8

Science
Quarter 2-Module 1:
Week 1, Faults and Earthquakes
Science – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Faults and Earthquakes
Earthquakes
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

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Telephone Nos.: Development Team of the Module
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Dr. Gemma A. Bendebel, Principal II, Zapatera National High School
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ii I, Tagba-o National High School
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Sr., MNHS

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Management Team: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent

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Dr. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS LRMDS
 8
Science
Quarter 2-Module 1:
Week 1, Faults and
Earthquakes
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
COVER PAGE i
COPYRIGHT PAGE ii
TITLE PAGE iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

Lesson 1 – Fault and Earthquakes 1

What I Know 2
What’s In 3
What’s New 4
What is It 12
What’s More 15

What I Have Learned 16

What I Can Do 17
Assessment 17
Additional Activities 19

References 20

i
 Lesson
1 Faults and Earthquakes

Quarter : Second Quarter

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the
the relationship between faults and earthquakes.
Performance Standard : The learners should be able to participate in decision
making on where to build structures based on
knowledge of the location of active faults in the
community
Competency : The learners should be able to explain how movements
along faults generate earthquake. (S8ES-IIa14)

Duration : Week 1
Topic : Faults and Earthquakes

What I Need to Know

Earth is said to be a dynamic planet with inevitable and continuous change observed
in the surface caused by the high temperature and pressure of the inner layers of the Earth.
With these changes, natural calamities occur like earthquakes that put possible risks to
human’s lives. In this module, we will be guided by the activities as we get to more about
earthquakes and its relationship to faults. In order to grasp understanding of this concept,
let’s be guided by the learning goals in this session below.

Objectives

1. Describe faults and its parts.

2. Differentiate the types of fault.
3. Explain how faults causes earthquakes.

1
 What I Know
Pre-assessment

Multiple Choice. Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the break in the Earth’s crust where significant event occur?
A. epicenter B. fault C. focus D. zero

2. What refers to the exposed fault plane of a fault when one fault block moves
up relative to a block on the opposite side?
A. fault B. fault line C. fault scarp D. uplifted bock

3. What type of fault is observed when the hanging wall is displaced upward relative
to the footwall?
A. normal fault C. left-lateral strike-slip fault
B. reverse fault D. right-lateral strike-slip fault

4. Which of the following is NOT a type of stress?

A. compression B. shear C. sliding D. tension

5. Which of the following stress pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions?
A. compression B. deformation C. shearing D. tension

6. What is the force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume ?
A. aftershock B. friction C. liquefaction D. stress

7. Earthquake is the sudden shaking of the ground. At what boundary does an

earthquake usually occur?
A. crustal plates B. mantle plates C. coral plate D. volcanic beds

For numbers 8-9, refer to the diagram below.

8. Based on diagram, what do you think is the type of stress and fault will be
formed?
A. compression-normal fault C. tension-normal fault
B. compression-reverse fault D. tension-reverse fault

9. What landform will be created?

A. mountain B. plain C. plateau D. valley

10. What type of stress produces a strike-slip fault?

A. compression B. liquefaction C. shearing D. tension

2
 11. What refers to the vibrations in the earth caused by the sudden movement of rocks?
A. epicenter B. earthquake C. faults D. tsunamis

12. What part of a fault is pointed by the arrow in the diagram below?

. A. fault plane B. foot wall C. fault scarp D. hanging wall

13.Why do rock layers along plates stick before they slip? This is due to .
A. friction C. smooth surface of rocks
B. energy released D. movement of the plates

14. Why do rock layers along plates bend? This is caused by the .
A. friction as rocks have rough surfaces
B. friction in between rocks is maintained
C. less amount of energy released from the deep layers
D. great amount of energy released from the deep layers

15. Do earthquakes occur along faults? Why?

A. No, it’s the earthquake that produces the faults only.
B. No, because it’s only when tectonic plates collide forming volcanoes
C. Yes, because magma accumulate and go out along the fault
producing earthquake.
D. Yes, because of the sudden slip on a fault as stress builds up in the rocks and
causes the occurrence of earthquake

What’s In

Let’s take a quick review of what you have learned in Grade 6 Earth Science lessons.
This will surely help you get connected to the next topic.

