Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THIRD EDITION
Contents vii
PART 3 Adjudication
■ Matters of Ethics—When Is a Mandatory Minimum ■ Race, Class, Gender—Exonerating the Innocent 321
Sentence Unjust? 312
SUMMARY 322
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 314 Review 322
Key Terms 323
The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment 315
Study Questions 323
The Capital Punishment Trial 317 Critical Thinking Questions 323
Controversies Concerning Capital Punishment 318
■ A Global View—United Nations Resolution on a
Death Penalty Moratorium 319
PART 4 Corrections
POLICE AND YOUTH CRIME 478 ■ Matters of Ethics—Airport Security Technology in the
xi
OBSERVE I N V E S T I G AT E U N D E R S TA N D
A Critical Thinking Approach
to Criminal Justice
CJ: Realities and Challenges, Third Edition, takes a critical thinking approach to exam-
ining traditional and emerging issues and topics in criminal justice. A three-part frame-
work—Observe, Investigate, Understand—asks students to:
INVESTIGATE how these foundational principles are applied in the real world.
UNDERSTAND how and why these principles and practices are still evolving.
6 Policing
Operations
OBSERVE
■
I N V E S T I G AT E
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Identify the principal policing roles.
Compare the various policing strategies.
Describe the different jobs in policing.
U N D E R S TA N D
Each chapter opens with a series of learning objectives tied to this framework. These
goals are explored in the chapter using vivid examples to reinforce student learning.
At the end of each chapter, this same framework is used to recap key concepts and
xii
Even though the media regularly highlight incidents of police brutality and racial profiling, the public
generally supports the police, with the level of support higher among Whites than among people of color.
Most people expect that the police will keep everyone safe, but in fact most violent crimes occur among
persons who know each other. Expecting the police to prevent violent acts by one family member against
another, or by a friend against a friend, is a tall—and unrealistic—expectation.
■
A major part of the workload of police is maintaining order.
Police engage in law enforcement when they enforce criminal ■ Police are the primary public safety agency in charge of
where all activities are linked
law and apprehend lawbreakers. enforcing traffic laws.
■ Service activities are nonenforcement actions performed on an ■ Communications coordinates the performance of law specifically to these learning
as-needed basis. enforcement activities.
xiii
Probing the Myths and the
Realities of Criminal Justice
Another main goal of this text is to erase rampant misconceptions
about the criminal justice system. We created the M Y T H / R E A L I T Y
feature to reinforce the text’s real-world basis. Integrated throughout
the chapters, M Y T H / R E A L I T Y selections challenge students to
reflect critically on their own beliefs and to develop an understanding
of the way the system actually works. Each entry is connected to a
broader discussion that uses supporting data to explain a key principle.
Among the persistent myths we investigate are:
OBSERVE I N V E S T I G AT E U N D E R S TA N D
Reality-Relevant Special Features That
Reinforce the Text’s
Framework
CJ: Realities and Challenges, Third Edition, offers an array of special-
feature boxes that highlight and reinforce the Observe, Investigate,
Understand framework:
xiv
Contents xv
• A Case in Point links key text corruption in several states. For example, in 2010 the New Mexico cor-
rections secretary refused to penalize a private prison contractor for immigration law in Arizona that would yield hundreds of millions of dollars
understaffing prisons it operated—a violation of its contract with the in revenue by increasing the number of illegal immigrants detained in their
concepts to actual events and cases. state. New Mexico lost more than $18 million in penalties due to this lack
of contract enforcement. The state saved money, but at the expense of
private prisons. The prison companies not only lobbied hard for this legisla-
tion, they also contributed to the governor’s electoral campaign. In addi-
adequately staffing the prison. It turns out that the corrections secretary tion, two of the governor’s top advisers were former lobbyists for private
in New Mexico was a former employee of and a warden for the same prison companies. The governor signed the immigration bill and has advo-
• A Global View compares American private prison corporation. Furthermore, the prison corporation had
been accused of unfair political activity by contributing to the campaign
cated the privatization of the prisons housing these immigrants.
lity results from a his first wife for many years, Kody legally divorced her to legally marry his fourth Gender and Crime
Costs of Privatization Although
According to National Crime Victimization data of juvenile victims
thedespite
original rationale for use of private prisons
(ages 12–17), the increase in female violence, males continue to
nteractions with oth- wife. The sister wives claim the legal divorce and marriage was a joint family Females represent a small but increasing was percentage of thesavings,
financial offending private
commitprisons are in
certain violent factwith
crimes no greater
less expensive
frequency thantodooperate
females,
decision. Kody has had marriage rituals with the other three women and calls population in the United States for all crimes.thanIn government-run
2010, there were ap- prisons. 128
To realize
including intimate savings,
partner violence, some
stalking, private
aggravated prisons
assault, cut
forcible rape,
ions, social process proximately 1.6 million people in state and federal institutions, of whom robbery, and murder. In 2010, juveniles of both genders were equally likely to
them his wives, and they refer to him as their husband. All the wives entered into 113,000
354 were female offenders. Almost half of incarcerated females are experience a violent crime such as rape, robbery, or aggravated assault.g
in the developmen- the polygamist lifestyle voluntarily. In fact, the wedding planning for Brown’s White, whereas 32 percent of incarcerated males are White. Black males
linquent or criminal fourth ceremony and reception was the focus of one of the series’ episodes.
