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55 6
AMERICAN HERITAGE A HEALTHY PLANET, A HEALTHY BODY
GRAMMAR Nouns GRAMMAR Modifiers
There + Be Adverbs
Quantity Words
READING 1 Feeding the Planet 152
READING 1 Thanksgiving 124 6.1 Modifying a Noun 153
5.1 Noun Plurals—Form 125 6.2 Adjectives 154
5.2 Using the Plural for Generalizations 128 6.3 Noun Modifiers 157
5.3 Special Cases of Singular and Plural 129
READING 2 The Happiest City in the U.S. 159
READING 2 Cranberry Sauce 130 6.4 Adverbs 160
5.4 Count and Noncount Nouns 131 6.5 Adjectives vs. Adverbs 162
5.5 Nouns That Can Be Both Count and Noncount 132
5.6 Units of Measure with Noncount Nouns 133 READING 3 A Good Night’s Sleep 164
5.7 A Lot Of, Much, Many 135 6.6 Too, Too Much, Too Many, and Enough 165
6.7 Too and Very 166
READING 3 The First Americans 137
5.8 There + a Form of Be 138 UNIT SUMMARY 168
5.9 Some, Any, A, No 141 REVIEW 169
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING 170
READING 4 Navajo Code Talkers 142
5.10 A Few, Several, A Little 143
5.11 A Few vs. Few; A Little vs. Little 143
5.12 Too Much/Too Many vs. A Lot Of 145
UNIT SUMMARY 146

REVIEW 147
Contents v
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
7 8
A NEW START WHERE WE LIVE
GRAMMAR Time Words GRAMMAR Modals

The Past Continuous
READING 1 An Apartment Lease 196
READING 1 Ellis Island 174 8.1 Overview of Modals 197
7.1 Time Words 175 8.2 Phrasal Modals 197
7.2 When and Whenever 178 8.3
Obligation/Necessity—Must and Phrasal
Modals 199
READING 2 Immigrants: Building 8.4
Permission/Prohibition—May and Phrasal
Businesses and Communities 179 Modals 200
7.3 The Past Continuous—Form 180 8.5
Expectation—Be Supposed To 201
7.4 The Past Continuous with a Specific Time 182 8.6
Ability/Permission—Can, Could, and Phrasal
7.5 The Past Continuous with a When Clause 184 Modals 202
READING 3 Albert Einstein: Refugee from READING 2 Frequently Asked Questions:

Germany 185 Recycling Plastic in Your Home 204
7.6 The Past Continuous with a While Clause 186 8.7 Advice—Should, Ought To, Had Better 205
7.7
The Simple Past vs. The Past Continuous 8.8 Negatives of Modals 207
with When 188
7.8 Using the -ing Form after Time Words 189 READING 3 Starting Life in a New Country 211
8.9 Conclusions or Deductions—Must 212
UNIT SUMMARY 190
8.10 Possibility—May/Might 214
REVIEW 191
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING 192 READING 4 How to Furnish Your New
Apartment Cheaply 216
8.11 Using Modals for Politeness 217
UNIT SUMMARY 220

REVIEW 221
vi Contents
95 10
6
VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES JOBS
GRAMMAR The Present Perfect GRAMMAR Gerunds

The Present Perfect Continuous Infinitives
READING 1 Google 226 READING 1 Finding a Job 260

9.1 The Present Perfect—Forms 227 10.1 Gerunds—An Overview 261
9.2 The Past Participle 229 10.2 Gerunds as Subjects 263
9.3 The Present Perfect with an Adverb 233 10.3 Gerunds as Objects 265
10.4 Preposition + Gerund 267
READING 2 Crowdfunding 234
9.4 The Present Perfect—Overview of Uses 235 READING 2 Employee Engagement 270
9.5
The Present Perfect with Continuation from 10.5 Infinitives—An Overview 271
Past to Present 236 10.6 Infinitives after Expressions with It 272
9.6
The Simple Past, the Present Perfect, 10.7 Infinitives after Adjectives 273
the Simple Present 238 10.8 Infinitives after Verbs 274
10.9 Objects before Infinitives 276
READING 3 Khan Academy 240
10.10 Infinitives to Show Purpose 277
9.7
The Present Perfect with Repetition from
10.11 Infinitives or Gerunds after Verbs 278
Past to Present 241
9.8
The Present Perfect with an Indefinite UNIT SUMMARY 280
Time in the Past 243 REVIEW 281
9.9 The Present Perfect vs. the Simple Past 246 FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING 282
READING 4 Genealogy and the
Genographic Project 248
9.10 The Present Perfect Continuous—Forms 249
9.11 The Present Perfect Continuous—Use 251
UNIT SUMMARY 254

REVIEW 255
Contents vii
11 12
MAKING CONNECTIONS SPORTS AND ATHLETES
GRAMMAR Adjective Clauses GRAMMAR Superlatives

Comparatives
READING 1 Reconnecting with Old Friends 286
11.1 Adjective Clauses—Overview 287 READING 1 Gregg Treinish: Extreme
Athlete and Conservationist 310
11.2 Relative Pronouns as Subjects 288
11.3 Relative Pronouns as Objects 291 12.1 The Superlative Forms of Adjectives
and Adverbs 311
READING 2 Making Connections Using 12.2 Superlatives—Use 313
Meetup 295
11.4 Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions 296 READING 2 Americans’ Attitude toward
Soccer 316
11.5 Whose + Noun 298
12.3
The Comparative Forms of
READING 3 The Science of Friendship 300 Adjectives and Adverbs 317
12.4 Comparatives—Use 319
11.6 Adjective Clauses with Where and When 301
UNIT SUMMARY 304 READING 3 An Amazing Athlete 323

REVIEW 305 12.5 As . . . As 324
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING 306 12.6 As Many/Much . . . As 326
12.7 The Same . . . As 327
READING 4 Football and Soccer 330

12.8 Showing Similarity with Like and Alike 331
UNIT SUMMARY 334

REVIEW 335
viii Contents
13
5 14
6
THE LAW MONEY
GRAMMAR Active and Passive Voice GRAMMAR Articles

Other/Another
READING 1 The Supreme Court 340 Indefinite Pronouns
13.1 Active and Passive Voice—Overview 341
13.2 The Passive Voice—Form 342 READING 1 Millennials and Money 360
14.1 Articles—An Overview 361
READING 2 Jury Duty 344 14.2 Making Generalizations 362
13.3 The Passive Voice—Use 345 14.3 Classifying or Defining the Subject 363
13.4 Negatives and Questions with the
Passive Voice 347 READING 2 Kids and Money 365
14.4 Non-Specific Nouns 366
READING 3 Who Owns the Photo? 349 14.5 Specific Nouns 367
13.5 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 350 14.6
Specific or Non-Specific Nouns with
Quantity Words 370
UNIT SUMMARY 354
REVIEW 355 READING 3 Billionaires 372
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING 356 14.7 Other and Another 373
14.8 More about Other and Another 374
14.9 Definite and Indefinite Pronouns 376
UNIT SUMMARY 378