A. Identify the parts of the lithosphere as seen in the diagram. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

3
 freepik.com

Figure 1. Layers of the Earth

B.Determine what part of the lithosphere is being described below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

_1. The which measures about 40 km on average.

_2. It is made from iron and nickel, just in liquid form.
_3. This is broken into big pieces, like a gigantic jigsaw puzzle. These are known as tectonic plates.
_4. Geologists believe this weak, hot, slippery part is what Earth’s tectonic plates ride upon and slide acros
_5. It is made mostly of iron, magnesium and silicon, it is dense, hot and semi-liquid
_6. It is extremely dense and made mostly of iron and nickel.
_7. It is the which extends down 2,890 km.
_8. It consists of continental and oceanic plates.

What’s New
As you have reviewed on the layers of the earth, crust is divided into huge
plates acting like passengers of the semi liquid mantle. What do you think will happen to
these plates? What will be formed on the crust?

Let’s Get Started!

Activity
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: Do this activity with strict supervision of your parents or
guardians. Do the procedure as directed.

4
A. A Faulty Set-up

I. Objectives:

To describe the appearance of faults.

To explain how a fault is formed.

II. Materials:
two used sheets of cardboard/folder (9 X 12 inches) ruler
a cup of fine sand/ soil placed in any container used paper

III. Procedure:
1. Spread the used paper on a table.
2.Arrange the two sheets of cardboard/ folder on top of the used paper side by side
(Figure 2).

sheet of folder A

sheet of folder B
A cup of sand/
soil
Figure 2. Cardboard sheets placed side by side.

3. Pour sand or soil along the boundary of the two sheets of folders.

Figure 3. Sand/soil along the boundary.

5
 4. Using the ruler, flatten the top of the sand and make two parallel lines with
2 inches apart.

Figure 4. Top of sand/soil flattened.

5. Now, move the cardboard/sheets of folder slowly in the direction shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Top of sand/soil flattened.

Q1. What happened to the lines as you moved the cardboard/sheets of folder apart or in opp

Q2. What is formed in the sand/soil?

Q3. What part of the Earth is represented by the cardboard/ sheets of folder you moved?

Q4. What does the pulling of the cardboard/sheets of folder represent?

Q4. What is a fault?

You now know that when force (stress) is applied, fault or a break is formed on the crust. What do you thin

6
B. Parts and Types of Faults

B.1 Parts of a Fault

Objectives: To label the parts of a fault.
Directions: Use the puzzle below to label the parts of a fault. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.

Figure 6. Parts of a Fault.

Figure 7. Puzzle in searching the parts of the fault

In Activity A, the movement along the “fault” is in horizontal direction, moving the
ground sideways.

In the next activity, you can also demonstrate movement in the vertical direction. The
ground will be observed to move up or down.

7
B.2 Types of Faults

Objective: To differentiate the types of faults.

Directions: Study the following figures below showing the movements along faults as crusts
experience stress. Answer the given questions after each set of illustration.
A Normal Fault

B
X
X Y

YZ Z

Before stress During Stress (Tension) After Stress

Figure 8. Formation of a Normal Fault.

1. What part of the fault is block B that moves down as the plates are pulled apart?

2. What part of the fault is block A that moves upward as the plates are pulled apart?

3. What happens to the rock layers at point X, Y, Z? Why?

4. What type of fault is described in the illustration?

Reverse Fault
D
C
X
Y
Z
X
Y
. Z
Before stress During Stress (Compression) After Stress

Figure 9. Formation of a Reverse Fault.

5. What part of the fault is in block C that moves down as the plates are pushed together?

6. What part of the fault is in block D that moves upward as the plates are pushed together?

7. What happens to the rock layers at point X, Y, Z? Why?

8. What type of fault is described in the illustration?

8
 G

F X
Y
Z

X
Y
Z

Before stress During Stress (Shearing) After Stress

Figure 10. Formation of a Strike-Slip Fault.