(37 percent) make up the largest portion of incarcerated males. Black
females (22 percent) were imprisoned at a rate twice that of White fe- OBSERVE INVESTIGATE UNDERSTAND
social process theory This show is an excellent illustration of culture conflict—in this case, how not males (113 per 100,000 for Black females versus 51 per 100,000 for
■ What might explain why a larger proportion of incarcerated women
White females).a Since
mas40943_ch11_324-359.indd 354 2000, the growth in the incarceration rate of fe- 4/21/16 8:02 PM
ch as poverty, social only the norms but also the laws of mainstream society clash with fundamentalist males in state or federal institutions increased 21 percent in comparison than men presents with mental health problems?
disorders, emphasizing Mormon values. The modern Mormon to only 15 percent for males.b ■ Why do you think the rate of murders committed by women has
Although males represent the largest percentage of prison inmates, declined since 1980?
teraction with others, Church has not advocated polygamy female inmates present with more mental health problems than do males. ■ The statistics indicate that females are becoming more violent than
reinforcement, role- since 1890; however, an estimated A 2006 study of the mental health of those incarcerated found that 23
ever before, but not for murder. What might explain this finding?
percent of females both in state facilities and in local jails were diagnosed
38,000 fundamentalist Mormons con-
nd reaction of others with a mental health problem, compared to 8 and 9 percent of male
tinue to believe in, and practice, multiple inmates, respectively.c SOURCES: aE. Anne Carson, “Prisoners in 2013,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin
oncepts in social pro- marriage secretly in the United States. Males offend with significantly greater frequency than do females, and (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, September 16, 2014), NCJ 247282. www.
bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5109 (retrieved May 18, 2015).
in general male offenders are more likely than are female offenders to be vio- b
ooking-glass self, label- Although rarely prosecuted unless Lauren E. Glaze and Danielle Kaeble, “Correctional Populations in the United States,
lent. Women are much less likely than men to commit assault or murder, and 2013.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 19, 2014, NCJ 248479. www.bjs.gov/index.
tial association. children are being harmed, bigamy is a the rate of murders committed by women has declined since 1980.d Yet the cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5177 (retrieved May 18, 2015).
data show that women increasingly are engaging in violent crimes. A study cDoris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, “Mental Health Problems of Jail and Prison Inmates,”
eveloped the idea of crime in Utah, punishable by a sentence that examined the gender of violent felons in the 75 largest counties from Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, September 2006, NCJ 213600. www.ojp.us-
n 1902 based on his of up to five years in prison. A person may be found guilty of bigamy in Utah 1990 to 2002 found that males were responsible for 91 percent of all violent doj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf (retrieved December 20, 2008).
felonies and females for 9 percent.e The most recent data, from 2008, dLawrence Greenfield and Tracy Snell, “Women Offenders,” Bureau of Justice Statistics
efine ourselves by the through cohabitation—not just by entering into legal marriage contracts. By support previous statistics: At year-end 2008, there were 1,267,400 males Special Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, December 1999).
going public, the Browns exposed themselves to possible criminal prosecution, incarcerated in state facilities as compared to 94,800 women. When eBrian A. Reaves, “State Court Processing Statistics, 1990–2002: Violent Felons in Large
e perceive that others comparing males and females in specific crime categories, the statistics from Urban Counties,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2006. www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/
and the state of Utah launched an investigation. In 2012 Utah’s case against, the year-end 2008 indicate that 53.8 percent of males and 35.6 percent of f
vfluc.pdf (retrieved December 28, 2008).
rt, dumb, responsible, Brown parents under the state’s bigamy statute was dismissed. However, the women were incarcerated for violent crimes; 17.7 percent of males and Heather C. West, William J. Sabol, and Sarah J. Greenman, “Prisoners in 2009” (Wash-
ington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2010, NCJ 231675). http://bjs.ojp.
criminal, we learn to family is continuing its suit against Utah’s bigamy law. 29 percent of females were incarcerated for property crimes; and usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/p09.pdf (retrieved July 3, 2011).
17.8 percent of males and 26.9 percent of females were incarcerated for gNicole White and Janet L. Lauritsen, “Violent Crime against Youth, 1994–2010,” Bureau
ays. How we see our- The Brown family adults decided to come out of the closet with their life- drug crimes. As these data indicate, while males are committing more violent of Justice Statistics, December 2012, NCJ 240106. www.bjs.gov/content/pub/ascii/
crimes, females are committing more property and drug crimes.f
who we become and style to help others understand that they are deeply committed to one another, vcay9410.txt (retrieved May 19, 2015).
rson who sees himself their children, and their family structure and to show that their children are well
y to commit criminal adjusted. Moreover, the parents do not want their children to have to live in
current, former, or would-be intimate partner. In these cases, the stalking is a
secrecy or shame, denying to others the truth about their family.
mself as a law-abiding form of abuse, used to control the victim.150
There are other differences in the incarceration rates and types of crimes
ommit criminal acts.
associated primarily OBSERVE I N V E S T I G AT E U N D E R S TA N D • Real Careers profiles recent graduates who have committed by males and females. The “Race, Class, Gender” box on page 68
highlights these patterns based on gender.
related to the theory
elf. Labeling theory
■ Are the Browns’ 16 children victims of their parents’ lifestyle choice? chosen a career
SUMinM criminal
ARY justice.
Explain. For 20 years after the FBI began compiling its Uniform Crime Reports in 1973, the incidence of serious
complicated route a
• Real Crime Tech illuminates the ways in which
violent crimes increased in the United States. After peaking in the early 1990s, the number of both
■ Is it emotionally abusive to raise children in a lifestyle for which the
g criminal, progressing violent crimes and property crimes reported to police has been declining, and rates of victim-reported
parents might be arrested and go to jail? Why or why not?
f criminality, and the and police-reported crime have been converging, for reasons not entirely understood.
defining a person as
■ Is it emotionally abusive to raise children in a lifestyle that makes it difficult
for them to fit into the dominant society, or that makes it impossible for
technology is currently used in a range of criminal Other important trends also stand out. On a global scale, the United States has a high murder rate,
and within this country, murder rates are highest in the South. Males are more frequently victimized by
this theory, the social
nces has the potential
them to have privacy? Why or why not? justice situations and settings. all categories of violent crime except rape and intimate partner violence. Women are less likely to report
a violent attack—especially rape, a crime in which perpetrator and victim very often know each other.
■ Do some research into other cases in which culture conflict has resulted Children are more frequently victimized by violent crime than are older people. Despite the great fear
“bad” or “good,” and
because others do not
in law violation.
• Race, Class, Gender traces the experiences of
68
that crimes against people evoke, almost 10 times as many crimes against property are reported.
llow. Criminals often 2013); Esther Lee, “Sister Wives Stars Say Polygamist Kody Brown’s Divorce, New Marriage Will
these labels, and it is ‘Legally Restructure’ Family,” US Weekly, February 4, 2015. http://www.usmagazine.com/
celebrity-news/news/sister-wives-divorce-brown-family-to-legally-restructure-201542
• What about the Victim? reminds us that the
nd change their labels,
mation difficult.96
(retrieved April 18, 2015).
criminal justice story is also about the victim.