REVIEW 379
Contents ix
APPENDICES
A Summary of Verb Tenses 382
B Nonaction Verbs 383
C Irregular Verb Forms 384
D Gerunds and Infinitives 386
E Verbs and Adjectives Followed by a Preposition 387
F Noncount Nouns 388
G Uses of Articles 390
H Connectors 394
I Capitalization and Punctuation 396
GLOSSARY 398
INDEX 402
x Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Author and Publisher would like to acknowledge and thank the teachers who participated in the development
of the seventh edition of Grammar in Context.
A special thanks to our Advisory Board for their valuable input during the development of this series.
ADVISORY BOARD
Andrea Gonzalez, BYU English Language Center, Provo, Katherine Sieradzki, FLS Boston, Boston, MA, USA
UT, USA Maria Schirta, Hudson County Community College, Jersey
Ellen Rosen, Fullerton College, Fullerton, CA, USA City, NJ, USA
Erin Pak, Schoolcraft College, Livonia, MI, USA Oranit Limmaneeprasert, American River College,
Holly Gray, Prince George’s Community College, Largo, Sacramento, CA, USA
MD, USA Susan Niemeyer, Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles,
John Halliwell, Moraine Valley Community College, Palos CA, USA
Hills, IL, USA
REVIEWERS
Adriana García, Institut Nord-America, Barcelona, Spain Milena Eneva, Chattahoochee Technical College, Marietta,
Alena Widows, Institut Nord-America, Barcelona, Spain GA, USA
Augustine Triantafyllides, So Easy, Athens, Greece Monica Farling, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
Bilal Aslam, GTCC, High Point, NC, USA Naima Sarfraz, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Carmen Díez, CFA Les Corts, Barcelona, Spain Natalia Schroeder, Long Beach City College, Long Beach,
David Finfrock, QU, Doha, Qatar CA, USA
Deanna Henderson, LCI, Denver, CO, USA Paul Schmitt, Institut d’Estudis Nord-Americans,
Ellen Barrett, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Barcelona, Spain
Francis Bandin, UAB, Barcelona, Spain Paula Sanchez, Miami Dade College, Miami, FL, USA
Jonathan Lathers, Macomb Community College, Warren, Paulette Koubek-Yao, Pasadena City College, Pasadena,
MI, USA CA, USA
Karen Vallejo, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Robert Yáñez, Hillsborough Community College, Tampa,
Kathy Najafi, Houston Community College, Houston, FL, USA
TX, USA Samuel Lumbsden, Essex County College, Newark,
Katie Windahl, Cuyahoga Community College, Cleveland, NJ, USA
OH, USA Sarah Mikulski, Harper College, Palatine, IL, USA
Laura Jacob, Mt. San Antonio College, Walnut, CA, USA Steven Lund, Arizona Western College, Yuma, AZ, USA
Leah Carmona, Bergen Community College, Paramus, Teresa Cheung, North Shore Community College, Lynn,
NJ, USA MA, USA
Luba Nesterova, Bilingual Education Institute, Houston, Tim McDaniel, Green River College, Auburn, WA, USA
TX, USA Tristinn Williams, Cascadia College, Seattle, WA, USA
Marcos Valle, Edmonds Community College, Lynnwood, Victoria Mullens, LCI, Denver, CO, USA
WA, USA
Marla Goldfine, San Diego Community College, San
Diego, CA, USA
Acknowledgments xi
WELCOME TO GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT, SEVENTH EDITION
Grammar in Context, the original contextualized grammar series, brings grammar to life through
engaging topics that provide a framework for meaningful practice. Students learn more, remember
more, and use language more effectively when they study grammar in context.
ENHANCED IN THE SEVENTH EDITION
National Geographic photographs

introduce unit themes and pull students
into the context.
9
UNIT
National Geographic’s Space Projection

Helmets allow participants to look at Earth
The Present Perfect from an astronaut’s perspective.
The Present Perfect Continuous
VIRTUAL Technology is nothing. What’s important is that
COMMUNITIES
you have a faith in people, that they’re basically
good and smart, and if you give them tools,
they’ll do wonderful things with them.
STEVE JOBS
Unit openers include an

inspirational quote to
help students connect to
the theme.
New and updated readings New Think About It questions
introduce the target grammar in give students the opportunity to
context and provide the springboard personalize and think critically about
for explanations and practice. what they are reading.
CROWDFUNDING
COMPREHENSION Based on the reading, write T for true or F for false.
1. Sometimes strangers help fund a crowdfunding project.
2. The idea of crowdfunding is old, but it has become easier to do with the Internet.
Read the following article. Pay special attention to the words in bold. 9.3 3. The “97 Supermarket” project didn’t reach its financial goal.
Have you ever had an idea for a business but no way to fund it? Have you asked THINK ABOUT IT Discuss the questions with a partner or in a small group.
relatives and friends for money to help you? If you have done these things, you know it Crowdfunding
isn’t easy to get people interested in investing in your dream. After getting money from has become 1. What would you like to crowdfund for? Why?
relatives and friends, it’s hard to find more people willing to invest. Lately, people have one of the most 2. What might be some challenges with crowdfunding? Explain.
found a different way to raise cash: through crowdfunding. Crowdfunding is a method popular ways
for people to
of “collecting small amounts of money from a lot of different people, usually by using
the Internet.” While the idea has been around for possibly hundreds of years, the word raise money for 9.4 The Present Perfect—Overview of Uses
a cause, project,
crowdfunding has only existed since 2006. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
or event. In 2017,
Crowdfunding websites, which started to appear on the Internet in 2010, have $34 billion was People have used crowdfunding since 2010. We use the present perfect to show that an action or
helped individuals raise billions of dollars worldwide. So how does it work? A person raised globally. Google has been in existence for over 20 years. state started in the past and continues to the present.
demonstrates his idea in a short video and states his financial goal and the time frame for This number is
I have used my laptop in coffee shops many times. We use the present perfect to show that an action
raising money. Usually the first investors are family and friends. Little by little, strangers expected to
How many articles about crowdfunding have you read? repeated during a period of time that started in the past
become interested and donate money. grow to more
and includes the present.
than $300 billion
Not all crowdfunding plans are for profit. Some people have used crowdfunding by 2025. Have you ever asked relatives for money? We use the present perfect to show that an action
websites that are specifically for philanthropic1 projects. These sites have attracted occurred at an indefinite time in the past.
people who want to make the world a better place. The 97 Supermarket in Changchun,
China, is one example of this. Jiang Naijun used crowdfunding to get the money to open a EXERCISE 7 Tell if the sentences show continuation from past to present (C), repetition from past to
supermarket. She named her market 97 because that was her age when she did this. Since COMPREHENSIONpresent
Based(R), oron the reading,
an indefinite write
time in the T for true or F for false.
past (I).
she became profitable, she has given at least half the money she earns to charity2, to help
and the children in need. “I wanted to do more for society,” she said.
If you want more information, just google “crowdfunding” and you will find a number
of different sites specializing in different types of projects.
1. Library and1. Internet research
Larry Page has
thousands 2.ofHow
years
manyago.
for genealogy
been interested can he
in computers since
emails have you received today?

help
was aus find Cfamily information from
child.
98-year-old Jiang Naijun used

crowdfunding to start her
2. DNA analysis can
3. I’ve hadshow usforthe
my laptop onerelationship
year. of people all over the world.
1 philanthropic: intended to help others
supermarket and donates the
2 charity: an organization that helps people in need
profits to charity. 3. The U.S. Census provides
4. The word family
crowdfunding historians
has been with
in existence since useful
2006. information.
5. Internet security has become a big problem.
9.5 THINK ABOUT IT 6.Discuss

Has yourthe questions
computer ever hadwith a partner or in a small group.
a virus?
technology shows the relationship between people, 1. What do you know7. about your
My cousin family’s
has used genealogy?
crowdfunding two times.How did you learn what you know?
going back thousands of years. 2. What more would8.you

Have you ever used your laptop in a coffee shop?
like to know about it?
In 2005, National Geographic started the GRAMMAR IN USE
When an event happened in the recent past, and the effect is still felt, we often use the present perfect. This is
Genographic Project. Since then, it has been
collecting and analyzing DNA3 from people all over 9.10 The Present Perfect Continuous —Forms
especially common for speakers of British English. In American English, we use either the present perfect or the
simple past.
has been the world. Dr. Spencer Wells, founder of the project, SUBJECT
Someone has just donated $10,000!
HAVE/HAS BEEN
Someone just donated $10,000.
PRESENT
I have forgotten my password again. I forgot my password again.
has been using this information to understand how (+ NOT) PARTICIPLE
Have you heard the news? Did you hear the news?
we are all related to each other. Cyndi Howells has been working on her family history since 1992.
. 234 does 235
How Unit 9 this project work? People get a DNA
The Genographic has been analyzing The Present Perfect, The Present Perfect Continuous
information since 2005.
kit, put in a bit of saliva, and send it back. Dr. Wells Project
has concluded that all humans alive today descended Family historians have been using DNA to trace their backgrounds.
from early humans who lived in Eastern Africa around
The U.S. Census hasn’t been keeping detailed records for more than 150 years.
two hundred thousand years ago. Dr. Wells has been
Bureau
studying human migration4 from Africa to other parts New Grammar in Use notes highlight
of the world. Dr. Wells thinks that by understanding
who we are and where we came from, we will have a practical usage points to help students
Observe statements, yes/no questions, short answers, and wh- questions.
better sense of where we are going. STATEMENT
communicate more effectively.
YES/NO QUESTION & SHORT ANSWER WH- QUESTION
Dr. Wells has been studying DNA Has he been studying the DNA of people How long has he been studying
1 genealogy: the study of family history for several years. all over the world? Yes, he has. human DNA?
2 genealogist: family historian
have 3 DNA: the molecules that carry genetic information and define You have been thinking about Have you been thinking about DNA Why haven’t you been thinking
the traits of a person, plant, or animal researching your family history. testing? No, I haven’t. about DNA testing?
4 migration: movement from one place to another, usually
in large groups Cyndi Howells has been working on Have you been working on your family Who has been working on your
her family history. history? No, I haven’t. family history?
Note:
New listening comprehension The present perfect continuous is sometimes called the present perfect progressive.
activities encourage students

to listen for meaning through EXERCISE 17 Listen to the information about the U.S. Census. Write T for true, F for false,
or NS for not stated. 9.6
natural spoken English.
1. At first, children were not counted in the census.
2. All census information is available to everyone.
3. Most Americans complete the census questionnaire.
The Present Perfect, The Present Perfect Continuous 249
ABOUT YOU Use the words to write present perfect questions. Then take turns asking and answering
your questions with a partner. Use contractions. Share what you learned with your class. 5. You have used Google. (probably)
1. (Internet security/be/problem/for you) Has Internet security been a problem for you?
6. He hasn’t finished his college degree. (even)
2. (which/music apps/use)
7. I have read the article about Internet security. (already)
3. (try/VR)
New Fun with Grammar allows the FUN WITH GRAMMAR
class to practice grammar in a lively

