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viii CO NTENTS
Mechanisms of inhentance _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 76
Genetic abnormaht1es and disorders 78
Prromrion and treatment ofgeneric C()ndirions .... 81
v ~ pN,U CC Postering self-righting pathu,ays ..... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... . .. 109
HYSICAL GROWTH
4.1 Building blocks of growth and health 114
The endocrine system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 115
The brain and nervous system 117
Pnnetptes of growth 118
A bfe span developmental model of heatth I 19
Puberty 137
The adolescent brain 14 1
_t,,11'1 " " "' Longevity quiz ... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... 15.l
v 'Lo ,V,. "' l.C Selective optimisation with compensation in pradice .... .... . .. 230
Creati\/ity _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 243
n... Are you crearit:e? .... .... .... .... .... . .. ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .. . 244
LANGUAGE
8.1 The language system 274
Describing language: Basic components 274
Explaining language: Nature and nurture 275
~~ n, Wha1Syourmotiuationstyle?.. ..290
~ The summer learning effect... .. 293
~ l\1aking inclusion u.()rk.. .... .. .. 294
Ad~ng ~ ~ - - -
v a p1la.( CC ldrntity and wellbeing.. .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... . .. 331
Adolescent sexuality 331
II
a.. r'J" ... LC Responding to famjly violence ..... . .. 422
! r.t,, The intergenerational lransmission of parenting. .. 423
What problems do abused children display? 424
How do we stop the violence? 425
l'Teumling child abuse. ..... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... . .. 425
-~ !l" C
v ,C Being a p<rson and a professional.. .. 499
Supporring rJ,• bmavttl family ... ... .... .... .... .... . . 500
Taking our leave _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 500
Why topical?
Like many other instructors, we have typically favoured topically organised tex~books when teaching child·,
adolescent· or adult.cJevelopn1ent courses. As a result, it seen1ed natural to use that sru11e topical approach
in introducing students to the whole life span. Besides, chronologically organised texts often have to repeat
themselves as they remind readers of where development left off in an earlier age period that was covered in a
previous cl1apter.
1vlore in1ponant, a topic-by· topic organisation conveys the Ro\\, of developn1ent in each area - the
systematic, and often dramatic, transfon11.ations that take place as ,veil as the developn1ental continuities. The
topical approach also helps us emphasise the processes behind development.
Finally, a predominantly topical approach is more compatible with a life span perspecti,,e, whid1 views each
period oflife in relation to what comes before and what is yet to come. In chronologically organised tex~books,
many topics are described only in connection ,vith the age group to ,vhich they seen1 n1ost relevant- for exan1ple,
anachn1ent in relation to infancy, or sexuality in relation to adolescence and adulthood. A topical organisation
stin1ulates us to ask intriguing questions \\le n1ight othenvise not ask, such as these about attachn1ent relationships:
What do infants' anacl1n1ents to their parents have in comn1on ,vith, and ho,v do they differ from,
attachments between childhood friends or between adult romantic partners?
Do securely attached infants later have a greater capacity to form and sUstain friendships or romantic
partnerships tl,an infants whose early social experiences are less favourable?
Wl1at are the consequences at different points in the life span oflacking a close relationship?
Attachments are important tl,roughout the life span, and a topical organisation helps make tl1at clear.
xvi
PREFACE xvii
Why chronological?
We also appreciate the strengths of the chronological approach, particularly its ability to portray the whole
person in each period of the life span. For this reason, we integrated the a~tage approach with the topical
organisation, aiming to ha,,e the best of both worlds.
Each topical chapter contains major sections on infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. The
existence of these sections is proof that the chapters consider development in each of the domains covered
across the whole life span. These age-<atage sections call attention to the distinctive qualities of each phase of
life and make it easier for students to find material on an age period of particular interest to them. In short, we
believe that our integrated topical-dlronological approach allows us to convey the flow oflife span development
in particular areas and the factors influencing it while highlighting the major physical, cognitive and psychosocial
developments within any particular developmental period.
THEORETICAL GROUNDING
Theories are critical in any science, telling scientists ,vhat to study, ho\\' to study it and ho,v to interpret their
findings. \Ve want students to leave the srudy of life span human development with more than facts alone; we
,vant then1 to appreciate the major i$ues of interest to developn1ental scientists and ho,v the leading theories
in the field have shaped our thinking about development. Most important, we want students to learn to use
these theoretical perspecti,,,,. to guide their thinking and action when they encounter a question about human
developn1ent outside the course.