9. If you were standing at block F and looking across the fault, which way did the
block on the opposite side move?

10. What happened to rock layers X, Y, and Z?

11. What type of fault is described in the illustration? _

12. Compare and contrast the three kinds of fault.

We have known what a fault is. What phenomenon will occur along these faults? Let’s do
the following activities to answer this question.

C.1 Stick and Slip

I. Objective:
Explain the stick and slip movement of rock layers along fault.

II. Materials
two small identical boxes (fruit juice boxes are ideal) rubber band
masking tape (1 inch width and 1 inch length) paper clip
toy house/empty match box

III. Procedure:
1. Attach the rubber band to the paper clip. Then attach the paper clip to one end
of one box. (See Figure 11. The ruler is included for scale.)

9
 rubber band
Figure 11. Two boxes - one with a rubber band attached to a paper clip

2. Place the boxes side by side. Put a match box on the box with the rubber band.
Then tape (lightly) the two boxes together as shown in Figure 12. Important: Do
not stick the tape on the boxes too much. The tape is meant to come off.
empty match box

masking tape

Figure 12. Two boxes side by side and lightly taped. Figure 13. Rubber band on box with
Empty match box on the box with rubber band. match box being pulled slowly. Observe
what happens.

3. With your left hand, hold the box without the rubber band in place. With your
other hand, slowly pull and release the rubber band as shown in Figure 13.

Q1. What happens to the box as you release the rubber band? Why?

Q2. Pull the rubber band with more force. What happened to the box attached to the
rubber band as well as the match box on top of it? Why?

Q3. Which is the “fault” in this setup?

Q4. What part of the crust that sticks and slips? How does the movement cause the
earthquake to occur?

1
C.2 Stick and Shake

I. Objectives:
Explain the stick and shake movement of rock layers along fault.
Explain how faults generate earthquakes

II. Materials:
two plastic rulers a bit of clay/rolled scotch tape or masking tape

III. Procedure:
1. Using the clay, attach the rulers’ ends together (how long is the overlap between
rulers?) (Figure 14 shows close up photos of side and top views of the setup.)

Figure 14. Side view and top view of setup.

2. Hold the rulers as shown in the picture below. Then slowly move your hands in
the direction of the arrows.

Figure 15. Right hand pushes the ruler up Figure 16. Energy is stored in the bent rulers
(arrow up) while left hand pushes
the ruler down (arrow down)

Q1: What happens to the rulers as you slowly move your hands?
_
_
Q2: What happens when bending becomes too much? (Note: If nothing happens,
separate the rulers and re-attach them.)
_
_
Q3: What part of the crust that sticks and shakes? How does the movement cause
the earthquake to occur?
_
_

1
 Q4: What phenomenon happens if plates or rocks stick and then slip or shake?

Congratulations!
You have just described faults and earthquakes.
Are you now ready to explain how movements
along faults generate earthquake? Complete the
statement below.

Movements along faults generate earthquakes when _ _

publicdomainvectors.org
_

What is It
Do you know that….
Although the Earth looks like a solid place from the surface, it is extremely
active just below the surface. The Earth is made of four basic layers: a solid crust, a
hot, nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core.

freepik.com

Figure 17. Layers of the Earth

The solid crust and top, stiff layer of the mantle make up a region called the
lithosphere. The lithosphere is not a continuous piece that wraps around the whole
Earth like an eggshell. It is made up of giant puzzle pieces called tectonic plates.

1
Tectonic plates are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly
flowing, mantle layer below.

This non-stop movement causes stress on Earth’s crust. When the stresses
get too large, it leads to cracks called faults. In the activity, the crack or break you
have seen on the sand or soil is the fault as you move the sheets. Moving the sheets
provides the stress or force that causes the deformation of the plates (change in
volume and shape of the Earth’s surface) and formation of faults. The formed fault
reveals its parts as shown in figure 18.