4. (what/change/in the last 20 years)
Race to write. Form three teams. One person from each team goes to the board. Your teacher will say an
irregular verb, and you will write the past participle of that verb on the board. Every student has a turn. The
game-like way.
first to finish writing the word correctly wins a point.
For an extra challenge, the first to write a sentence using the verb in the present perfect wins another point.
232 Unit 9 The Present Perfect, The Present Perfect Continuous 233
Summary and Review SUMMARY OF UNIT 9 REVIEW
sections help students The Present Perfect and the Simple Past Fill in the blanks with the simple present, the simple past, the present perfect, or the present perfect
continuous form of the verbs given. Include any other words you see. In some cases, more than one
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST answer is possible.
revisit key points and

The action of the sentence began in the past and The action of the sentence is completely past.
includes the present. A: What do you do for a living?
Sergey Brin has been in the U.S. since 1979. Sergey Brin came to the U.S. in 1979. B: I work as a programmer. I ’ve been working as a
assess their progress.

1. work 2. work
Khan’s videos have been available for many years. Khan created his first math videos in 2004.
programmer for five years. But my job is boring.
I’ve always wanted to learn more about my family’s When I was a child, I always wanted to spend time with
history. my grandparents. A: about changing jobs?
3. you/think/ever
How long have you been interested in genealogy? When did you start your family tree?
B: Yes. Since I a child, I to be an actor.
4. be 5. always/want
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST When I was in college, I in a few plays. But since I
6. be
Repetition from past to present Repetition in a past time period ,I time to act. What about you?
7. graduate 8. not/have
Khan Academy has created over 5,000 videos so far. Khan created several videos for his niece in 2004.
A: I in computer security.
9. work
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST B: How long that?
10. you/do
The action took place at an indefinite time between the The action took place at a definite time in the past.
A: For about six years.
past and the present.
Have you ever used Cyndi’s list? Did you use the 1940 census in 2012? B: I the field of computer security is very important.
11. think
My brother has raised $5,000 on a crowdfunding site He put his project on a crowdfunding site six months
A: Yes, it is. But lately I the computer for other things, too. My hobby is
already. ago. 12. use
I’m interested in the DNA project. I’ve received my kit, My friend sent her DNA sample to the Genographic genealogy. I on my family tree for about a year. Last month, I
13. work
but I haven’t sent the sample back yet. Project last month.
information about my father’s ancestors. My grandfather
14. find
The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous with us now, and he likes to tell us about his past. He
15. live
PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS born in Italy, but he here when he
16. be 17. come
A continuous action (nonaction verbs) A continuous action (action verbs)
was very young, so he here most of his life. He
I have been interested in genealogy for five years. I’ve been working on my family tree for five years. 18. live
A repeated action A nonstop action much about Italy. I any information

19. not/remember 20. not/find
Cyndi Howell’s website has won several awards. The U.S. Census Bureau has been keeping records since about my mother’s ancestors yet.
the 1880s.
Question with how many/how much Question with how long
How many times has Khan been on the cover of a How long has Khan been living in Boston?
magazine?
How much time has he spent on Khan Academy?
An action that is at an indefinite time, completely An action that started in the past and is still happening
in the past
Many teachers have started to use Khan lectures in their Dr. Wells has been collecting DNA for several years.
classrooms.
From Grammar to FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING
Writing gives editing

PART 1 Editing Advice First, since the past two years, I am studying to be a software engineer. I knew a little about
6. 7. 8.
1. Don’t confuse the -ing form and the past participle. this subject before I came here, but my knowledge has improve a lot. I started to work part-time
taking 9. 10. 11.
advice and practice

I’ve been taken a course in genealogy. in a computer company three months ago. Since I have started my job, I haven’t have much time
given 12. 13. 14.
My parents have giving me family photos. for fun.
2. Use the present perfect, not the simple present or present continuous, to describe an action or
to set students up to state that started in the past and continues to the present. Second, I have a driver’s permit, and I’m learning how to drive. I haven’t took the driver’s test
15.
had have you been
He has his laptop for two years. How long are you studying math? yet because I’m not ready. I haven’t practiced enough already.
^ ^ 16. 17. 18.
successfully apply the

3. Use for, not since, with the amount of time. Third, I’ve been eaten a lot of different foods like hamburgers and pizza. I never ate those in
for 19. 20.
I’ve been interested in my family’s history since three years.
my country. Unfortunately, I been gaining weight.
grammar to writing.
21.
4. Use the simple past, not the present perfect, with a specific past time.
studied Fourth, I’ve gone to several museums in this city. But I’ve taken never a trip to another
He has studied algebra when he was in high school. 22. 23.
did study American city. I’d like to visit New York, but I haven’t saved enough money yet.
When have you studied algebra? 24. 25.
5. Use the simple past, not the present perfect, in a since clause. Fifth, I’ve been living in three apartments so far. In my country, I lived in the same house
26. 27.
put
He has collected $5,000 since he has put his project on a crowdfunding site. with my family all my life.
6. Use the correct word order with adverbs. One thing that bothers me is this: I’ve answered the following questions about a thousand
never studied ever heard 28.
I have studied never my family history. Have you heard ever of Dr. Spencer Wells? times so far: “Where do you come from?” and “How long time you have been in the U.S.?” I’m
29. 30.
7. Use the correct word order in questions.
has your family getting tired of always answering the same question. But in general, I been happy since I came to
How long your family has been in this country? 31. 32.
the U.S.
8. Use yet for negative statements; use already for affirmative statements.
yet
I haven’t taken advanced algebra already.
9. Don’t forget the verb have in the present perfect (continuous).
WRITING TIP
When you write a paragraph or essay about a change in your life, start your paper with a sentence that states how
have
I been studying my family history for two years. the new situation (technology, for example) has changed your life.
^
10. Don’t forget the -ed of the past participle. Since I got a cell phone, my life has greatly improved.
ed Then use the simple past to talk about what you used to do and the simple present to talk about what you do
He’s watch a math video several times. habitually now.
^
PART 2 Editing Practice Before I got a cell phone, I went to work in the morning and only talked to my family at night. Now, I call before I go
Some of the shaded words and phrases have mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them. If the shaded home to ask if they need anything.
words are correct, write C.
have you C PART 3 Write
How many changes you have made since you came to the U.S.? For our journal, our teacher Read the prompts. Choose one and write a paragraph or two about it.
1. 2.
asked us to answer this question. I have come to the U.S. two and a half years ago. Things have 1. Write about the changes that you have made since you came to this country, city, or school.
3. 2. Write about new technology that you’ve started using recently. How has that made your life
change a lot for me since I’ve come here. Here are some of the changes: different?
4. 5.
PART 4 Edit
Reread the Summary of Unit 9 and the editing advice. Edit your writing from Part 3.
New Writing Tips further

connect the grammar to the
unit writing task.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
FOR STUDENTS The Online Practice provides
a variety of interactive grammar activities for
homework or flexible independent study.
GO TO ELTNGL.COM/MYELT
FOR TEACHERS The Classroom Presentation Tool

allows the teacher to project the student book pages,
open interactive activities with answers, and play the
audio program.
The Teacher's Website hosts the teacher’s guide,