99
xv
An Author Team That’s
Connected to the Real World
CJ: Realities and Challenges, Third Edition, provides a uniquely
interdisciplinary view of criminal justice not found in any other text. As both
academics and practitioners with diverse backgrounds in law enforcement,
the courts, corrections, and victim services, we provide a comprehensive,
contemporary, and realistic perspective on these vital institutions.
We wrote this text using a highly collaborative process. To ensure
that each branch of the criminal justice system was thoroughly repre-
sented, we organized our research, writing, and editing efforts as a
peer review circle. Each chapter was the product of an ongoing, itera-
tive review by the entire author team. The result of this synergistic
effort is a unified voice providing a balanced, insightful point of view
that is informed by the experience of the entire author team and has
been affirmed by the feedback of course instructors.
We encourage students to read this text much in the spirit in which
it was created: to have an open mind, think critically, engage in discus-
sion, and exploit the wide knowledge and practical experience repre-
sented by the author team. Our collective experience demonstrates
the need for collaboration in addressing the complexity of the criminal
justice system.
The Authors
Ruth E. Masters, Ed.D. class, and gender. Her policing research primarily
Professor Emerita, Department of Criminology, focuses on police behavior and discretion. She pub-
California State University, Fresno. Expertise: Ruth
lished Hunting for ‘Dirtbags’: Why Cops Overpolice the
E. Masters’s specialties are corrections, correctional Poor and Minorities with Northeastern University
counseling, drug addiction, criminological theory, Press in 2013. She was the director of a U.S. Depart-
and cross-cultural administration of justice. She has ment of Justice Violence Against Women Campus
worked for the California Department of Corrections Grant for Chico State, where she was a faculty mem-
(now California Department of Corrections and ber for 14 years, and Butte College, where she was
Rehabilitation) as a Parole Agent supervising addicted a police academy instructor. She also has a master’s
adult felons. She has been teaching criminology certificate in Women’s Studies from Syracuse Uni-
since 1972. versity, where she earned her doctorate.
Lori Beth Way, Ph.D. Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld, J.D., Ph.D.
Associate Dean of Academic Planning and Professor Chair and Professor, Department of Criminal Justice,
of Criminal Justice, San Francisco State University. California State University, Stanislaus. Expertise:
Expertise: Lori Beth Way’s research and teaching Phyllis Gerstenfeld has a law degree as well as a
areas include policing, the courts, and issues of race, Ph.D. in Social Psychology. Her primary areas of
xvi
Preface xvii
research include hate crimes, juvenile justice, and research. He has worked as a criminal justice planner,
psychology and law. She has published a monograph as a police officer, as a warden of a prison, as a direc-
and co-edited an anthology on hate crimes. She has tor of a program evaluation unit, and as a director of
worked for a large private law firm as well as a an international victimology research institute in
public legal services agency and has been teaching Japan. He is the founding and immediate past editor-
criminal justice since 1993. in-chief of the online journal International Perspectives
in Victimology. He has taught criminology since 1966
Bernadette T. Muscat, Ph.D.
and victimology since 1976. The American Society of
Interim Associate Dean, College of Social Sciences,
Victimology has named the John P. J. Dussich Award
and Professor, Department of Criminology, California
in his honor, and gives it each year to a person who
State University, Fresno. Expertise: Bernadette Mus-
has made significant lifelong achievements to the
cat has worked with victims of domestic violence
field of victimology. The National Organization for
by serving as a legal advocate and by providing
Victim Assistance’s service award in 1980 was named
counseling, education, and legal advocacy in shelter
the “John Dussich Founder’s Award,” to be given to
and court environments. She has worked with law
individuals who perform outstanding service on
enforcement agencies, victim service programs, and
behalf of NOVA. He was recently awarded the pres-
court programs in program and policy development,
tigious 2016 Ronald Wilson Reagan Public Policy
evaluation, research, and training to ensure effective
Award. This award “honors those whose leadership,
administration of victim assistance. She works exten-
vision, and innovation have led to significant changes
sively with local, state, and national level multidis-
in public policy and practice that benefit crime
ciplinary task force groups to address family violence
victims.” The award is given by the U.S. Office for
and violence against women. She has worked with
Victims of Crime, and the nominee is approved by
the California Office of Emergency Services (OES)
the U.S. Attorney General.
Victim Witness Division on the creation and imple-
mentation of the California State Victim Assistance Candice A. Skrapec, Ph.D.
Academy (CVAA) to provide 40-hour training to vic- Professor, Department of Criminology, California
tim service practitioners throughout California. State University, Fresno. Expertise: Candice Skrapec
is a psychologist and criminologist. For the past
Michael Hooper, Ph.D.
30 years she has maintained her research focus on
Lecturer, Department of Criminology and Criminal
psychopathy and serial murder (particularly in
Justice Studies, Sonoma State University. Expertise:
terms of underlying biological and psychological
Michael Hooper began his involvement with the
factors) and continues her interviews of incarcer-
criminal justice system as a member of the Los
ated serial murderers in different countries. Her
Angeles Police Department. His 23 years of LAPD
professional works and academic research result in
experience encompassed positions as a patrol officer,
regular calls from the media, movie and documen-
field supervisor, and watch commander. This was
tary producers, as well as authors of fact and fiction
followed by five years of service on the Criminal
books in the areas of serial murder and investiga-
Justice Program faculty at Penn State University’s
tive profiling. With over 30 years of experience in
Capitol Campus. He subsequently served 13 years
the law enforcement field working with officers
as a bureau chief at the California Commission on
and agencies in Canada, the United States, and
Peace Officer Standards and Training.
