Overview of Tourism and Hospitality Industry (Week 2)

• The Tourism and Hospitality industry is Diversity

Foreign Relations
dynamic, complex and highly inter-connected. Immigration Policies
• The study requires multi-disciplinary, and Green Practices
inter-disciplinary approach Risk, Safety and Security
• Tourism is often referred to as an “engine of New Demographics
socio-economic growth and prosperity Virtual Tourism
Special Interest Tourism
Characteristics of Tourism and Role of Women
Hospitality Products Politics
Protection of Local Culture
1. Tangible Environment Issues
- Hotels
-Restaurant New Paradigms in Tourism and
Hospitality
2. Intangible
-The speed of check-in procedure at the Front 1. Experience Economy
Desk 2. Creative Tourism Model
-The attitude of the Food Server 3. Sharing Economy
-The queue at the museum entrance 4. Need for Learning and Enrichment
5. Authenticity versus Commodification
Major Factors that Influence 6. Anthropocene
the Industry 7. Cultural Appropriation and Cultural Appreciation
8. Use of Big Data Analytics
1. They include issues pertaining to 9. Engagement and Connectivity
2. Globalization
3. Safety and security, EXPERIENCE ECONOMY
4. Health and wellness
• It can help organizations design a customer
5. Diversity
focused company that manages the intangible
6. Service Expectations
while focusing on revenues and profits.
7. Technology
• It can be achieved by 4 Es
8. Green Practices
1. Education – “edutainment”
9. Legal Issues and
2. Entertainment
10. Changing travel interests
3. Esthetic (Aesthetic)
ISSUES AFFECTING THE 4. Escapist
INDSUTRY
CREATIVE TOURISM
Accessibility • It is “travel directed toward an engaged and
Climate Change authentic experience” with participative.
Animal Rights learning in arts, heritage or special character of a
Inclusivity place.
Sustainability • It is based either on the destination or
Gender Sensitivity activity.
Artificial • It requires active involvement of visitors in co-
Intelligence creating their experiences.
Use of Information and
Communication Technologies SHARING ECONOMY
Globalization • Its objectives are to provide speed, flexibility,
Authentic convenience and efficiency thru a shared
Experiences economy.
Child Protection in Tourist • Example is mobile application to rent cars –
Destination grab and uber.
Changing • This is the result of the rise of collaborative
Preferences economy, increasingly demanding consumers
Niche Segments and the need for transparency and interactive
Ethnic Rights communication.
Health and Wellness LEARNING AND ENGAGEMENT
• Vacation that includes experiences to learn
that “provide greater insights, increased
understanding and personal connection to the
people and places visited”
• This is providing authentic and interactive
experiences such as Guided expedition to
Antartica.
AUTHENTICITY VS
COMMODIFICATION
• Authenticity
• It means that the product is not manufactured.
specifically for the market
• Commodification.
• A process by which things and activities come to
be evaluated primarily in terms of their exchange
value, in a context of trade.
Examples:
• Tribes of Cordilleras are encouraged to wear
costumes for photo opportunities.
• Whang-Od (last remaining tattoo artists) came.
to Manila for a “meet and greet” during
tourism event.
Issues with “Staged
Experience”
• Disrespect for the culture and traditions
• Exploitation of the local residents
• Tourist-oriented prostitution
• Reduces interests to visit the actual site
• Destroy the authenticity of local cultural
products
• Discourages desire to see authentic culture
and traditions
• Residents are required to “play native”
ANTHROPOCENE
• The Anthropocene paradigm refers to the
“assertion that the human influence has so
come to dominate all non-human processes
that it can now be potentially identified as a
district layer in the geological record
• Anthropocene ecotourism wherein the
“problems resulting from capitalist
development are transformed into new
tourism products”
Examples of Anthropocene
• War Tourism (Museum in Cambodia)
• Disaster tourism (Post-Hurricane Katrina tours)
• Slum tourism
• Extinction tourism (must-see attractions
before they disappear)
• Volunteer tourism
• Scientific Tourism
CULTURAL APPROPRIATION VS CULTURAL
APPRECIATION
Cultural Appropriation
• It occurs when a person
from one culture adopts the fashion,
iconography, trends or styles from one
culture.
• It refers to as “privileged culture borrowing or
stealing from a marginalized culture and strips
elements of the culture to use it as a prop or
for profit”
• It occurs without any real understanding of
why the original culture took part in the
activities.
Cultural Appreciation
• Cultural Appreciation is when someone seeks
to understand and learn about another culture
in an effort to broaden their perspective and
connect with others cross-culturally.
• It is important to think about the context and
symbolic significance of the traditions or
cultural icons as well as your personal
intention in using it.
USED OF BIG DATA ANALYTICS
• Big Data – “the synthesis of the large amount
of information, experiences, feedbacks, and
thoughts, that is a structured or unstructured
way, people around the world create and
share instantaneously
• Big Data Analytics can review visitor patters,
previous contact and past behaviors and
recommended specific services based on