audio, and ExamView® Test Center, so teachers have
all the materials they need in one place.
ELTNGL.COM/GRAMMARINCONTEXTSERIES
A WORD FROM THE AUTHOR
My parents immigrated to the United States from Poland and learned English as a
second language as adults. My sisters and I were born in the United States. My parents
spoke Yiddish to us; we answered in English. In that process, my parents’ English improved
immeasurably. Such is the case with many immigrant parents whose children are fluent
in English. They usually learn English much faster than others; they hear the language in
natural ways, in the context of daily life.
Learning a language in context, whether it be from the home, from work, or from a
textbook, cannot be overestimated. The challenge for me has been to find a variety of
high-interest topics to engage the adult language learner. I was thrilled to work on this new
edition of Grammar in Context for National Geographic Learning. In so doing, I have been
able to combine exciting new readings with captivating photos to exemplify the grammar.
I have given more than 100 workshops at ESL programs and professional conferences
around the United States, where I have gotten feedback from users of previous editions
of Grammar in Context. Some teachers have expressed concern about trying to cover long
grammar units within a limited time. While ESL is not taught in a uniform number of hours
per week, I have heeded my audiences and streamlined the series so that the grammar and
practice covered is more manageable. And in response to the needs of most ESL programs,
I have expanded and enriched the writing component.
Whether you are a new user of Grammar in Context or have used this series before, I
welcome you to this new edition.
Sandra N. Elbaum
For my loves
Gentille, Chimene, Joseph, and Joy
xvi A Word from the Author
CREDITS
ILLUSTRATIONS
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Courtesy of Kleiner Perkins
Credits xvii
1
UNIT
The Simple Present

Frequency Words
ANIMALS
The Western tarsier is nocturnal. Its big eyes
and ears help it see and hear in the dark.
Some people talk to animals. Not many

listen though. That’s the problem.
A.A. MILNE
Special Friends
Read the following article. Pay special attention to the words in bold. 1.1
They are our friends. We play with them. We Pets are great for your health. Contact with an
talk to them. We spend a lot of money on them. affectionate2 dog or cat can lower a person’s blood
We love them. Who are they? Our pets, of course. pressure. Also, pets are a comfort to lonely people.
About 68 percent of Americans live with one or more
Pets are fun, but they’re also work. Animals need
animals. There are about 94 million pet cats and
a lot of attention. Before you buy a pet, it is important
90 million pet dogs in the United States. There are
to answer these questions:
more pets than children in the United States! The
• Are you patient?
most popular pets are cats and dogs. Other popular
• Are you home a lot?
pets are fish, birds, and rabbits.
• If you have children, are they responsible?
Pet ownership isn’t cheap. Americans spend more • Is this a good animal for children?
than $69 billion a year on their pets. There are schools, • Are pets allowed where you live?
toys, hotels, clothes, and cemeteries for pets. The • Are you or your family members allergic3 to pets?
average dog owner spends over $257 a year on vet1 bills.
It’s important to understand that a pet is a long-
For many Americans, pets are part of the family. term responsibility—and a long-term friend.
Many owners sleep with their dogs or cats. Some
people travel with their pets. (The average cost to fly 1 vet: short for veterinarian; an animal doctor
2 affectionate: loving
with a pet is $125 each way.) Some hotels allow guests 3 allergic: very sensitive to a particular animal or plant
to bring their pets.
A man and his dog check in

for their flight.
4 Unit 1
COMPREHENSION Based on the reading, write T for true or F for false.
1. The most popular pets in the U.S. are dogs and cats.
2. About 94 percent of Americans have a pet.
3. Pets are not allowed on airplanes.
THINK ABOUT IT Discuss the questions with a partner or in a small group.

1. Do you have a pet? If so, what kind? If not, what kind do you think you would like?
2. In addition to lowering a person’s blood pressure, what other ways can a pet make a person’s life better?
1.1 Be Simple Present—Form

EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
SUBJECT BE
I am happy with my dog. We use am with I.
The child responsible. We use is with he, she, it, this, that, and singular subjects
He intelligent. (the child, the cat, etc.).
She lonely.
The cat is happy. We use there is with a singular noun.
It cute.
That a friendly cat.
There a dog in the yard.
We hard working. We use are with we, you, they, these, those, and plural subjects
You home a lot. (pets, cats, etc.).
Pets fun.
are
They good friends. We use there are with a plural noun.
Those cute kittens.
There schools for dogs.
1.2 Contractions with Be

EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
I am I’m responsible. A contraction combines two words.
You are You’re patient.
She is She’s happy. We can make a contraction with the subject pronoun and
He is He’s kind. am, is, or are.
It is It’s necessary.
We are We’re busy. We put an apostrophe (’) in place of the missing letter.
They are They’re cute.
There is There’s a pet store near my house. We can make a contraction with there is, here is, and that is.
Here is Here’s an idea. Let’s get a dog.
That is That’s a friendly cat.
cat is The cat’s hungry. We can make a contraction with most singular nouns and is.
dog is Your dog’s cute.
A fox is a relative of a dog. We don’t make a contraction with is if the word before
A mouse is a small animal. ends in s, se, ce, ge, ze, sh, ch, or x.
This is a cute cat.
The Simple Present, Frequency Words 5

EXERCISE 1 Listen to the conversation. Fill in the blanks with the words you hear. 1.2
A: I want a dog. My friend has a dog with new puppies. There are nine puppies, and they
1.
need a home. The puppies two months old. They so cute. I want
2. 3.
one. Look—this a picture of my favorite puppy.

4.
B: Dogs a big responsibility.

5.
A: Mom, I nine years old now, and I responsible. I love dogs.

6. 7.
They so affectionate. They great friends. And dogs

8. 9.
fun.
10.
B: They expensive, too. For example, there the cost of food.

11. 12.
EXERCISE 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of be to finish the conversation from Exercise 1.
Use contractions wherever possible.
B: There also vet bills.

1.
A: Vet bills?
B: Yes. A vet an animal doctor. Dogs need doctors just like we do. It
2. 3.
important to think about that, too.
A: But the puppies healthy.

4.
B: You healthy, too. But sometimes you sick and you need a
5. 6.
doctor. Also, your little brother only three years old. He

7. 8.
afraid of dogs. Here another problem: It summer now, so it

9. 10.
easy to take the dog out. But in winter, it so cold.

