the most beautiful royal
residences in Europe.

 Kullandığımız ifadede dinleyici için net olmayan, bilinmeyen bir nesne ya da kişiden
söz ediyorsak a / an kullanılır. Ancak hangi kişiden ya da nesneden söz ettiğimiz
ifademizde belli oluyorsa the kullanılır.

She was reading a journal when I went to see her.

She was reading the journal I’d given her when I went to see her.
Can you give me an orange out of the bowl?
Can you give me the orange just at the top?

 Konuşmanın geçtiği ortamdaki nesnelerden söz ederken the kullanılır.

Just a reminder! Turn off the light before you go to bed. (the light in this room)
Can you give me a lift to work?

 Dünyada ya da belli bir ortamda tek olan şeyler için the kullanılır.

What is the biggest sea in the world?

The only person he can trust is his father.

 Breakfast, lunch, dinner ile normalde article kullanılmaz.

I usually eat lunch at 1 o’clock.

 Ancak bu sözcükleri bir sıfat tamlamasında kullanıyorsak a / an; specific olarak

kullanıyorsak the kullanılır.

We had a wonderful dinner together.

The breakfast we had at that restaurant was awful.

NOTE: meal ile a kullanılır. Ancak specific anlamda the kullanılır.

After the meeting, we went to a cafe and had a meal together.

I haven’t seen him since the meal we had with his relatives.

 Cinema, theatre ve radio ile the kullanılır.

 Sea, sky, ground, country/countryside (taşra, kır) ile the kullanılır.

There are black clouds in the sky.

I’d like to own a house by the sea.
He bought a house in the country after his retirement.

 Space (uzay) anlamındaysa the yok, boş yer, boşluk anlamındaysa the kullanılır.
  Sayılabilir tekil bir isim the ile bütün bir türü ifade edebilecek şekilde kullanılabilir.
The whale is the largest mammal.

ya da;

Whales are the largest mammals.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- philosophy was a type of literature in the 17th century, not ---- specialized
discipline of its own and Francis Bacon is the most famous representative of
philosophical writers.

A) - / a
B) the / the
C) a / some
D) some / a
E) any / the

Çözüm: Soru kökünde verilen ‘’philosophy’’ ismi zaten bilinen bir isimdir. Önünde tanımlık kullanmaya
gerek yoktur. İkinci boşluktan sonra verilen tamlama nedeniyle ‘’a’’ kullanılması uygun olacaktır. Bu
nedenle doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.

QUANTIFIERS

ANY / MANY / MUCH / SOME / A L OT OF / LOTS OF / NO

 Any, some, a lot of, lots of hem sayılabilir (count) hem de sayılamaz (uncount) ile
kullanılabilir. Many count ile much uncount nouns ile kullanılır.

A confusing narrative and too much commentary on socialite culture make the novel rise
and shine.

 Olumsuz cümlede not any yerine no kullanabiliriz.

There are no wild animals in this forest.

 There aren’t any wild animals in this forest.

 Any olumluda herhangi bir, istediğin anlamı taşıyabilir. Any + singular count noun
gelebilir.

“Which suit should I wear to the party?” “You can wear any suit you like.”

 some + count plural noun / some + uncount

There are some people. / There is some milk.

We have some 200 liras to afford the cardigan we saw in the shop yesterday.

 Some, bilinmeyen ya da konuşmacı tarafından önemli olmayan bir kişi ya da

nesneden söz ederken sayılabilir tekil isimle kullanılabilir.

Elif’s talking to some guy over by the fireplace. (bir adamla)

“Where did you get those glasses?” “Some shop in the city center.” (bir dükkandan)

 someday  genellikle geleceğe ilişkin gelecekte bir gün

 some days  bazı günler

 A lot of / lots of genellikle olumluda hem count hem de uncount da kullanılır.

Olumsuzlarda ve soruda many ve much tercih edilir.

“Were there many people in the queue?” “Yes, there were a lot of / lots of / many
people in the queue.” ya da “No, there weren’t many people.”

 Many + a + singular noun ( many a person, many a scientist, many a folk song) birçok,
pek çok anlamındadır. Tekil fiille kullanılır.

Many a horror movie is based on a vampire or ghost legend.

Many a child grows up devoid of affection.

 Too much, too many aşırılık bildirir, olumlu cümlede kullanılır.

There is too much noise in big cities.

There are too many people at the party.
  Miktar sorarken how much uncount için, how many count için kullanılır.
 some, any, many, much of’lu bir tamlamada kullanılırken ismin önünde my, your, the,
these, those, vb gibi bir sözcük kullanmamız gerekir.

