(Ethics) Chapter 3 - Freedom as Foundation for Moral Acts

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1. Freedom (Kant) is the right to control one's actions based on reason, not
desire.

All of this can be simplified to the definition of autonomy.

only one inherent right

opposes any other justification for the state, in particular

by arguing that the welfare of people can not be the
foundation of state power.
state can not legally enforce any specific definition of
happiness on its people.

is not the only reason for the ideals that underlies the state.

1. right to choose one's conduct based on reason, not

desire.

2. abide by the rules that they follow.

3. limited by the option of others to the extent that they may

coexist with each other's freedom under universal rule.

4. Equality is the most among the various freedoms and

freedom is the only inherent power.

5. autonomous right to be happy in their own way, and the

intervention of another's freedom means forcing others to
be happy.

2. Autonomy derives from the Greek term, which translates into self-leg-
islator.

is not to live by the animalistic rules forced on them from

birth, but rather to live by the laws that you enforce on
yourself.

3. libertarian free- is not absolute, but in fact, it is the subjugation of oneself

dom to one's wish.
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4. Good will and based on obligation on ethical law.

duty
the only virtue that can be uncontroversially good.

is unique as it is always good and retains its moral values

even though it fails to achieve its moral intentions.

common moral concept that openly wishes to use certain

virtues for moral purposes.

is a wider conception than the will of obligation

does not mean that people carry out their duties reluctant-
ly

5. Perfect duty is always true.

to tell the truth, so we must never lie.

is more important than an imperfect duty: when a conflict

of duty arises, it must be carried out.

6. Imperfect duty requires flexibility.

Beneficence because we are not obligated to be absolute-

ly helpful at all times, but should choose the times and
places in which we are.

7. Categorical im- command unconditionally

perative
binds us as everyone has a responsibility not to lie, regard-
less of conditions and even though it is in our interest to
do so.

we can not get out of and we can not opt out of being moral
agents.

8. hypothetical im- is one that we must fulfill if we are to satisfy our desires or
perative command conditionally on our having a relevant desire.
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bind us to the degree that we are part of a community or

society to which we owe an obligation

9. Universability act is only permissible if one can have the principle that al-
lows an action to be the universal law by which everybody
acts.

A contradiction in conception arises because, if the princi-

ple is to be universalized, it fails to make sense, since the
"limit will inevitably ruin itself as soon as the universal law
has been created."

10. Objective ratio- requires rational action.

nal law
conformity obligations

11. Justice and Fair- (1) Justice involves external acts through which an individ-
ness (Kant) ual may directly or indirectly influence others.

(2) Justice does not affect the desires, wishes, or needs

of others.

(3) Justice is concerned primarily with the nature of inter-

personal relationships and not with their substance.

12. Taxation Article VI, Section 28

Republic Act No. 8424 or the Tax Reform Act of 1997

Law of the Republic No. 10963 or the Law on Tax Reform

for Acceleration and Inclusion

Republic Act No. 7160 or the Local Government Code of

1991

"the rules of taxation shall be uniform and equal."

"Uniformity in taxation means equity in the burden of tax-

ation, which can not occur without uniformity in the mode
of assessment as well as in the rate of taxation. I
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13. equity is the principle that taxes should be equal and should be
based on the willingness of different individuals to pay,
which is generally related to their income as stated in the
can be taxed based on his or her capacity to pay taxes.

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