Mexico, she is also frequently consulted by police
John P. J. Dussich, Ph.D. around the world to assist in the investigation of
Professor Emeritus, Department of Criminology, homicide cases. She has taught a wide range of
California State University, Fresno. Expertise: John
criminology courses since 1988 and has trained
P. J. Dussich is one of the world’s leading authorities police and correctional officers in different coun-
on victimology, victim services, criminology, victimo- tries in the areas related to her academic research
logical theory, and criminological and victimological and professional experience.
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xx Preface
Instructor Resources
Supplements provide teaching aids and tools to help instructors lever-
age the classroom experience and provide students with a wide range
of study and assessment tools to reinforce comprehension of the text.
These supplements are available on the Instructor Resources sections
of Connect.
• Instructor’s Manual. Provides a comprehensive guide to teaching
the introductory course using CJ: Realities and Challenges, including
chapter guides that feature learning objectives, chapter previews and
reviews, detailed outlines, lecture summaries, additional lecture ideas,
and class discussion topics.
• Test Bank. The Test Bank contains 70 multiple-choice questions per
chapter, of which 20 are scenario-based. Each question is tagged with
bloom’s Taxonomy learning domains and page references from the text.
McGraw-Hill’s computerized EZ Test allows you to create customized
exams using the publisher’s supplied test items or your own questions.
EZ Test runs on your computer without a connection to the Internet. A
version of the test bank will also be provided in Microsoft Word files for
those instructors who prefer this format.
• PowerPoint Slides. The PowerPoint slides provide instructors with
dynamic lecture support and include chapter outlines and key figures.
• Online Library of CJ Video Clips. Instructors frequently request video
clips to be used in their CJ classes. Using the Internet as a resource, we
provide a dynamically updated annotated index of CJ-related video
clips that can be viewed online. The list is organized both by chapter
and topic.
• State Supplements. A collection of useful background essays on the
unique histories and development of laws in key states, including
California, Texas, and Florida.
• Quizzes. Provides multiple-choice, true-false, and critical thinking
questions for each chapter.
• Careers and Internships. Offers students additional information about a
wide variety of careers in criminal justice and how to prepare for them.
Preface xxi
• Source Connection. Links to source material for each chapter give the
student an opportunity to explore individual cases more deeply.
• Internet Exercises. Provides research and interpretive activities
associated with Internet sites related to criminal justice.
Chapter-by-Chapter Changes
PART 1: Chapter 4: Criminal Law and Defenses
CRIME, LAW, AND THE CRIMINAL • Updated Realities and Challenges vignette, “Is Hazing
JUSTICE SYSTEM a Crime?”
• Updated A Global View box, “Intellectual Property
Chapter 1: What Is the Criminal Justice System?
Piracy in the Twenty-First Century”
• New Realities and Challenges vignette, “Media
• New A Case in Point box, “Convicted without
Portrayals of Real Crime: Fact or Fiction?”
Criminal Intent”
• New A Global View box, “How U.S. Legal Norms
• New extended discussion of “Criminal Defenses”
Differ from Those in Singapore: The Case of
Michael Fay”
• Updated discussion of changing views on marijuana PART 2:
use and trends toward decriminalization LAW ENFORCEMENT
• Revised Disconnects box, “Evolution of Marijuana Laws” Chapter 5: Overview of Policing
Chapter 2: Types of Crime • New Realities and Challenges vignette, “The Power of
• New Realities and Challenges vignette, Community Partnerships”
• Reorganized section on the English model
• New A Global View box, “Measuring Crime around
the World” • New A Case in Point box, “Conflict with Occupy Wall
• Updated A Case in Point box, “Michigan’s Task Force Street Protestors”
Approach to Violent Crime Reduction” • Discussion of police departments’ growing use of
• New mass murder example focusing on the background checks on social media activity by
candidates for police positions
Hawke-Petit case
• Updated Disconnects box, “Where Are the Women?”
• New Matters of Ethics box, “Ethical Issues When
Dealing with Treatment of Offenders or Victims” • New What about the Victim? box, “The Police
• Updated coverage of legalization of marijuana for Subculture and a Linkage to Intimate Partner Strife”
recreational use • New Matters of Ethics box, “Department of Justice
• Updated statistics of state and federal prisoners Investigation of the Ferguson, Missouri, Police
Department”
convicted of drug offenses
• Updated Global View box, “India’s Growing Reliance on
• Discussion of drug and alcohol use among veterans of
the Security Industry”
Iraq and Afghanistan
• Updated Real Crime Tech box, “Emerging Drug-Testing Chapter 6: Policing Operations
Technologies” • Updated Realities and Challenges vignette, “Foot Patrol
• Updated Race, Class, Gender box, “Gender and Crime” in a Big City”
• Updated crime statistics • New A Case in Point box, “Problem-Oriented Policing in
• Updated material on immigration offenses Action: The Colorado Springs Police Department’s HOT
Program—Providing Outreach to the Homeless”
Chapter 3: Causes of Crime
• Updated Disconnects box, “A Literal Disconnect:
• New Realities and Challenges vignette, “Theater 9 at
Agencies’ Inabilities to Communicate”
Century 16: 12 Dead, 70 Wounded”
• New text material on robotic workstations to keep up
• Updated, expanded Real Crime Tech box, “Lie
with the accelerated demand for DNA testing by
Detection by Brainwave Analysis”
players in the criminal justice system
• Updated Matters of Ethics box, “Revising the DSM: A
• Updated discussion of evidence-based policing and
Process on Trial in the Court of Professional Opinion”
its value
• Updated and expanded discussion of mental
• Updated discussion of CompStat
disorders
• New A Global View box, “Public Perceptions of the
• New A Case in Point box, An Awakening in India for
Police in Russia”
Women: A Rape in New Delhi
• New What about the Victim? box, “Victims of Culture Chapter 7: Legal and Special Issues in Policing