11. 12.
A: Please, Mom.
B: Let me think about it. I have to talk to Dad. We your parents, and we want to make
13.
the right decision.
A: Thanks, Mom.
6 Unit 1
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majorities for the Democratic Presidential electors, the Whigs drew
off. In 1845, at the April election in New York, the natives were
defeated, and the new party disappeared there. As a result of the
autumn election of 1844, the 29th Congress, which organized in
December, 1845, had six Native Representatives; four from New
York and two from Pennsylvania. In the 30th Congress, Pennsylvania
had one. Thereafter for some years, with the exception of a small
vote in Pennsylvania and New York, Nativism disappeared. An able
writer of that day—Hon. A. H. H. Stuart, of Virginia—published
under the nom-de-plume of “Madison” several letters in vindication
of the American party (revived in 1852,) in which he said: “The vital
principle of the American party is Americanism—developing itself in
a deep-rooted attachment to our own country—its constitution, its
union, and its laws—to American men, and American measures, and
American interests—or, in other words, a fervent patriotism—which,
rejecting the transcendental philanthropy of abolitionists, and that
kindred batch of wild enthusiasts, who would seek to embroil us with
foreign countries, in righting the wrongs of Ireland, or Hungary, or
Cuba—would guard with vestal vigilance American institutions and
American interests against the baneful effects of foreign influence.”
About 1852, when the question of slavery in the territories, and its
extension or its abolition in the States, was agitated and causing
sectional differences in the country, many Whigs and Democrats
forsook their parties, and took sides on the questions of the day. This
was aggravated by the large number of alien naturalized citizens
constantly added to the ranks of voters, who took sides with the
Democrats and against the Whigs. Nativism then re-appeared, but in
a new form—that of a secret fraternity. Its real name and objects
were not revealed—even to its members, until they reached a high
degree in the order; and the answer of members on being questioned
on these subjects was, “I don’t know”—which gave it the popular
name, by which it is yet known, of “Know-nothing.” Its moving
causes were the growing power and designs of the Roman Catholic
Church in America; the sudden influx of aliens; and the greed and
incapacity of naturalized citizens for office. Its cardinal principle
was: “Americans must rule America”; and its countersign was the
order of General Washington on a critical occasion during the war:
“Put none but Americans on guard to-night.” Its early nominations
were not made public, but were made by select committees and
conventions of delegates. At first these nominations were confined to
selections of the best Whig or best Democrat on the respective
tickets; and the choice not being made known, but quietly voted for
by all the members of the order, the effect was only visible after
election, and threw all calculation into chaos. For a while it was really
the arbiter of elections.
On February 8, 1853, a bill passed the House of Representatives
providing a territorial government for Nebraska, embracing all of
what is now Kansas and Nebraska. It was silent on the subject of the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise. The bill was tabled in the
Senate; to be revived at the following session. In the Senate it was
amended, on motion of Mr. Douglas, to read: “That so much of the
8th section of an act approved March 6, 1820, (the Missouri
compromise) *** which, being inconsistent with the principles of
non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the States and
Territories, as recognized by the legislature of 1850, commonly called
the Compromise measures, is hereby declared inoperative and void;
it being the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery
into any Territory or State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave
the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic
institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the
United States.” It was further amended, on motion of Senator
Clayton, to prohibit “alien suffrage.” In the House this amendment
was not agreed to; and the bill finally passed without it, on the 25th
May, 1854.
So far as Nebraska was concerned, no excitement of any kind
marked the initiation of her territorial existence. The persons who
emigrated there seemed to regard the pursuits of business as of more
interest than the discussion of slavery. Kansas was less fortunate.
Her territory became at once the battle-field of a fierce political
conflict between the advocates of slavery, and the free soil men from
the North who went there to resist the establishment of that
institution in the territory. Differences arose between the Legislature
and the Governor, brought about by antagonisms between the Pro-
slavery party and the Free State party; and the condition of affairs in
Kansas assumed so frightful a mien in January, 1856, that the
President sent a special message to Congress on the subject, January
24, 1856; followed by a Proclamation, February 11, 1856, “warning all
unlawful combinations (in the territory) to retire peaceably to their
respective abodes, or he would use the power of the local militia, and
the available forces of the United States to disperse them.”
Several applications were made to Congress for several successive
years, for the admission of Kansas as a state in the Union; upon the
basis of three separate and distinct constitutions, all differing as to
the main questions at issue between the contending factions. The
name of Kansas was for some years synonymous with all that is
lawless and anarchical. Elections became mere farces, and the
officers thus fraudulently placed in power, used their authority only
for their own or their party’s interest. The party opposed to slavery at
length triumphed; a constitution excluding slavery was adopted in
1859, and Kansas was admitted into the Union January 29, 1861.
Under the fugitive slave law, which was passed by Congress at the
session of 1850, as one of the Compromise measures, introduced by
Mr. Clay, a long and exciting litigation occurred to test the validity
and constitutionality of the act, and the several laws on which it
depended. The suit was instituted by Dred Scott, a negro slave, in the
Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Missouri, in
April Term, 1854, against John F. A. Sanford, his alleged owner, for
trespass vi et armis, in holding the plaintiff and his wife and
daughters in slavery in said District of Missouri, where by law slavery
was prohibited; they having been previously lawfully held in slavery
by a former owner—Dr. Emerson—in the State of Illinois, from
whence they were taken by him to Missouri, and sold to the
defendant, Sanford. The case went up on appeal to the Supreme
Court of the United States, and was clearly and elaborately argued.
The majority opinion, delivered by Chief Justice Taney, as also the
dissenting opinions, are reported in full in Howard’s U. S. Supreme
Court Reports, Volume 19, page 393. In respect to the territories the
Constitution grants to Congress the power “to make all needful rules
and regulations concerning the territory and other property
belonging to the United States.” The Court was of opinion that the
clause of the Constitution applies only to the territory within the
original States at the time the Constitution was adopted, and that it
did not apply to future territory acquired by treaty or conquest from
foreign nations. They were also of opinion that the power of Congress
over such future territorial acquisitions was not unlimited, that the
citizens of the States migrating to a territory were not to be regarded
as colonists, subject to absolute power in Congress, but as citizens of
the United States, with all the rights of citizenship guarantied by the
Constitution, and that no legislation was constitutional which
attempted to deprive a citizen of his property on his becoming a
resident of a territory. This question in the case arose under the act
of Congress prohibiting slavery in the territory of upper Louisiana,
(acquired from France, afterwards the State), and of which the
territory of Missouri was formed. Any obscurity as to what
constitutes citizenship, will be removed by attending to the
distinction between local rights of citizenship of the United States
according to the Constitution. Citizenship at large in the sense of the
Constitution can be conferred on a foreigner only by the
naturalization laws of Congress. But each State, in the exercise of its
local and reserved sovereignty, may place foreigners or other persons
on a footing with its own citizens, as to political rights and privileges
to be enjoyed within its own dominion. But State regulations of this
character do not make the persons on whom such rights are
conferred citizens of the United States or entitle them to the
privileges and immunities of citizens in another State. See 5
Wheaton, (U. S. Supreme Court Reports), page 49.
The Court said in The Dred Scott case, above referred to, that:
—“The right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed
in the Constitution. The right to traffic in it like the ordinary article
of merchandise and property was guarantied to the citizens of the
United States, in every State that might desire it for twenty years,
and the government in express terms is pledged to protect it in all
future time if the slave escapes from his owner. This is done in plain
words—too plain to be misunderstood, and no word can be found in
the Constitution which gives Congress a greater power over slave
property, or which entitles property of that kind to less protection
than the property of any other description. The only power conferred
is the power coupled with the duty of guarding and protecting the
owner in his rights. Upon these considerations, it is the opinion of
the Court that the Act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from
holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the
United States north of the line therein mentioned, is not warranted
by the Constitution and is therefore void; and that neither Dred Scott
himself, nor any of his family were made free by being carried into
this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner with
the intention of becoming a permanent resident.” The abolition of
slavery by the 13th amendment to the Constitution of the United
States ratified and adopted December 18, 1865, has put an end to
these discussions formerly so numerous.
As early as 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska controversy on the
territorial government bill, resulted in a division of the Whig party in
the North. Those not sufficiently opposed to slavery to enter the new
Republican party, then in its incipiency, allied themselves with the
Know-Nothing order, which now accepting the name of American
party established a separate and independent political existence. The
party had no hold in the West; it was entirely Middle State at this
time, and polled a large vote in Massachusetts, Delaware and New
York. In the State elections of 1855 the American party made a stride
Southward. In 1855, the absence of naturalized citizens was universal
in the South, and even so late as 1881 the proportion of foreign born
population in the Southern States, with the exception of Florida,
Louisiana, and Texas was under two per cent. At the early date—1855
—the nativist feeling among the Whigs of that section, made it easy
to transfer them to the American party, which thus secured in both
the Eastern and Southern States, the election of Governor and
Legislature in the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, New York, California and Kentucky; and also
elected part of its State ticket in Maryland, and Texas; and only lost
the States of Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, by
small majorities against it.
The order began preparations for a campaign as a National party,
in 1856. It aimed to introduce opposition to aliens and Roman
Catholicism as a national question. On the 21st of February, 1856,
the National Council held a session at Philadelphia, and proceeded to
formulate a declaration of principles, and make a platform, which
were as follows:
“An humble acknowledgement to the Supreme Being, for his
protecting care vouchsafed to our fathers in their successful
Revolutionary struggle, and hitherto manifested to us, their
descendants, in the preservation of the liberties, the independence,
and the union of these States.
2d. The perpetuation of the Federal Union, as the palladium of our
civil and religious liberties, and the only sure Bulwark of American
independence.
3d. Americans must rule America, and to this end, native-born
citizens should be selected for all state, federal, and municipal offices
or government employment, in preference to all others; nevertheless,
4th. Persons born of American parents residing temporarily
abroad, should be entitled to all the rights of native-born citizens;
but,
5th. No person shall be selected for political station (whether of
native or foreign birth), who recognizes any allegiance or obligation,
of any description, to any foreign prince, potentate, or power, or who
refuses to recognize the Federal and State constitutions (each within
its sphere) as paramount to all other laws, as rules of political action.
6th. The unqualified recognition and maintenance of the reserved
rights of the several States, and the cultivation of harmony and
fraternal good will, between the citizens of the several States, and to
this end, non-interference by congress with questions appertaining
solely to the individual States, and non-intervention by each State
with the affairs of any other State.
7th. The recognition of the right of the native-born and naturalized
citizens of the United States, permanently residing in any territory
thereof, to frame their constitution and laws, and to regulate their
domestic and social affairs in their own mode, subject only to the
provisions of the Federal Constitution, with the privilege of
admission into the Union, whenever they have the requisite
population for one representative in Congress.—Provided always,
that none but those who are citizens of the United States, under the
Constitution and laws thereof, and who have a fixed residence in any
such territory, ought to participate in the formation of the
Constitution, or in the enactment of laws for said Territory or State.
8th. An enforcement of the principle that no State or Territory
ought to admit others than citizens of the United States to the right
of suffrage, or of holding political office.
9th. A change in the laws of naturalization, making a continued
residence of twenty-one years, of all not hereinbefore provided for,
an indispensable requisite for citizenship hereafter, and excluding all
paupers, and persons convicted of crime, from landing upon our
shores; but no interference with the vested rights of foreigners.
10th. Opposition to any union between Church and State; no
interference with religious faith, or worship, and no test oaths for
office.
11th. Free and thorough investigation into any and all alleged
abuses of public functionaries, and a strict economy in public
expenditures.
12th. The maintenance and enforcement of all laws
constitutionally enacted, until said laws shall be repealed, or shall be
declared null and void by competent judicial authority.
The American Ritual, or Constitution, rules, regulations, and
ordinances of the Order were as follows:—
AMERICAN RITUAL.
Constitution of the National Council of the United States of North
America.
Art. 1st. This organization shall be known by the name and title of
The National Council of the United States of North America,
and its jurisdiction and power shall extend to all the states, districts,
and territories of the United States of North America.
Art. 2d. The object of this organization shall be to protect every
American citizen in the legal and proper exercise of all his civil and
religious rights and privileges; to resist the insidious policy of the
Church of Rome, and all other foreign influence against our
republican institutions in all lawful ways; to place in all offices of
honor, trust, or profit, in the gift of the people, or by appointment,
none but native-born Protestant citizens, and to protect, preserve,
and uphold the union of these states and the constitution of the
same.
Art. 3d. Sec. 1.—A person to become a member of any subordinate
council must be twenty-one years of age; he must believe in the
existence of a Supreme Being as the Creator and preserver of the
universe. He must be a native-born citizen; a Protestant, either born
of Protestant parents, or reared under Protestant influence; and not
united in marriage with a Roman Catholic; provided, nevertheless,
that in this last respect, the state, district, or territorial councils shall
be authorized to so construct their respective constitutions as shall
best promote the interests of the American cause in their several
jurisdictions; and provided, moreover, that no member who may
have a Roman Catholic wife shall be eligible to office in this order;
and provided, further, should any state, district, or territorial council
prefer the words “Roman Catholic” as a disqualification to
membership, in place of “Protestant” as a qualification, they may so
consider this constitution and govern their action accordingly.
Sec. 2.—There shall be an interval of three weeks between the
conferring of the first and second degrees; and of three months
between the conferring of the second and third degrees—provided,
that this restriction shall not apply to those who may have received
the second degree previous to the first day of December next; and
provided, further, that the presidents of state, district, and territorial
councils may grant dispensations for initiating in all the degrees,
officers of new councils.
Sec. 3.—The national council shall hold its annual meetings on the
first Tuesday in the month of June, at such place as may be
designated by the national council at the previous annual meeting,
and it may adjourn from time to time. Special meetings may be
called by the President, on the written request of five delegations
representing five state councils; provided, that sixty days’ notice shall
be given to the state councils previous to said meeting.
Sec. 4.—The national council shall be composed of seven delegates
from each state, to be chosen by the state councils; and each district
or territory where a district or territorial council shall exist, shall be
entitled to send two delegates, to be chosen from said council—
provided that in the nomination of candidates for President and
Vice-President of the United States, and each state shall be entitled
to cast the same number of votes as they shall have members in both
houses of Congress. In all sessions of the national council, thirty-two
delegates, representing thirteen states, territories, or districts, shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
Sec. 5.—The national council shall be vested with the following
powers and privileges:
It shall be the head of the organization for the United States of
North America, and shall fix and establish all signs, grips, pass-
words, and such other secret work, as may seem to it necessary.
It shall have the power to decide all matters appertaining to
national politics.
It shall have the power to exact from the state councils, quarterly
or annual statements as to the number of members under their
jurisdictions, and in relation to all other matters necessary for its
information.
It shall have the power to form state, territorial, or district
councils, and to grant dispensations for the formation of such bodies,
when five subordinate councils shall have been put in operation in
any state, territory, or district, and application made.
It shall have the power to determine upon a mode of punishment
in case of any dereliction of duty on the part of its members or
officers.
It shall have the power to adopt cabalistic characters for the
purpose of writing or telegraphing. Said characters to be
communicated to the presidents of the state councils, and by them to
the presidents of the subordinate councils.
It shall have the power to adopt any and every measure it may
deem necessary to secure the success of the organization; provided
that nothing shall be done by the said national council in violation of
the constitution; and provided further, that in all political matters,
its members may be instructed by the state councils, and if so
instructed, shall carry out such instructions of the state councils
which they represent until overruled by a majority of the national
council.
Art. 4. The President shall always preside over the national council
when present, and in his absence the Vice-President shall preside,
and in the absence of both the national council shall appoint a
president pro tempore; and the presiding officers may at all times
call a member to the chair, but such appointment shall not extend
beyond one sitting of the national council.
Art. 5. Sec. 1.—The officers of the National Council shall be a
President, Vice-President, Chaplain, Corresponding Secretary,
Recording Secretary, Treasurer, and two Sentinels, with such other
officers as the national council may see fit to appoint from time to
time; and the secretaries and sentinels may receive such
compensation as the national council shall determine.
Sec. 2.—The duties of the several officers created by this
constitution shall be such as the work of this organization prescribes.
Art. 6. Sec. 1.—All officers provided for by this constitution, except
the sentinels, shall be elected annually by ballot. The president may
appoint sentinels from time to time.
Sec. 2.—A majority of all the votes cast shall be requisite to an
election for an office.
Sec. 3.—All officers and delegates of this council, and of all state,
district, territorial, and subordinate councils, must be invested with
all the degrees of this order.
Sec. 4.—All vacancies in the elective offices shall be filled by a vote
of the national council, and only for the unexpired term of the said
vacancy.
Art. 7. Sec. 1.—The national council shall entertain and decide all
cases of appeal, and it shall establish a form of appeal.
Sec. 2.—The national council shall levy a tax upon the state,
district, or territorial councils, for the support of the national council,
to be paid in such manner and at such times as the national council
shall determine.
Art. 8.—This national council may alter and amend this
constitution at its regular annual meeting in June next, by a vote of
the majority of the whole number of the members present.
(Cincinnati, Nov. 24, 1854.)
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
Rule 1.—Each State, District, or Territory, in which there may exist