With this in mind, we have devoted Chapter 2 to laying out in broad strokes the psychoanalytic, lea.ming,
hun1anistic, cognitive ru1d systen1s perspectives on hun1an development, sho\\ring \\rhat they say, ,vhere they
xviii PREFACE
stand on key developmental issues and how they would explain developmental phenomena such as school
refusal and teenage pregnancy. We delve deeper into these and other perspectives and show how they have
been applied to the study of SpECific aspects of development in later chapters; see, for example, a treaunent
of the dj11amic systems view of motor development in Chapter 4; a comparison of Jean Piaget's cognitive
developmental and Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural perspectives in Cl1apter 5; an application of the infom1ation·
processing perspective in Chapter 6; alten1ative vie,vs of intelligence in Chapter 7; nativist, learning and
interactionist theories of language de,,elopment in Chapter 8; alternative theories of personality development
and gender role in Cl1apter 9; theories of moral development in Chapter 10; attachment theory in Chapter 11;
models and theories relating to various disorders in Chapter 12; and perspectives on dying and berea,,ement in
Chapter 13.
Reviewers
The authors and Cengage Learning would like to thank the following reviewers for their time, expertise and
consouctive criticisn1:
Annette Henderson, University of Auckland
Karen Waldie, University of Auckland
Brooke Andrew, Queensland University ofTechnology
Nicole Brown.James Cook University
Jennifer Canmel, Griffith University
Jacki Henderson, University of Canterbury
Claire Henderson-Wilson, Deakin University
Nenagh Ken1p, University ofTasn1ania
Mandy Kienhuis, ~'VIIT University
Natasha Loi, University of New England
Carmen Naivalu, Charles D.uwin University
Mark Oliver, University ofSouthem Queensland
Rob Ranzij, University of South Australia
as \\"ell as several other anonyn1ous revie\vers.
Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. However, if any infringement has occurred,
the publishers tender their apologies and invite the copyright holders to contact them.
Carol K. Sigelman is professor of psychology and, until recently, the associate vice president for research and
graduate studies and tl1en graduate studies and academic affairs at The George Washington University. She
earned her bachelor's degree from Carleton College and a double,major doctorate in English and psychology
from George Peabody College for Teachers. She has also been on the faculty at Texas Tech University, Eastern
Kentucky University (where she won her college's Outstanding Teacher Award) and tl1e University of Arizona.
She has taught courses in child, adolescent, adult and life span development and has published research on
sud, topics as tl1e communication skills of individuals ,vith developmental disabilities, the development of
stigmatising reactions to children and adolescents who are different and children's emerging understandings of
diseases and psychological disorders. Through a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, she and her colleagues studied children's intuitive theories ofAIDS and developed and evaluated
a cuniculum to correct their n1isconceptions and convey the facts of HIV infection. With a similar grant fron1
the National Institute on Drug Abuse, she explored children's and adolescents' understandings of the effects
of alcohol and drugs on body, brain and behaviour. For fun, she enjoys hiking, biking, discovering good movies
and comn1uning ,vith her cats.
Elizabeth A. Rider is professor of psychology and associate academic dean at Elizabethtown College in
Pennsylvania. She has also been on the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Asheville. She ean1ed her
undergraduate degree from Gertysburg College and her doctorate from Vanderbilt University. She has taught
courses on child and life span development, women and gender issues, applied developmental psychology and
genetic and environmental influences on development. She has published research on children's and adults'
spatial perception, orientation and ability to find their way. Through a grant from the Pennsylvania State System
for Higher Education, she studied factors associated ,vith academic success. The second edition of her text on
the psychology of women, Our Voices, was published by John Wiley & Sons in 2005. When she is not working,
her life revolves around her son and a fw1,loving springer spaniel.
Linda De George-Walker is senior lecturer in psychology at Central Queensland University. She ean1ed a Bachelor
degree and Master in &lucational Psychology from the University of Queensland, and a PhD from Griffith
University. She has worked as a psychology practitioner and has been a university academic since 2002, teaching
courses in life span development, educational psychology, developmental disabilities, special education and
psychological assessment. Linda's research interests have centred on older adults and their engagement ,vith
digital technologies and also learning and teaching in higher education where she has published on topics such
as blended and mobile learning, first year experience and graduate qualities. Whenever she can, she likes to get
her hands dirty out in her food garden.
As you read this text you will find a number of features in every
chapter to enhance your study of human development and help
you understand how the theory is applied in the real world.
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; CENGAGE NOW ExamView 0
[9] When the steward was informed of his sentence, he asked Comstock
how long a time he would give him to make his peace with God?
—"Fourteen seconds!" was the reply.
[12] Lay witnessed the execution of a man during his residence at the
Mulgraves. I do not remember the nature of his offence. He was not bound,
or in any way confined; but, after it was determined that he should die,
several men attacked him with spears and stones. He fought desperately to
the last, although his situation was altogether hopeless, freely bestowing
upon his enemies the epithets of cowards and murderers. Even when he
could no longer resist, his spirit was unconquered,—and he breathed his
last, with expressions of scorn and hatred on his lips.
[13] Lay frequently saw the people, who performed the execution I have
mentioned in a former note, throw away portions of their food, as an
offering to the spirit of him they had slain.
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