Conflict” • New Realities and Challenges vignette, “An In-Custody
• Updated coverage of crime desistance Death in Baltimore”
• New Disconnects box, “Mentally Ill Death Row Inmates” • New text discussion of recent Supreme Court cases
Preface xxiii
• New text section, “Dynamics of Use of Force” • Updated statistics and figures throughout
• New text discussion of video evidence • In-depth coverage of Public Safety Realignment Policy
• Updated Race, Class, Gender box, “Pedestrian Stop- and mass incarceration
and-Frisk in the Big Apple” • New What About the Victim? box, “Implications for
• Updated What about the Victim? box, “Providing Victims of California’s Realignment Policy”
Transition Assistance for the Police Officer Returning • New A Case in Point box, “Hawaii’s HOPE Program for
from Combat Deployment” High-Risk Offenders”
• New details in the text on the problem of suicide • New Race, Class, Gender box, “Treating Women in
among police officers Prisons . . . as Second-Class Citizens of the System”
• New coverage of California’s Public Safety Realignment
PART 3: Policy and women prisoners
ADJUDICATION • Updated discussion of inmate race and gender
differences
Chapter 8: The Courts
• Updated discussion of private and faith-based prisons
• Updated opening vignette
• Updated Critical Thinking Questions
• Updated statistics on court processes
• Updated coverage of correctional populations in the
• Updated Race, Class, Gender box, “Race and Jury
United States
Decision Making”
• Updated coverage of, state prison inmates
• Updated Real Crime Tech box, “Freeing Wrongfully
Convicted Persons”
Chapter 12: Jails and Prisons
• Added details on presentence investigation reports
• New coverage of jails becoming de facto asylums for
and elocution in the text discussion of victim impact
the mentally ill and dumping grounds for poor and
statements
addicted populations
Chapter 9: Pretrial and Trial • Updated jail and prison statistics throughout
• New Realities and Challenges vignette, “Tried for the • New coverage of the shift away from the policy of mass
Third Time—Over 30 Years Later” incarceration and “get tough” sentencing practices
• Updated What about the Victim? box, “Balancing • Coverage of how mass incarceration affects people
Victims’ and Offenders’ Rights to a Speedy Trial” of color
• Expanded, fine-tuned discussion of the pretrial process, • Matters of Ethics box replaces second edition What
featuring substantially augmented discussions under about the Victim? box, “Prisoners as Research Subjects”
the headings “Discovery” and “Plea Bargaining” • New A Case in Point box, “The National Emotional
• New Matters of Ethics box “A Jury of Your Peers? . . . Literacy Program for Prisoners”
Not Really” • California Public Safety Realignment policy and female
prisoners
Chapter 10: Sentencing
• Updated examples of prisoner rights
• New text details updating the discussion of the revised
• Updated prison gang discussion
USSC sentencing guidelines
• New coverage of transgender, lesbian, gay, and
• New A Matter of Ethics box, “When Is a Mandatory
bisexual prisoners
Minimum Sentence Unjust?”
• Updated coverage on AIDS and ill inmates
• Updated text discussion of controversies and court
challenges over lethal injections—and the effect on • Updated Critical Thinking Questions
executions • Expanded discussion of prisoner rights
• Updated and expanded discussion on capital • New A Global View box, “A Different Kind of Prison:
punishment Venezuela’s San Antonio Prison”
• Updated Race, Class, Gender box, “Exonerating the • New Real Crime Tech box, “Personal Communication
Innocent” Technology and Prisons,” that emphasizes tablet
technology
PART 4: • Updated discussion of rapidly rising number of women
CORRECTIONS in U.S. prisons
• Updated statistics throughout • Updated Matters of Ethics box, “Policing the Schools”
• New Race, Class, Gender box, “Celebrity Justice?” • Updated discussion of juvenile court jurisdiction
• Expanded discussion of the role of the probation officer • New Disconnects box, “Punishing Truancy”
• Expanded discussion on factors in the future success of • Updated Juvenile Corrections statistics
probation • Expanded discussion of sexual abuse of male and
• New A Case in Point box, “Parole and the Jaycee female juveniles held in custody
Dugard Case” • New discussion of the Juvenile Justice Realignment bill
• Expanded discussion on the effectiveness of parole in
the future Chapter 16: Contemporary Challenges in
• New coverage on the relationship between doing away Criminal Justice
with policies of mass incarceration and community- • New Realities and Challenges vignette, “Boston
based corrections Marathon Bombing”
• New Disconnects box, “What Is an Appropriate Fine?” • New resources for victims of identity theft
• Updated Matters of Ethics box, “Relationships between • New contextual framework for combating identity theft
Correctional Personnel and Offenders” • Updated information on the extent of cybercrime
• New information on the ever-expanding value of digital
PART 5: evidence
SPECIAL ISSUES • New information sharing protocols to combat
cybercrime
Chapter 14: Understanding and Helping Victims
• New text discussion on occurrences of worldwide
• New Race, Class, Gender box, “Charleston Shooting”
terrorist attacks, their impact, and law enforcement’s
• New text on the U.S. Census of Domestic Violence
responses to them
Services
• New information on the extent and nature of terrorism
• New Disconnects box, “When Victims Are Revictimized”
• New text on the USA FREEDOM Act
• Updated perspectives on victim assistance for older
• Updated A Case in Point, “The Fusion Center Approach
adults
to Preventing Terrorism”
• New A Case in Point box, “The Killings at Sandy Hook
• New Matters of Ethics box, “Airport Security Technology
Elementary School”
in the United States”
Chapter 15: Juvenile Justice • Updated hate crime statistics
• New Realities and Challenges vignette, “Two Years in • New Race, Class, Gender box, “The Killing of Onesimo
Solitary” Marcelino Lopez”
• Updated discussion and analysis of measuring • Consideration of the first National Professional Training
juvenile crime Conference on Responding to Crime Victims with
• Updated statistics on juvenile crime Disabilities
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Mschitta, Fassade.