five or more subordinate councils working under dispensations from
the National Council of the United States of North America, or under
regular dispensations from some State, District, or Territory, are
duly empowered to establish themselves into a State, District, or
Territorial council, and when so established, to form for themselves
constitutions and by-laws for their government, in pursuance of, and
in consonance with the Constitution of the National Council of the
United States; provided, however, that all State, District, or
Territorial constitutions shall be subject to the approval of the
National Council of the United States. (June, 1854.)
Rule 2.—All State, District, or Territorial councils, when
established, shall have full power and authority to establish all
subordinate councils within their respective limits; and the
constitutions and by-laws of all such subordinate councils must be
approved by their respective State, District, or Territorial councils.
(June, 1854.)
Rule 3.—All State, District, or Territorial councils, when
established and until the formation of constitutions, shall work
under the constitution of the National Council of the United States.
(June, 1854.)
Rule 4.—In all cases where, for the convenience of the
organization, two State or Territorial councils may be established,
the two councils together shall be entitled to but thirteen delegates[3]
in the National Council of the United States—the proportioned
number of delegates to depend on the number of members in the
organizations; provided, that no State shall be allowed to have more
than one State council, without the consent of the National Council
of the United States. (June, 1854.)
Rule 5.—In any State, District, or Territory, where there may be
more than one organization working on the same basis, (to wit, the
lodges and “councils,”) the same shall be required to combine; the
officers of each organization shall resign and new officers be elected;
and thereafter these bodies shall be known as State councils, and
subordinate councils, and new charters shall be granted to them by
the national council. (June, 1854.)
Rule 6.—It shall be considered a penal offence for any brother not
an officer of a subordinate council, to make use of the sign or
summons adopted for public notification, except by direction of the
President; or for officers of a council to post the same at any other
time than from midnight to one hour before daybreak, and this rule
shall be incorporated into the by-laws of the State, District, and
Territorial councils. (June, 1854.)
Rule 7.—The determination of the necessity and mode of issuing
the posters for public notification shall be intrusted to the State,
District, or Territorial councils. (June, 1854.)
Rule 8.—The respective State, District, or Territorial councils shall
be required to make statements of the number of members within
their respective limits, at the next meeting of this national council,
and annually thereafter, at the regular annual meeting. (June, 1854.)
Rule 9.—The delegates to the National Council of the United States
of North America shall be entitled to three dollars per day for their
attendance upon the national council, and for each day that may be
necessary in going and returning from the same; and five cents per
mile for every mile they may necessarily travel in going to, and
returning from the place of meeting of the national council; to be
computed by the nearest mail route: which shall be paid out of the
treasury of the national council. (November, 1854.)
Rule 10.—Each State, District, or Territorial council shall be taxed
four cents per annum for every member in good standing belonging
to each subordinate council under its jurisdiction on the first day of
April, which shall be reported to the national council, and paid into
the national treasury, on or before the first day of the annual session,
to be held in June; and on the same day in each succeeding year. And
the first fiscal year shall be considered as commencing on the first
day of December, 1854, and ending on the fifteenth day of May, 1855.
(November, 1854.)
Rule 11.—The following shall be the key to determine and ascertain
the purport of any communication that may be addressed to the
President of a State, District, or Territorial council by the President
of the national council, who is hereby instructed to communicate a
knowledge of the same to said officers:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
1 7 13 19 25 2 8 14 20 26 3 9 15
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
21 4 10 16 22 5 11 17 23 6 12 18 24
Rule 12.—The clause of the article of the constitution relative to