Some students
Some of the students in this class
Many children
Many of the children in our street
Much money
Much of the money

 A lot / lots’dan sonra isim varsa of’lu kullanılır.

A lot of people
Lots of people

 of’lu tamlamada çoğul isim yerine zamir olarak us, you, them, these ve those;
sayılamayanlar için ise it, that, this kullanılabilir.

Some of us
Many of them
Any of you
Much of it

FEW / A FEW / LITTLE / A LITTLE

 A few ve a little olumlu anlam taşır; az ama yeterli. Few ve little olumsuz anlam taşır;
az ve yetersiz. Only a few / little ve very few / little aynı anlamı verir.

I have a few close friends in İzmir.

I have few friends in İzmir, so I feel lonely from time to time.
In Kuwait, foreign companies are presently taxed at 55 per cent of profits, whereas
the Kuwaitis themselves pay little or no tax depending on their status.

 Bu sözcükleri ismin önünde the, my, this, his, these vb gibi sözcüklerle kullanarak of’lu
tamlamada kullanabiliriz.

few people  general

 few of the people living in big cities  specific
A few of the information he gave could have been found in any encyclopedia.

 Too / so little ve too / so few çok az anlamda.

ÖRNEK SORU:

His lecture’s being highly complicated and difficult resulted in ---- people capable of
understanding or following it.

A) few
B) lesser
C) little
D) a few
E) many

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ‘’dersin çok karmaşık ve zor olduğundan’’ söz edilmiştir. Bu durumda dersi hem
az hem de yetersiz sayıda insanın anlayabildiği sonucunu çıkarabiliriz. Cümlede yer alan olumsuz anlam
nedeniyle doğru yanıt ‘’few’’ miktar belirtecinin verildiği A seçeneğidir.

MOST / SEVERAL / PLENTY OF / ENOUGH

 Most, plenty of, enough  count ve uncount ile kullanılabilir.

 Most, pek çok, çoğu anlamında of’lu tamlamalarda kullanıldığında the, my, his, these,
that vb önüne gelebilir.

Most people  general

Most of the people in Istanbul  specific
Most of the information in that book
After the colonial settler period and American independence from Britain, North-
western Europe supplied over two-thirds of episodic US immigration for most of the
nineteenth century.

 Plenty’den sonra isim geliyorsa arada of kullanılır. Yeterinden fazla, bol bol anlamını
verir.

We have plenty of time.

There were plenty of vegetables at home.
  Enough’dan sonra normalde of gelmez. Ancak specific bir isim kullanılmışsa enough
ile ismin arasına of gelir.

We have enough money.

Take just enough of this flour as necessary.
The United States is a large oil producer, but it doesn’t produce enough to satisfy its
home market.

 Several birkaç, bazı anlamını verir ve sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle kullanılır. Eğer specific
bir isim kullanılırsa, several’dan sonra of gelir.

There were several houses in the valley. (birkaç)

He failed for several reasons. (bazı)
He borrowed several of my books. (birkaçını, bazılarını)
Several of the houses in the slum area were pulled down the other day. (birkaçı,
bazıları)
Garnet has been used by human beings for several different purposes since the Bronz
Age.

ALL / WHOLE / NONE / HALF

 All + count singular / count plural / uncount

All people / all nations / all students

 Specific bir isimle kullanıldığında all’dan sonra of kullanabiliriz. Of kullanmadan da

specific bir isim kullanmak mümkündür. Özellikle sayılabilir tekil isimlerle
kullanıldığında of genellikle kaldırılır.
All (of) my students
All (of) this money
All (of) the information I was given
All (of) the people in the world
All my life
All the book
All the house
All of us  we all (özne olarak), us all (nesne olarak)
All of them  they all (özne olarak), them all (nesne olarak)
 All of it  it all
The class’ Latin instructor inquired whether all of them were ready for their summer
holiday.

 Whole daha çok count singular ile tüm / bütün anlamındadır. The, my, his, this gibi
sözcükler all’dan sonra; whole’dan ise önce gelir.

The whole house  all the house

My whole life  all my life
The whole book  all the book
This whole chapter  all this chapter

 A whole ..  bütün bir

He ate a whole chicken on his own.

 All ve whole zaman sözcükleriyle de kullanılır ve the almaz.

all year, all day, all night ama;

the whole year, the whole day, the whole night

 None; hiçbiri, hiç demektir. Sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle ve uncountlarla kullanılabilir.

“How much money do you have?” “None.”