Es war dies die bei weitem authentischste Nachricht, die ich von
Nedjd erhalten konnte, und ich habe auch Grund anzunehmen, daß
sie im wesentlichen richtig war[2]. Ich habe viele Araber hinsichtlich
Ibn er Raschīds Charakter gefragt: die Antwort war fast immer
dieselbe. »Schatīr djiddan,« d. h. »er ist sehr klug«, einen
Augenblick später aber pflegten sie hinzuzufügen: »madjnun« (aber
verrückt). Ich halte ihn für einen rücksichtslosen, leidenschaftlichen
Menschen von rastlosem Geist und wenig Urteilskraft, der nicht
energisch, vielleicht auch nicht grausam genug ist, seine Autorität
den aufsässigen Stämmen gegenüber geltend zu machen, die sein
Onkel Mohammed mit der Eisenfaust Furcht niederhielt (der Krieg
war nichts als eine lange Reihe von Verrätereien seitens seiner
eignen Verbündeten), vielleicht auch zu stolz, sich den Bedingungen
des gegenwärtigen Friedens zu unterwerfen. Er ist überzeugt, daß
die englische Regierung Ibn Sa'oud gegen ihn bewaffnet hat, und
stützt sich bei dieser Annahme auf die Tatsache, daß der Scheich
von Kweit, der für unseren Verbündeten gilt, in der Hoffnung, den
Einfluß des Sultans an den Grenzen von Kweit abzuschwächen,
jenen heimatlosen Verbannten mit den Mitteln ausgerüstet hat, in
dem Lande, wo seine Väter geherrscht, wieder festen Fuß zu
fassen. Der Beginn des ganzen Unheils lag vielmehr in der
Freundschaft, die sich der Welt dadurch kundtat, daß
Schammārische Pferde in Konstantinopel, und zirkassische
Mädchen in Haīl erschienen, was aber das Ende anbetrifft, so hat
der Krieg kein Ende in der Wüste, und jeder Unfriede kommt wieder
dem Ungestüm irgend eines jungen Scheichs zu statten.
[2] Seit den oben erwähnten Ereignissen ist Ibn Sa'oud, nach
einem vergeblichen Appell an einen mächtigen Bundesgenossen,
glaube ich, zu einem Einvernehmen mit dem Sultan gekommen,
und Ibn er Raschīd soll bemüht sein, die türkische Besatzung
auszutreiben, die eigentlich zu seiner Hilfe gekommen war. Ganz
kürzlich hat sich das Gerücht vom Tode Ibn er Raschīds
verbreitet.
Obgleich wir Ebenen durchritten, die ganz wüste und für den
oberflächlichen Beschauer fast ganz ohne charakteristische Züge
waren, reisten wir doch selten länger als eine Meile, ohne eine Stelle
zu erreichen, die einen Namen trug. Der Araber verfügt in seiner
Rede über ein erstaunliches Ortsregister. Frage ihn, wo der oder
jener Scheich sein Lager aufgeschlagen hat, und er wird dich sofort
aufs genauste berichten. Du findest auf der Karte einen leeren Fleck
und auch die Gegend, wo das Lager sich befindet, zeigt solche
Leere. Dem Auge des Nomaden genügen eben die
unbedeutendsten Kennzeichen, eine Bodenerhebung, ein großer
Stein, die Spur einer Ruine, ja jede Vertiefung, die zur Winter- oder
Sommerzeit voll Wasser steht.
Belkaaraber.
Wir näherten uns jetzt einigen Abhängen, die beinahe mit dem
Namen Hügel beehrt werden konnten. Sie bildeten einen großen,
südwärts sich erstreckenden Halbkreis, in dessen innerer Seite
Fellāh ul 'Isa seine Zelte aufgeschlagen hatte. Zur Zeit meines
Besuchs dort hielten die Da'dja die ganze Ebene besetzt, sowohl
den Fuß des stufenförmig aufsteigenden Djebel el 'Alya, wie auch
den nordwestlichen Landstrich zwischen den Hügeln und dem Fluß
Zerka. Mudjemir, der junge Scheich, wohnte nordwärts; seine beiden
Onkel, Fellāh ul 'Isa und Hamūd, der Vater Gablāns, gemeinsam in
der nach Süden gelegenen Ebene. Ich traf Hamūd nicht an, da er
gerade fortgeritten war, um einige seiner Herden zu inspizieren.
Gablān sprengte voraus, um uns anzumelden, und als wir selbst uns
dem Zelte des großen Scheich näherten, trat ein weißhaariger Mann
heraus, uns zu bewillkommnen. Das war mein Wirt, Fellāh ul 'Isa, ein
in ganz Belka wegen seiner Weisheit berühmter Scheich mit weit
größerem Ansehen, als sonst ein alter Mann aus einem
Herrscherhause über seinen Stamm besitzt.
Vor einem halben Jahre war er als hochgeachteter Gast bei den
Drusen gewesen, die eigentlich mit arabischen Scheichs nicht auf
freundschaftlichem Fuße stehen, und das war der Grund, warum
Namrūd gerade ihn als den besten Ratgeber in meinen
Reiseangelegenheiten erachtet hatte. Wir mußten in seinem Zelte
sitzen, bis der Kaffee bereitet war, welche Zeremonie eine
geschlagene Stunde in Anspruch nahm und unter feierlichem
Schweigen vor sich ging. Nichts war hörbar als das Geräusch der
die Bohnen zermalmenden Mörserkeule, Töne, die, von kundiger
Hand geleitet, dem Wüstenwanderer wie liebliche Musik dünken. Als
der Genuß vorüber — die Sonne war inzwischen durchgebrochen—,
ritt ich mit Gablān und Namrūd die Hügel nordwärts vom Lager
hinan, um einige Ruinen zu besichtigen, von denen die Araber
berichtet hatten.
Kapitäl Muwaggar.