belief in the Supreme Being is obligatory upon every State and
subordinate council, as well as upon each individual member. (June,
1854.)
Rule 13.—The following shall be the compensation of the officers of
this council:
1st. The Corresponding Secretary shall be paid two thousand
dollars per annum, from the 17th day of June, 1854.
2d. The Treasurer shall be paid five hundred dollars per annum,
from the 17th day of June, 1854.
3d. The Sentinels shall be paid five dollars for every day they may
be in attendance on the sittings of the national council.
4th. The Chaplain shall be paid one hundred dollars per annum,
from the 17th day of June, 1854.
5th. The Recording Secretary shall be paid five hundred dollars per
annum, from the 17th day of June, 1854.
6th. The Assistant Secretary shall be paid five dollars per day, for
every day he may be in attendance on the sitting of the national
council. All of which is to be paid out of the national treasury, on the
draft of the President. (November, 1854.)
SPECIAL VOTING.
Vote 1st.—This national council hereby grants to the State of

Virginia two State councils, the one to be located in Eastern and the
other in Western Virginia, the Blue Ridge Mountains being the
geographical line between the two jurisdictions. (June, 1854.)
Vote 2d.—The President shall have power, till the next session of
the national council, to grant dispensations for the formation of
State, District, or Territorial councils, in form most agreeable to his
own discretion, upon proper application being made. (June, 1854.)
Vote 3d.—The seats of all delegates to and members of the present
national council shall be vacated on the first Tuesday in June, 1855,
at the hour of six o’clock in the forenoon; and the national council
convening in annual session upon that day, shall be composed
exclusively of delegates elected under and in accordance with the
provisions of the constitution, as amended at the present session of
this national council; provided, that this resolution shall not apply to
the officers of the national council. (November, 1854.)
Vote 4th.—The Corresponding Secretary of this council is
authorized to have printed the names of the delegates to this national
council; also, those of the Presidents of the several State, District,
and Territorial councils, together with their address, and to forward
a copy of the same to each person named; and further, the
Corresponding Secretaries of each State, District, and Territory are
requested to forward a copy of their several constitutions to each
other. (November, 1854.)
Vote 5th.—In the publication of the constitution and the ritual,
under the direction of the committee—brothers Deshler, Damrell,
and Stephens—the name, signs, grips, and pass-words of the order
shall be indicated by [* * *], and a copy of the same shall be
furnished to each State, District, and Territorial council, and to each
member of that body. (November, 1854.)
Vote 6th.—A copy of the constitution of each State, District, and
Territorial council, shall be submitted to this council for
examination. (November, 1854.)
Vote 7th.—It shall be the duty of the Treasurer, at each annual
meeting of this body, to make a report of all moneys received or
expended in the interval. (November, 1854.)
Vote 8th.—Messrs. Gifford of Pa., Barker of N. Y., Deshler of N. J.,
Williamson of Va., and Stephens of Md., are appointed a committee
to confer with similar committees that have been appointed for the
purpose of consolidating the various American orders, with power to
make the necessary arrangement for such consolidation—subject to
the approval of this national council, at its next session. (November,
1854.)
Vote 9th.—On receipt of the new ritual by the members of this
national council who have received the third degree, they or any of
them may, and they are hereby empowered to, confer the third
degree upon members of this body in their respective states,
districts, and territories, and upon the presidents and other officers
of their state, district, and territorial councils. And further, the
presidents of the state, district, and territorial councils shall in the
first instance confer the third degree upon as many of the presidents
and officers of their subordinate councils as can be assembled
together in their respective localities; and afterwards the same may
be conferred upon officers of other subordinate councils, by any
presiding officer of a council who shall have previously received it
under the provisions of the constitution. (November, 1854.)
Vote 10th.—To entitle any delegate to a seat in this national
council, at its annual session in June next, he must present a
properly authenticated certificate that he was duly elected as a
delegate to the same, or appointed a substitute in accordance with
the requirements of the constitutions of state, territorial, or district
councils. And no delegate shall be received from any state, district, or
territorial council which has not adopted the constitution and ritual
of this national council. (November, 1854.)
Vote 11th.—The committee on printing the constitution and ritual
is authorized to have a sufficient number of the same printed for the
use of the order. And no state, district, or territorial council shall be
allowed to reprint the same. (November, 1854.)
Vote 12th.—The right to establish all subordinate councils in any of
the states, districts, and territories represented in this national
council, shall be confined to the state, district, and territorial
councils which they represent. (November, 1854.)
Constitution for the Government of Subordinate Councils.
Art. I. Sec. 1.—Each subordinate council shall be composed of not