“How many applicants are there?” “None.”
None of these books
None of this money
None of them
None of it
None of you
None of these books IS / ARE mine.
None of his relatives WERE / WAS helpful.

Fakat;

None of this information IS accurate.

None of the fruit WAS washed.
 As none of our employees can afford cars of their own, they all have to rely on public
transport.

 Half; yarısı anlamında kullanılır. Half + count singular, count plural, uncount

Half (of) the students

Half (of) this money is yours.
Half (of) the work has been completed.
Half (of) the students were against taking the exam that day.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- of the questions the interviewer asked during the interview were ---- what we all
expected.

A) No / rather
B) Any / about
C) Both / that
D) Each / those
E) None / quite

Çözüm: ‘’No’’ ‘’of’’ tamlamasıyla kullanılmayacağı için A seçeneği elenir. Soru kökünde verilen ‘’were’’
‘’plural’’ fiili nedeniyle ‘’each’’ ifadesini içeren D seçeneği de elenir. B seçeneğinde verilen ‘’any’’
belirteci ‘’hiç’’ anlamında olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır. Cümle olumlu olduğu için bu seçenek de
elenir. Soru kökünde söz edilen soruların iki tane olduğuna dair bir bilgi verilmemiştir. Ayrıca C
seçeneğinde ikinci boşluk için verilen ‘’that’’ ‘’questions’’ çoğul ifadesini karşılamaz. Bu nedenle C
seçeneği de elenir. Boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde ‘’Soruların hiç biri tam beklediğimiz gibi değildi’’
anlamını veren ‘’none / quite’’ diziliminin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.

BOTH / EITHER / NEITHER

 İki şeyden söz ederken kullanılır.

Both her ikisi de
Neither hiçbiri
Either ikisinden biri

Both of my parents
Both of us  we both, us both
Both of them they both, them both
  Either ve neither tek başına kullanılabilir ya da kendilerinden sonra count singular
noun gelir.

“Which of these apples would you like?” “I can take either. /either apple.)
“Which of those two girls is your friend?” “Neither / neither girl is my friend.”

ONE / EACH / EVERY

 Hem sıfat hem zamir olarak kullanılır. Every ise sadece sıfattır ve kendinden sonra
mutlaka isim gelir. Each her iki ya da daha fazla öğeden oluşan gruplar, every ise üç ya
da daha fazla öğeden oluşan gruplar için kullanılır.

Each student has to prepare a term paper.

Every student has to prepare a term paper.
Each will bring something to eat.
George Eliot’s almost every novel has been held in high regard for its literary style and
the clarity of its thought.

 Hepsi, tümü anlamını verdiği için every almost, nearly, practically gibi sözcüklerle
kullanılabilir. Each bu biçimde kullanılmaz.

Almost every teacher ya da almost all the teachers

Five years into the twenty-first century, US law still allowed the world’s highest level
of legal immigration, nearly a million annually, most of it non-white and non-
Western.

 One / only one, each ve every specific bir isimle oflu bir tamlamada kullanılabilir.

One of the students was late today.

Each one of the children is going to be given a prize.

 Everyone  everybody every one of + plural noun

Every one of the exam papers was checked carefully.

 A number of
 A great / large / small number of
 A great / good many
 Loads of / a load of
 Quite a few
Sayılabilir çoğullarla.
 A large / a great / a small amount of
 A large / a small quantity of
 A good / a great deal of
Sayılamayan isimler.

ÖRNEK SORU:

---- human language is capable of producing ---- sentences.

A) every / plenty
B) each / many a
C) all / a lot of
D) any / a great number of
E) no / several

Çözüm: Soru kökünde ilk boşluktan sonra verilen ‘’human language’’ ifadesi sayılamaz tekil bir ifadedir.
Bu nedenle çoğul ifadelerle kullanılan ‘’all’’ miktar belirtecinin verildiği C seçeneği elenir. İkinci
boşluktan sonra verilen ‘’sentences’’ ismi çoğul bir isimdir. Tekil ifadelerle kullanılan ‘’many a’’ miktar
belirtecinin verildiği B seçeneği de elenir. A seçeneğinde verilen ‘’plenty’’ ‘’of’’ ile birlikte kullanılır bu
yüzden bu seçenek de elenir. E seçeneğinde verilen ifadeler boşluklara yerleştirildiğinde cümleyle
anlamca örtüşmemektedir. Bu nedenle; bu cümlede ‘’herhangi bir’’ anlamında kullanılan ‘’any’’ ve
‘’çok sayıda’’ anlamındaki ‘’a great number of’’ miktar belirteçlerinin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.