individual preferences.
ENGAGEMENT AND
CONNECTIVITY
• Internet and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
continues to change the way people
communicate, do business and consume products.
• These technologies that enable tourist to engage
and immerse themselves to travel experiences
• Internet
• Mobile applications
• Virtual reality
• Artificial intelligence
• Holograms
• Beacons
ECONOMICS
• It is the study of resource management
• These resources are classified into man
(labor), machine (land and raw materials) and
money (capital).
• Another expert include entrepreneurship
since it is the driving force behind the design,
production and distribution of products and
services.
• It refers to the relationship between demand
and supply under different market scenarios
and circumstances
• It is also referred to as the analysis of choices
based on scarcity and opportunity
• Tourism Economics review the economic
development of a destination, the dynamics
between the laws of supply and demand,
investment, foreign exchange, taxation,
employment and other factors.
TOURISM BASKET OF GOODS
• The “Basket of Goods” concept can be used to
understand the economics of tourism.
• This “denotes a set of available consumption
goods in which the consumer picks up the
preferred quantity for each good based on
substitutability, complementarity and its
lexicographic order”
SUBSTITUTABILITY
• Consumer choose between available products
and services that are interchangeable which can be
substituted for one another.
COMPLEMENTARITY
• The right combination of products and services
will encourage more revenues.
LEXICOGRPAHIC ORDER
• Pair of elements within basket wherein one good
is always preferred over another one.
MACROECONOMICS AND
MICROECONOMICS
MACROECONOMICS
• Looks at the big picture.
• Highlights factors that directly affect the
entire industry.
• Review the global impact of major issues
• Seeking solutions to central bank policies,
fiscal laws and legal regulations.
MICROECONOMICS
• Focuses on details.
• Emphasizes factors that directly influence
an organization.
• Studies the effects of key concerns
• Finding answers to number of workers,
pricing strategies and possible damage.
ANALYSIS USING SWOT
• It is a techniques used to review the internal
and external position of an organization in
relation to the business landscape.
• The acronyms refers to four variables: S –
Strenghts; W – Weaknesses; O – Opportunities
and T – Threats which are the main factors
that influence an enterprise
• It is an analysis yields two key advantages
• distinctive competencies
• Opportunities to take advantage.
Porter’s Five Forces Model
• It enables organization to analyze the industry
based on the following criteria:
• Rivalry among competing sellers
• Threat from new entrants
• Bargaining Power of buyers
• Bargaining power of suppliers
• Competition from substitute products
Analysis using Porter’s Five
Forces Model
THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
PROFESSIONAL (Week 2)
1. Direct
• Deals with the demand-side of the business,
refers to jobs where employees have face-to-face
contact with tourists.
2. Indirect
• Works with the supply side, includes jobs with
intermediaries such as restaurant suppliers,
contractors, marketing consultants and handicraft
producers.
Employment in the Industry
• International Labor Organization (ILO)
describes it as “labor-intensive where working
conditions are often precarious due to the
seasonability, low wages, low union density
and long working hours.
• It “provides opportunities for women, young
adults and migrants who generally receive
limited training.
• Women represent as much as 70% of the global
tourism workforce.
 • Ability to work
Forecasts independently and
• WTTC forecasted that by the year 2030, there with a team
will be 1.8 million international tourists (UNWTO, • Ability to think quickly
2011). • Integrity
• IATA reveals that there will be 7.8 billion air
passengers by 2036. Ethics in the Workplace
• Data from Economic Impact of Travel and • Ethics – “a set of moral principles, especially
Tourism ones relating to or affirming a specified
2015 Annual Update Summary reports that total group, field, or for of conduct”
travel and tourism gross development product • Ethics – from Greek word “ethikos” – “of or
(GDP) will grow at an average of 3.8% per yar for morals”.
from 2015 – 2025. • Morals – from Latin word “mos” – “distinction
• The industry are projected to generate 72.9 between right and wrong”
million new jobs. 10 Ethical Principles for Tourism
and Hospitality Managers
Diversity in Workplace • Honesty
• Diversity – “the mix in the workplace of • Integrity
people from different race, cultures and • Trustworthiness
backgrounds” • Loyalty
• “Cultural Diversity refers to the cultural • Fairness
differences between people that includes • Concern and respect for others
language, manner of dressing, traditions, • Commitment to excellence
morality, religion, social organizations as well • Leadership
as the way they interact wit the environment. • Reputation and morale
• Accountability
Layers of Culture
1. Internal Dimensions Five Career Paths
• Refers to demographic information such as age, 1. Front Line
gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, race and • These are also referred to as rank-and-file
physical ability. employees.