Djebel el 'Alya erwies sich als ein welliges Hochland, das sich in
einer Ausdehnung von vielen Meilen nach Norden und Nordosten
hin sanft abdachte. Die Hauptrichtung der unvermittelt aus der
Ebene aufsteigenden Bergkette ist von West nach Südost; ihr Kamm
ist mit einer Reihe Ruinen gekrönt, deren ich zwei sah. Es mögen
wohl Forts zum Schutze einer Grenze gewesen sein, vermutlich der
Ghassanidischen. Inschriften sind nicht vorhanden. Das erste der
verfallenen Gebäude lag direkt über Fellāh ul 'Isas Lager — meiner
Ansicht nach ist es der auf der Karte von Palästina nahe an der
Haddjbahn eingezeichnete Kasr el Ahla. Der Name ist den Da'dja
unbekannt. Sollte es an dem sein, so liegt die Ruine vier oder fünf
Meilen weiter nach Osten, als von den Kartographen eingezeichnet,
und der Name sollte Kasr el 'Alya heißen. Es war ein mäßiger
Komplex, ringsum von Mauerwerk umgeben, das eine unentwirrbare
Menge Ruinen umschloß. Nachdem wir drei oder vier Meilen weiter
ostwärts geritten waren, fanden wir auf der Nordseite des Djebel el
'Alya, am Eingange eines Tales, eine große Zisterne, die, ungefähr
40 zu 50 Meter groß, sorgsam aus behauenen Steinen erbaut und
halb voll Erde war. Weiter oben, der Spitze des Hügels zu, war eine
Gruppe Ruinen, von den Arabern El Muwaggar benannt[3]. Hier hat
sich vermutlich eine militärische Station befunden, denn die wenigen
Überreste kleinerer Wohnstätten legen den Gedanken an eine Stadt
nahe. Nach Osten zu aber lag ein Gebäude, das die Araber für einen
einstigen Stall erklären. Es war gleich einer Kirche in drei parallele
Schiffe geteilt. Bogengänge trennten das Mittelschiff von den
Seitenflügeln; die sechs auf jeder Seite befindlichen runden Bogen
ruhen auf gemauerten Säulen, auf deren Innenseite Löcher zum
Durchleiten der Spannseile angebracht sind. Wahrscheinlich wurden
vorzeiten Pferde zwischen die Bogen eingestellt. Eine
faßbogenförmige Decke wölbt sich über den drei Abteilungen,
Gemäuer sowohl als Wölbung bestehen aus kleinen, durch spröden,
zerbröckelnden Mörtel verbundenen Steinen. Einige hundert Meter
nach Nordwesten fanden wir eine große, unbedeckte, leere Zisterne
mit ausgemauerten Wänden und einer Treppe in der einen Ecke. Die
größte Ruine lag noch weiter westwärts, fast auf der Spitze des
Hügels. Bei den Arabern heißt sie Kasr; vermutlich war es eine
Festung oder Baracken. Der Haupteingang fand sich nach Osten zu,
und da sich der Boden hier senkte, wurde die Front durch einen
Unterbau von acht Gewölben getragen, über denen Spuren von drei
oder vier Toren sichtbar waren, die nur vermittels Treppen zugängig
gewesen sein können. Zu beiden Seiten des Einganges hatten
kannelierte Säulen gestanden — einige waren noch vorhanden —,
und die Fassade war mit Säulen und mit einer Nische geschmückt
gewesen. Fragmente bedeckten noch den Boden; daneben lagen
verschiedene Kapitäle, alle im korinthischen Stil, obgleich manche
von ihrem Urbild beträchtlich abwichen. Etliche Kannelierungen
zeigten sehr einfache Motive, wie ein Kleeblatt an jedem
Außenbogen eines gewundenen Stengels; andre wiederum waren
torusförmig und mit dem Palmstammmuster überdeckt. Die Fassade
maß 40 Schritt; hinter ihr lag ein Vorraum, der durch eine
Kreuzmauer von einem quadratischen Hof getrennt war. Ob dieser
Hof früher von Gemächern umgeben gewesen, konnte ich nicht
feststellen, da er von Trümmern überdeckt und mit Rasen
bewachsen war. Zu beiden Seiten der parallel laufenden Gewölbe
befand sich noch je ein anderer gewölbter Raum, also zehn im
ganzen, aber die beiden angefügten Gewölbe schienen keinerlei
Oberbau getragen zu haben, da die massiven Seitenwände des
Vorraums auf den Außenmauern der acht innern Gewölbe ruhten.
Das Gewölbe bestand aus viereckigen Steinen und Geröll, durch
Mörtel verbunden.
[3] El Muwakker geschrieben, aber die Beduinen ändern das
harte k in ein hartes g. Beschreibung des Ortes in »Die Provincia
Arabia«, 11. Band.
Kapitäl Muwaggar.
Wir ritten nun direkt den Hügel hinab und über die sich
anschließende Ebene, wobei wir auf ein anderes, Nedjēreh
genanntes, verfallenes Bauwerk stießen. Dergleichen Aufhäufungen
behauener Steine tragen bei den Arabern den Namen »rudjm«; es
wäre interessant zu wissen, wie weit nach Osten hin sie zu finden
sind, wie weit die Steppe von einer seßhaften Bevölkerung bewohnt
gewesen ist. Eine Tagereise von 'Alya — sagte Gablān — liegt ein
zweites Fort, Charāneh, und ein drittes, Um er Resās, nicht weit
davon. Und noch mehr gibt es, einige mit Bildwerken; zur Winterzeit,
wo die westlichen Weideplätze fast leer sind, kann man sie wohl
besuchen[4]. Während wir dahinritten, lehrte mich Gablān, die Wüste
zu lesen, auf die aus großen Steinen gelegten viereckigen
Lagerstätten der arabischen Diener zu achten, und auf die
halbkreisförmigen Erdlöcher, die die Kamelmütter für ihre Jungen
aushöhlen. Dann lehrte er mich auch die Pflanzen am Boden
kennen, und ich fand, daß die Flora in der Wüste wohl spärlich
vertreten, aber doch sehr verschiedenartig ist, und daß fast jede
Gattung von den Arabern nutzbar gemacht wird. So würzen sie mit
dem Blatt des Utrufān ihre Butter, bereiten einen trefflichen Salat aus
dem stacheligen Kursa'aneh, füttern ihre Kamele mit den dürren
Stengeln des Billān, die Schafe mit denen des Schīh, und die Asche
des Gāli wird beim Seifesieden benützt. Gablān gefiel sich in seiner
Lehrerrolle sehr wohl, und wenn wir von einem graublauen,
stacheligen Fleck an einen anderen, ganz ähnlichen kamen, pflegte
er zu sagen: »Nun, meine Dame, was ist das?« Und er lächelte
befriedigt, wenn die Antwort richtig kam.
[4] Mehrere dieser Ruinen wurden von M u s i l aufgesucht, aber
sein Werk ist noch nicht veröffentlicht.
Kapitäl Muwaggar.