Figure 18. Parts of a Fault

A fault plane is a flat surface where slipping occurs. This may be vertical or
sloping. A hanging wall is a block located above a fault plane, which rests on the foot
wall of the fault. A foot wall, on the other hand, is a block located below a fault plane.
A fault line is the surface of a fault fracture along which the rocks have been
displaced. A fault scarp looks like a step on the Earth’s surface, which is caused by a
slip on the fault.

Moreover, the sheets of folder you move in activity A resemble the tectonic
plates. When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the faults. This
gives rise to the three (3) types of fault, namely, normal fault, reverse fault and strike
slip fault which are differentiated by the relative position of the fault plane.

A normal fault moves vertically and is associated with diverging plates.

Tension weakens and fractures the Earth’s crust as plates are being pulled away
causing the hanging wall to move downward relative to the footwall (figure 18 A).
This leads to the formation of valleys.

A reverse fault occurs in areas undergoing compression or pushing together

the plates, causing the hanging wall to move upward relative to the foot wall (figure
18 B). This leads to the formation of mountains.

1
 A strike-slip fault occurs when two faults move past each other horizontally
along the boundaries of the plates. If the block opposite an observer looking across
the fault moves to the right, the slip style is termed right lateral; if the block moves to
the left, the motion is termed left lateral.

Hanging wall
Foot wall
Hanging wall Foot wall

Normal fault Reverse fault Strike-Slip fault

A B C
Figure 19. Types of Fault

Through this fault, a significant phenomenon is generated. Earthquake is the

sudden movement of Earth’s crust at a fault line. This movement is emphasized in
the activity on stick and slip and stick and shake. In stick and slip, the boxes serve as
the ground, and the boundary between them as a fault. Energy from inside the Earth
makes the ground move. You simulate this by pulling on the rubber band. There is
no movement right away because of friction. At first, the rocks are stuck together due
to friction. Once friction is overcome, the rocks suddenly slip, generating an
earthquake. Every time a fault slips, the Earth vibrates.

On the other hand, the activity on stick and shake that you just performed
simulates how rocks bend along a fault. The rulers serve as part of the ground and
are bent. The energy from inside the Earth makes the rocks bend. But again, the
rocks along the fault do not move immediately. Friction keeps them in place. When
too much bending occurs and the limit is reached, the rocks suddenly snap. The bent
rocks straighten out and vibrate. The vibrations travel in all directions and people in
different places will feel them as a quake. An earthquake is a vibration of the Earth
due to the rapid release of energy.

Faults and earthquakes are interrelated. Through the movements along faults,
earthquakes are generated. Faults, in turn are formed due to shaking of the Earth as
tremendous energy is being released.

1
 What’s More
Let’s En-Rich Our Minds!

A. Differentiate the types of fault by completing the table below. Write your answers
in a separate sheet.

Type of Fault Stress Involved Direction of the Landform that will

movement of plates develop
(use arrows)
1. Normal
2. Reverse
3. Strike-slip

B. Draw the models of each type of fault, indicating the major parts of the fault
involved and the directions of the movement.

Normal Fault Reverse Fault Strike-Slip Fault

C. Explain the following diagram.

FAULT

G
C E

R N

E E

R
A
A
T
T
E E

EARTHQUAKE

1
 What I Have Learned
Activity: Concept---Connect.

Directions: Complete the concept diagram below by identifying the missing

word/phrases. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

As the mantle moves, crustal plates also move

that leads to the formation of generating a phenomenon called:

1.__ 2.__

as explained by the two movements of plates along fau

It has parts: 18.& 19._
3.__
4._
5.__
6.
7.
Plates stick due to:
20._ in between rocks

Classified into three types

If overcome, the plates will

Normal fault Reverse fault Strike-slip fault
21.& 22._

Plates are deformed through a type of stress:

causing the ground to
23.

8. 9. 10.