less than thirteen members, all of whom shall have received all the
degrees of the order, and shall be known and recognised as ——
Council, No. ——, of the —— of the county of ——, and State of North
Carolina.
Sec. 2.—No person shall be a member of any subordinate council
in this state, unless he possesses all the qualifications, and comes up
to all the requirements laid down in the constitution of the national
council, and whose wife (if he has one), is not a Roman Catholic.
Sec. 3. No application for membership shall be received and acted
on from a person residing out of the state, or resides in a county
where there is a council in existence, unless upon special cause to be
stated to the council, to be judged of by the same; and such person, if
the reasons be considered sufficient, may be initiated the same night
he is proposed, provided he resides five miles or more from the place
where the council is located. But no person can vote in any council,
except the one of which he is a member.
Sec. 4. Every person applying for membership, shall be voted for
by ballot, in open council, if a ballot is requested by a single member.
If one-third of the votes cast be against the applicant, he shall be
rejected. If any applicant be rejected, he shall not be again proposed
within six months thereafter. Nothing herein contained shall be
construed to prevent the initiation of applicants privately, by those
empowered to do so, in localities where there are no councils within
a convenient distance.
Sec. 5. Any member of one subordinate council wishing to change
his membership to another council, shall apply to the council to
which he belongs, either in writing or orally through another
member, and the question shall be decided by the council. If a
majority are in favor of granting him an honorable dismission, he
shall receive the same in writing, to be signed by the president and
countersigned by the secretary. But until a member thus receiving an
honorable dismission has actually been admitted to membership in
another council, he shall be held subject to the discipline of the
council from which he has received the dismission, to be dealt with
by the same, for any violation of the requirements of the order.
Before being received in the council to which he wishes to transfer
his membership, he shall present said certificate of honorable
dismission, and shall be received as new members are.
Sec. 6. Applications for the second degree shall not be received
except in second degree councils, and voted on by second and third
degree members only, and applications for the third degree shall be
received in third degree councils, and voted on by third degree
members only.
Art. II.—Each subordinate council shall fix on its own time and
place for meeting: and shall meet at least once a month, but where
not very inconvenient, it is recommended that they meet once a
week. Thirteen members shall form a quorum for the transaction of
business. Special meetings may be called by the president at any
time, at the request of four members of the order.
Art. III.—Sec. 1. The members of each subordinate council shall
consist of a president, vice-president, instructor, secretary, treasurer,
marshal, inside and outside sentinel, and shall hold their offices for
the term of six months, or until their successors are elected and
installed.
Sec. 2. The officers of each subordinate council (except the
sentinels, who shall be appointed by the president), shall be elected
at the first regular meetings in January and July, separately, and by
ballot; and each shall receive a majority of all the votes cast to entitle
him to an election. No member shall be elected to any office, unless
he be present and signify his assent thereto at the time of his
election. Any vacancy which may occur by death, resignation, or
otherwise, shall be filled at the next meeting thereafter, in the
manner and form above described.
Sec. 3. The President.—It shall be the duty of the president of each
subordinate council, to preside in the council, and enforce a due
observance of the constitution and rules of the order, and a proper
respect for the state council and the national council; to have sole
and exclusive charge of the charter and the constitution and ritual of
the order, which he must always have with him when his council is in
session, to see that all officers perform their respective duties; to
announce all ballotings to the council; to decide all questions of
order; to give the casting vote in all cases of a tie; to convene special
meetings when deemed expedient; to draw warrants on the treasurer
for all sums, the payment of which is ordered by the council; and to
perform such other duties as are demanded of him by the
Constitutions and ritual of the order.
Sec. 4. The vice-president of each subordinate council shall assist
the president in the discharge of his duties, whilst his council is in
session; and, in his absence, shall perform all the duties of the
president.
Sec. 5. The instructor shall perform the duties of the president in
the absence of the president and vice-president, and shall, under the
direction of the president, perform such duties as may be assigned to
him by the ritual.
Sec. 6. The secretary shall keep an accurate record of the
proceedings of the council. He shall write all communications, fill all
notices, attest all warrants drawn by the president for the payment of
money; he shall keep a correct roll of all the members of the council,
together with their age, residence, and occupation, in the order in
which they have been admitted; he shall, at the expiration of every
three months, make out a report of all work done during that time,
which report he shall forward to the secretary of the state council;
and when superseded in his office shall deliver all books, papers, &c.,
in his hands to his successor.
Sec. 7. The treasurer shall hold all moneys raised exclusively for
the use of the state council, which he shall pay over to the secretary
of the state council at its regular sessions, or whenever called upon
by the president of the state council. He shall receive all moneys for
the use of the subordinate council, and pay all amounts drawn for on
him, by the president of the subordinate council, if attested by the
secretary.
Sec. 8. The marshal shall perform such duties, under the direction
of the president, as may be required of him by the ritual.
Sec. 9. The inside sentinel shall have charge of the inner door, and
act under the directions of the president. He shall admit no person,
unless he can prove himself a member of this order, and of the same
degree in which the council is opened, or by order of the president,
or is satisfactorily vouched for.
Sec. 10. The outside sentinel shall have charge of the outer door,
and act in accordance with the orders of the president. He shall
permit no person to enter the outer door unless he give the pass-
word of the degree in which the council is at work, or is properly
vouched for.
Sec. 11. The secretary, treasurer, and sentinels, shall receive such
compensation as the subordinate councils may each conclude to
allow.
Sec. 12. Each subordinate council may levy its own fees for
initiation, to raise a fund to pay its dues to the state council, and to
defray its own expenses. Each council may, also, at its discretion,
initiate without charging the usual fee, those it considers unable to
pay the same.
Sec. 13. The president shall keep in his possession the constitution
and ritual of the order. He shall not suffer the same to go out of his
possession under any pretence whatever, unless in case of absence,
when he may put them in the hands of the vice-president or
instructor, or whilst the council is in session, for the information of a
member wishing to see it, for the purpose of initiation, or conferring
of degrees.
Art. IV. Each subordinate council shall have power to adopt such
by-laws, rules, and regulations, for its own government, as it may
think proper, not inconsistent with the constitutions of the national
and state councils.
Form of Application for a Charter to Organize a new Council.
Post Office —— county,

Date ——.
To ——
President of the State Council of North Carolina:—
We, the undersigned, members of the Third Degree, being
desirous of extending the influence and usefulness of our
organization, do hereby ask for a warrant of dispensation, instituting
and organizing us as a subordinate branch of the order, under the
jurisdiction of the State Council of the State of North Carolina, to be
known and hailed as Council No. ——, and to be located at ——, in
the county of ——, State of North Carolina.
And we do hereby pledge ourselves to be governed by the
Constitution of the State Council of the State of North Carolina, and
of the Grand Council of the U. S. N. A., and that we will in all things
conform to the rules and usages of the order.
Names. Residences.
FORM OF DISMISSION FROM ONE COUNCIL TO

ANOTHER.
This is to certify that Brother ——, a member of —— Council, No.

——, having made an application to change his membership from
this council to that of —— Council, No. ——, at ——, in the county of
——, I do hereby declare, that said brother has received an honorable
dismission from this council, and is hereby recommended for
membership in —— Council, No. ——, in the county of ——, N. C.;
provided, however, that until Brother —— has been admitted to
membership in said council, he is to be considered subject to the
discipline of this council, to be dealt with by the same for any
violation of the requirements of the order. This the —— day of ——,
185—, and the —— year of American Independence.
—— President, —— Council,
No. ——.
—— Secretary.
FORM OF CERTIFICATE FOR DELEGATES TO THE STATE

COUNCIL.

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AMERICAN HERITAGE A HEALTHY PLANET, A HEALTHY BODY

UNIT SUMMARY 146

A NEW START WHERE WE LIVE

GRAMMAR Time Words GRAMMAR Modals

READING 3 Albert Einstein: Refugee from READING 2 Frequently Asked Questions:

UNIT SUMMARY 220

VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES JOBS

GRAMMAR The Present Perfect GRAMMAR Gerunds

READING 1 Google 226 READING 1 Finding a Job 260

UNIT SUMMARY 254

MAKING CONNECTIONS SPORTS AND ATHLETES

GRAMMAR Adjective Clauses GRAMMAR Superlatives

UNIT SUMMARY 304 READING 3 An Amazing Athlete 323

READING 4 Football and Soccer 330

UNIT SUMMARY 334

THE LAW MONEY

GRAMMAR Active and Passive Voice GRAMMAR Articles

UNIT SUMMARY 378

ENHANCED IN THE SEVENTH EDITION

National Geographic photographs

National Geographic’s Space Projection

The Present Perfect from an astronaut’s perspective.

The Present Perfect Continuous

VIRTUAL Technology is nothing. What’s important is that

Unit openers include an

emails have you received today?

98-year-old Jiang Naijun used

9.5 THINK ABOUT IT 6.Discuss

going back thousands of years. 2. What more would8.you

activities encourage students

2. All census information is available to everyone.

3. Most Americans complete the census questionnaire.

The Present Perfect, The Present Perfect Continuous 249

6. He hasn’t finished his college degree. (even)

7. I have read the article about Internet security. (already)

New Fun with Grammar allows the FUN WITH GRAMMAR

class to practice grammar in a lively

Summary and Review SUMMARY OF UNIT 9 REVIEW

revisit key points and

assess their progress.

A repeated action A nonstop action much about Italy. I any information

From Grammar to FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING

Writing gives editing

advice and practice

successfully apply the

New Writing Tips further

FOR TEACHERS The Classroom Presentation Tool

The Teacher's Website hosts the teacher’s guide,

xvi A Word from the Author

The Simple Present

Some people talk to animals. Not many

A man and his dog check in

THINK ABOUT IT Discuss the questions with a partner or in a small group.

1.1 Be Simple Present—Form

1.2 Contractions with Be

The Simple Present, Frequency Words 5

one. Look—this a picture of my favorite puppy.

B: Dogs a big responsibility.

A: Mom, I nine years old now, and I responsible. I love dogs.

They so affectionate. They great friends. And dogs

B: They expensive, too. For example, there the cost of food.

GRAMMAR Time Words GRAMMAR Modals

GRAMMAR The Present Perfect GRAMMAR Gerunds

GRAMMAR Adjective Clauses GRAMMAR Superlatives

GRAMMAR Active and Passive Voice GRAMMAR Articles

B: Dogs a big responsibility.

A: Mom, I nine years old now, and I responsible. I love dogs.

B: They expensive, too. For example, there the cost of food.