2. External Dimensions 2. Supervisory

• Includes person’s appearance, work experience, • They are tasked with responsibilities including
educational background, recreational habits, monitoring and coaching front-line employees.
personal habits, income, marital status, parental
status, and geographic location. 3. Managerial
• These positions involve budgeting, analysis,
3. Organization Dimensions planning and change management in order to help
employees and the organization.
• Involve the job, position, management status,
union affiliation, work location, seniority, 4. Executive
division/department/unit group, work content and • These are heads of an organization. They may be
functional level. either owners, corporate executives or both. They
have limited contact with the customers since
21ST Century Skills their role is more strategic in nature.
• Written and verbal
communication 5. Entrepreneurs and Business Owners
• Technical
• Human Relations Career Opportunities in the
• Conceptual ASEAN Region
• Analytical • The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• Decision-making (ASEAN) Mutual Recognition Agreement on
• Digital capabilities Tourism Professional (MRATP) enables qualified
• Critical thinking professionals from member-countries to work
• Initiative in any country within the region.
• Maturity
• Confidence
• Willingness to learn The ASEAN member countries:
• Brunei
• Cambodia
• Indonesia
• Lao
• Malaysia
• Myanmar
• Philippines
32 Job Titles under MRA-TP
SOCIOLOGY OF TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY (Week 4)
Definition of Sociology
• It is the “study of groups and group
interactions, societies, and social interactions
viewed from the micro level composed of
individuals and small groups to macro analysis
of trends between large groups and societies.
• It is studying motivations and the influence of
beliefs, perceptions, norms and rituals on
decision-making.
The Sociology of Tourism
1. Tourists and their Behavior
• Changing demographics, preferences and interest
• Company shifted from company-centric to one
where travelers are now co-creators, co-producers
and co-evaluators.
2. The Relationship of Tourists with the Local
Community
• Locals may become antagonistic when scarce
resources are being used to infrastructure
development.
• Staged of local traditions and rituals may resulted
to loss of dignity and pride on the part of the
community.
• The influx of tourists can result exploitation,
unsafe working environment and unregulated
businesses.
3. Structure of the Tourism System
• Created a need for alliances with competitors,
stronger relationships with suppliers and the
creation of a network of collaboration among
sectors.
• Collaborative commerce where ICTs facilitates
the sharing of resources and creation of
partnership.
4. Socio-economic and Socio-cultural Impact of
Tourism
1. Socio-economic – foreign exchange,
income,
employments, prices, distribution of benefits,
ownership and control, development, and
government revenues
2. Socio-cultural – community involvement,
nature of interpersonal relations, bases of
social
organization, the rhythm of social life, migration,
division of labor, stratification, distribution of
power, deviance, customs and the arts.
Typologies of Tourists
• Typology based on Tourist Personality and
Interests – destinations rise and fall in
popularity because they appeal to specific
types of tourist over time, and follow a
relatively predictable pattern of growth and
decline in popularity.
Three Types of Tourists
1. Allocentrics – adventure-seekers interested in
new travel experiences. Prefer to immerse
themselves in unique cultural encounters.
2. Mid-centrics – willing to experience new travel
experiences within their comfort zone
3. Psychocentrics – conservative, inhibitive and
unadventurous.
• Typology based on Familiar versus New
Environments – “tourist experiences moving
across a continuum of novelty, familiarity, and
strangeness depending individual preferences
and the institutional settings
• Organized Mass Tourists
• Individual Mass Tourists
• Explorers
• Drifters
1. Organized Mass Tourists
• Choose package tours with fixed itineraries.
2. Individual Mass Tourists
• They wan to have some control over the itinerary
and time allocation.
3. Explorers
• Interested in new experiences but insist comfort
and security.
4. Drifter
• Prefer authentic experiences.
Motivation to Travel
1.

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Barriers to Travel
3.
5.

Example:
• Hodophobia (Fear of traveling)
• Aerophobia (Fear of being in an airplane)
• Vehophobia (Fear of driving)
• Amaxophobia (Fear of riding in a car)
• Thalassophobia (Fear of sea travel)
• Siderodromophobia (Fear of Trains)
• Escalaphobia (Fear of Escalators)
• Claustrophobia (Fear of Enclosed Spaces)