Causing the hanging wall and foot wall to move:

HW: HW: HW:

FW: FW: FW: 15.

and develop into landforms

16. 17.

1
 What I Can Do
Answer the following questions in relation to the faults and earthquake concept.

1. An earthquake is one of the most powerful natural forces than can disrupt and destroy
many lives. It can be associated with the trials that people encounter in their daily life.
Sometimes its effect is minimal; sometimes it leaves a lasting effect. One must be strong
and prepared to face and cope with the challenges. Do you think you are relatively well
prepared for disaster like an earthquake? Why?
_ _
_ _

2. Through the faults, earthquakes are generated. How will you manage the mistakes or
faults you have done to avoid more complicated problems? Cite one example.
_
_ _

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What type of fault occurs when the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall?
A. normal fault B. oblique fault C. reverse fault D. strike-slip fault

2. In what direction do the plates along strike-slip fault move?

A. backward B. downward C. sideways D. upward

3. What is a fault? It is _.
A. the point on the Earth’s surface above the hypocenter
B. a fracture in Earth along which movement has occurred
C. the point inside the Earth at which an earthquake occurs
D. a fracture in Earth along which NO movement has occurred

4. What type of fault does the diagram below represent?

A. normal fault C. left-lateral strike-slip fault

B. reverse fault D. right-lateral strike-slip fault

5. What type of fault usually occurs because of tension?

A. folded B. normal C. reverse D. strike-slip fault

1
 6. In which of the following layers of the Earth do earthquakes occur?
A. crust B. mantle C. outer core D. inner core

7. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.
B. Plates are deformed when acted upon by stress.
C. Earthquakes can be caused by the movement of faults.
D. The time and location of most major earthquakes can be predicted several days
in advance.

8. What type of stress is represented by the illustration below?

A. compression B. diverging C. shearing D. tension

9. What is deformation? It is _ .
A. an instrument that measures ground movement
B. any change in the volume and shape of the Earth’s surface
C. an earthquake’s violent shaking that turns loose mud into liquid mud
D. shaking and trembling that results from movement of rock beneath Earth’s

surface For numbers 10-11, refer to the diagram below.

_ 10. What type of stress and fault is formed?

A. compression-normal fault C. tension-normal fault
B. compression-reverse fault D. tension-reverse fault

11. What landform is developed?

A. mountain B. plain C. plateau D. valley

12. What part of a fault is pointed by the arrow?

. A. fault plane B. foot wall C. fault scarp D. hanging wall

13. What type of stress that pulls and stretches the rock?
A. compression B. deformation C. shearing D. tension

1
14. Why do rock layers along plates shake or slip after they get stuck?
This is due to .
A. friction C. movement of the plates
B. rough surface of rocks D. friction has been overcome

15. How faults generate earthquakes?

A. The outer core causes the ground to move producing faults.
B. Tectonic plates collide forming volcanoes and causing earthquakes.
C. Molten rock materials accumulate and go out along the fault
producing earthquake.
D. Energy from inside the Earth makes the ground move, once the friction is
overcome, a fault slips producing earthquake.

Additional Activities

Activity: Picture Dictionary

Directions: Using 5 words related to faults and earthquakes, make a picture

dictionary to demonstrate your learning. Draw the concepts
representing the words. Then beside each drawing, write the meaning
or description. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

A crack or a break on the Earth’s crust.

Example: Fault

1
References

Aquino, Marites D., et al. Science Links 8 Teacher’s Resource Material. Philippines: REX
Book Store, 2013.
Campo, Pia C.,et.al. Science 8 Learner's Module First Edition. Philippines: Department of
Education, 2013.
Campo, Pia C.,et. al. Science Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide, First Edition. Philippines:
Department of Education, 2013.
Ck-12 Foundation. Earthquakes. Accessed October 22, 2020.
https://www.abss.k12.nc.us/cms/lib02/NC01001905/Centricity/Domain/3750/Chapte r
%207%20Earthquakes.pdf
Gerona, Zonia M., et. al. Science and Technology 8. Abiva Publishing House, Inc. 2013

Layers of the Earth. Accessed October 27, 20202. <a

href="https://www.freepik.com/vectors/education">Education vector created by
brgfx - www.freepik.com</a>

NASA Science. What is An Earthquake?. Accessed October 22, 2020.