Ich sollte diesen Abend in Fellāh ul 'Isas Zelt speisen und wurde
von Gablān abgeholt, als das letzte Abendrot den westlichen Himmel
säumte. Das kleine Zeltlager hallte bereits von dem Konzert der
Töne wider, die der Wüste zur Nachtzeit eigen sind: die Kamele
grunzten und ächzten, Schafe und Ziegen blökten, und unaufhörlich
bellten die Hunde. Das Zelt des Scheichs war nur durch den Schein
des Herdfeuers erhellt, und mein mir gegenübersitzender Wirt
verschwand bald in einer Wolke beißenden Rauchs, bald erstrahlte
er im Lichte einer glänzenden Flamme. So oft sich ein angesehener
Gast einstellt, muß ein Schaf ihm zu Ehren geschlachtet werden,
und so geschah es, daß wir mit unseren Fingern ein üppiges Mahl
aus Hammelfleisch, Quark und riesigen Stücken Brot verzehrten.
Aber der Araber ißt selbst bei festlichen Gelegenheiten erstaunlich
wenig, ja viel weniger, als eine mit gutem Appetit gesegnete
Europäerin, und hat man keinen Gast, so begnügt man sich mit Brot
und einer Schale Kamelmilch. Freilich pflegen diese Leute auch den
größten Teil des Tages zu verplaudern oder zu verschlafen, aber ich
habe die 'Agēl bei keiner besseren Kost auch einen Marsch von vier
Monaten machen sehen. Meiner Meinung nach müßte der Beduine,
obgleich er mit so wenig auskommt, immer hungrig sein; er ist so
auffallend spärlich und hager, und wenn der Stamm von Krankheit
aufgesucht wird, erheischt sie gewöhnlich viele Opfer. Auch meine
Dienerschaft tat sich gütlich, und da Mohammed, oder vielmehr jetzt
Tarif, der Christ, zum Schutz unsrer Zelte hatte zurückbleiben
müssen, wurde ein Holznapf mit Essen gefüllt und »für den Gast, der
zurückbleiben mußte«, hinaus geschickt.
Beim Kaffee entspann sich zwischen Fellāh ul 'Isa und Namrūd
ein lebhaftes Gespräch, das die Lage der Belkastämme scharf
beleuchtete. Sie werden von der heranrückenden Zivilisation hart
bedrängt. Syrische Bauern setzen sich mehr und mehr in ihren
Sommerquartieren fest, und was noch schlimmer ist, ihre Tränken
werden jetzt von zirkassischen Kolonisten benützt, die vom Sultan
Ostsyrien als Wohnsitz angewiesen bekamen, nachdem die Russen
sie von Haus und Hof im Kaukasus vertrieben hatten. Keine
angenehme Leute, diese Zirkassier! Mürrisch und zänkisch sind sie,
aber allerdings auch fleißig und unternehmend; aus ihren steten
Streitigkeiten mit den Arabern gehen sie regelmäßig als Sieger
hervor. Haben sie doch neuerdings das Entnehmen von Wasser aus
dem Zerka, auf den die Beduinen den ganzen Sommer über
angewiesen sind, zum casus belli erhoben, und es wird nahezu
unmöglich, nach 'Ammān, dem zirkassischen Hauptquartier,
hinabzugehen, um die wenigen Bedürfnisse eines arabischen
Lebens, wie Kaffee, Zucker und Tabak, einzuhandeln. Nach
Namrūds Ansicht müßten die Belkastämme die Regierung angehen,
einen Kāimakām zum Schutze ihrer Interessen über ihren Distrikt zu
setzen, aber Fellāh ul 'Isa zauderte, den Storchenkönig
hereinzurufen, denn er fürchtete die Besatzung, die dieser schicken
würde, auch das zwangsweise Registrieren des Viehs und andre
schlimme Streiche. Ja, die Tage der Belkaaraber sind gezählt. Die
Ruinen deuten auf dieselbe Möglichkeit hin, die schon in
vergangenen Jahrhunderten bestand: es kann sich eine seßhafte
Bevölkerung über ihr ganzes Gebiet ausbreiten, und ihnen selbst
bleibt die Wahl, entweder Dörfer zu gründen und den Boden zu
bebauen, oder nach Osten zurückzuweichen, wo Wasser im
Sommer fast nicht zu haben, und die Hitze unerträglich ist.
Namrūd wendete sich von diesem unliebsamen Thema ab und
begann, die Herrschaft der Engländer in Ägypten zu preisen. Freilich
war er nie dort gewesen, aber einer seiner Vettern, ein Schreiber in
Alexandrien, hatte ihm erzählt, daß die Bauern dort reich würden,
und daß es in der Wüste ebenso friedlich herging, wie in den
Städten.
»Blutfehde gibt's nicht mehr,« sagte er, »auch keinen Raub.
Wenn jemand einem anderen seine Kamele stiehlt, wißt ihr, was da
geschieht? Der Herr der Kamele geht zu dem nächsten Konak
(Richter) und beschwert sich; dann reitet ein Zaptieh (Polizeisoldat)
ganz allein durch die Wüste, bis er das Zelt des Räubers erreicht. Da
entbietet er seinen Gruß und tritt ein. Und der Herr des Zeltes? Der
macht Kaffee und versucht, den Zaptieh als einen Gast zu
behandeln. Aber jetzt hat der Soldat seinen Kaffee getrunken, er legt
Geld auf den Herd und sagt: ‚Nimm diesen Piaster.’ So bezahlt er für
alles, was er ißt und trinkt und nimmt nichts an. Am Morgen geht er
wieder, nachdem er noch Bescheid hinterlassen hat, daß nach
soundsoviel Tagen die Kamele wieder beim Richter sein müssen. Da
fürchtet sich der Räuber, holt die Kamele zusammen und schickt sie
hin. Vielleicht fehlt eins an der Zahl. Da sagt der Richter zu dem
Herrn der Kamele: ‚Sind alle Tiere hier?’ und er erwidert: ‚Eins fehlt.’
So sagt er: ‚Was ist es wert?’ und er antwortet: ‚Acht lira.’ Wāllah! er
bezahlt.«