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/earthquakes/en/

Private Education Assistance Committee and Department of Education. Learning Module

Grade 8 Science. Earth and Space: Faults and Earthquakes. 2017. Accessed
October 15, 2020. https://peac.org.ph/learning-module-repository/

Pretest file. Accessed October 23, 2020.

https://www.alcsny.org/cms/lib/NY01001789/Centricity/Domain/234/Ch.%202%20Pr
e-Test.pdf

Student raising his hand. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-

clipart/Raised-hand-student-vector-image/82847.html

2
 Answer Key
WHAT’S IN
A. 1. crust B. 1. crust 5. mantle
2. mantle 2. outer core 6. inner core
3. outer core 3. crust 7. mantle
4. inner core 4. mantle 8. crust

Activity: A faulty Set-up

Q1. The lines are shifted or displaced
Q2. A crack, line or break is formed in the sand or soil
Q3. The sheets represent the tectonic plates in the crust.
Q4. The pulling of cardboard/sheets of folder represent the moving mantle holding
tectonic plates. As the mantle moves, the tectonic plates also move.
Q5. Fault is a break or crack on the Earth’s crust

B.1 Parts of Fault C.1 Stick and Slip

1. fault plane
2. hanging wall
3. foot wall
4. fault line
5. fault scarp
B.2 Types of Fault
1. hanging wall
2. foot wall
3. The rock layers are disconnected
them because they moved vertically or
being pulled away
4. normal fault
5. foot wall
6. hanging wall
7. The rock layers are disconnected
because they move vertically or
pushed together
8. reverse fault
9. left
10. The rock layers are disconnected
because plates slide past each other
11. left-lateral strike slip-fault
12. Normal faults form when the plates
are pulled away (tension)causing the
the footwall. This leads to the formation Q4.
Earthquake. of valleys. Reverse faults form when
the plates are being pushed together
(compression) causing the hanging wall
to move upward relative to the footwall.
This also leads to the formation of
Mountains. Strike-slip faults form when
plates move sideways, not up and down.
Q1. The boxes stick together due to the
less energy being released and friction
Q2. The box jerks forward or slips and the toy
house falls over because of the greater
energy being released thus
overcoming the friction
Q3. The fault is the boundary between the
two boxes
Q4. The rock layer in the crust stick and slips.
The friction between rocks causes
to stick together. When this friction is
overcome, due to the greater energy being
released, the rock layer slips and generates
earthquake.
C.1 Stick and Shake
Q1. The rulers bend.
Q2. The rulers separate and vibrate.
Q3. The rock layer in the crust sticks and shakes.
The energy from inside the Earth makes
the rocks bend. But the rocks along the
fault do not move immediately. Friction keeps
them in place. When too much bending
occurs, and the limit is reached, the rocks
snap. The bent rocks straighten out and
vibrate causing earthquake.

2
WHAT’S MORE
A.
Type of Fault Stress Involved Direction of the Landform
movement of plates that will
(use arrows) develop
1. Normal Tension valley
2. Reverse Compression mountain
3. Strike-slip Shearing

B.

C. Faults and earthquakes are interrelated. Through the movements along

faults, earthquakes are generated. Faults, in turn are formed due to the
shaking of the Earth as tremendous energy is being released.

Generalization
1. fault 11. down 21. slip
2. earthquake 12. up 22. shake
3. fault line 13. up 23. vibrate/shake
4. fault carp 14. down
5. fault plane In any order 15. sideways
6. foot wall 16. valley
7. hanging wall 17. mountain
8. tension 18. stick and slip
9. compression 19. stick and shake
10. shearing 20. friction

What I Can Do
Answers may vary.