PENGERTIAN DASAR

• Wisata: perjalanan keluar dari rumah (home), tempat kerja normal

atau yang biasa (Dowling dan Fennell, 2003)
• Pariwisata : semua fenomena dan keterkaitan yang muncul karena
interaksi wisatawan, bisnis penyedia jasa, pemerintah dan komunitas
setempat, dalam proses mendatangkan wisatawan atau pengunjung
• Ecotourism : travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated
areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying
the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing
cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas
(Ceballos – Lascuarin, 1987)
 LATAR BELAKANG

permintaan pasar wisata dunia :

perubahan minat berwisata dari
wisata massal (mass tourism) yang mengandalkan 5S
(Sun, Sea, Sand, Scenery and Sex)

wisata berwawasan lingkungan

(environmentally sound tourism) dan
wisata yang berkelanjutan (sustainable tourism)

ECOTOURISM
Konsepsi ekowisata

Local Ecotourism
People

Visitors
Environment

Source: Stein (2003)

What is Ecotourism?

• Relatively unknown … ????

a) Industry
b) Business
c) System
d) Practice
e) Concept
f) Phenomenon

• What do you think it is?

 DEFINISI EKOWISATA

Konsep pengembangan dan penyelenggaraan

kegiatan pariwisata berbasis pemanfaatan lingkungan untuk
perlindungan serta berintikan
partisipasi aktif masyarakat
penyajian produk bermuatan pendidikan dan pembelajaran
berdampak negatif minimum terhadap lingkungan
memberikan konstribusi positif terhadap pembangunan daerah
diberlakukan pada kawasan lindung, kawasan terbuka, kawasan binaan
serta kawasan budaya

(Sekartjakrarini, 2004)
 Definitions of Ecotourism

Rank Common element %

1 Primary focus on enjoyment & appreciation of natural 63.2
resources

2 Low impact tourism 52.3

3 Aims to educate about environment 31.6
4 Activities maintain natural systems 21.1
5 Small group participants 15.8
6 Contributes economically on a local scale 10.5
7 Sustainable development 5.3

Source : Fennel (2001)

What is a destination?

• a geographic area that is currently or potentially attractive to

visitors/tourists
• a place or area which is recognised and can easily be defined as a
visitor destination and has a range of facilities and products in
place for tourism purposes
• a place or area which is promoted as a destination
• a place or area where it is possible to measure the supply of and
demand for tourism services
• a place or area where the visitor management process usually
includes a range of public and private-sector stakeholders
together with the host community
Frida Purwanti
 1900an : kegiatan petualangan safari (di Kenya, Afrika)
 1970 : Gagasan ekowisata sbg alternatif keg wisata
 1980 : gerakan lingkungan makin meningkat
→ merumuskan & menjalankan kegiatan ekowisata
Proyek percontohan PBB : Costarica (dg melibatkan berbagai pihak)
Sungai Amazon di Amerika latin : kunjungan ke objek wisata alam berkembang menjadi
kegiatan penyelamatan lingkungan hidup
 1987 : Rumusan Ceballos-Lascurain tdk cukup menggambarkan kegiatan ekowisata
 1990 : Megan Epler Wood
“ecotourism as a tool for conservation & sustainable development”
 1991 : establishes TIES mission and the definition of ecotourism
First used by, who identified 4 principles of responsible tourism:
 minimizing environmental impacts
 respecting host cultures
 maximizing the benefits to local people
 maximizing tourist satisfaction
 1965 : Hetzer used the term ecotourism first
 1978: Miller worked on eco-development in Latin America,
gives us another reference for ecotourism
 mid-1979s to early 1980s : the Environment Canada creates
a document a set of road-based ‘eco-tours’
 mid-1980s : a few developing countries realized why
ecotourism is important and started sustainable tourism
programs to conserve the environment
 1987 : Ceballos-Lascurain give the first definition of
ecotourism
 Ecotourism, a movement that began to take shape back in the
1980s, is the oldest and most commonly used word for it
 More recent industry buzzwords include sustainable tourism,
green tourism, nature tourism, responsible tourism, ethical
tourism, mindful travel, conscious travel, pro-poor tourism,
and many others.
 Tourism Current & Future Tourism
Traditional Tourism
component market trends
Facilities as bed As particular of the experience
as islands of luxury As extension of the conservation ethic
Service Fundamental requirements Total experience
Understanding activity & other needs
Luxury Structure to service quests Environments available
Mid range – luxury
fun
Marketing Mass market Special market niche –
Enjoyment nature/adventure/education
Sell image Wilderness ethic
Green image environmental stewardship
Program
Benefits
Success
measurement
 Meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat ttg lingkungan
 Motivasi :
▪ mencari kehidupan dalam tata lingkungan yang berbeda
▪ menyentuh alam lingkungan yang asli, utuh dan tenang
▪ memperoleh pengalaman-pengalaman baru
▪ mengkaji dan mempelajari proses alam
▪ menikmati panorama alam
▪ mencari inspirasi dan apresiasi
▪ Menambah wawasan dlm keanekaragaman flora fauna
▪ Menjelajahi alam bebas
• Ecotourism is a field rather than a form of
knowledge (Hirst, 1974) → involves integration
of concepts, logic and criteria from different
disciplines
• one form of nature-based tourism →a niche
market involving smaller groups and specialized
experiences
• a term with a degree of political power
• the fastest growing tourism segment around the
world : growing at 20–25%/year (Ceballos-
Lascurain, 2012)
The ideas that emerged from the UNEP conference :
 Protecting and promoting quality of the environment
 protection of cultural erosion
 contribution to a world conservation strategy for sustainable
development
 supporting international harmony
 Awareness to
mass tourism
impacts

Tourism
Outdoor &
Development
Adventure
in Developing
Tourism
Countries

ECOTOURISM

Awareness & Alternative

Creation of Income
Protected Area hypothesis

Rise of global
Environmental
Movement
ASET & DAYA TARIK
EKOWISATA

Frida Purwanti
Ecotourism Asset

▪ Suatu tempat hanya dapat menjadi tujuan wisata, jika kondisinya

sedemikian rupa

→ dapat dikembangkan menjadi atraksi wisata

▪ Apa yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi atraksi wisata disebut

sumber kepariwisataan (tourism resource) atau modal

kepariwisataan (tourism asset)
 Vital Ecotourism Asset
• Biodiversity is a vital asset to a tourism
industry

• A clean environment is each tourist’s

expectation → many tourists will not return to
polluted or degraded destinations
1. suatu objek, aktivitas, atau kegiatan yang menyajikan atau menampilkan sesuatu yang
menarik bagi orang yang melakukan perjalanan (Witt dan Moutinho, 1995)
2. kegiatan, objek, atau aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh orang yang melakukan perjalanan ke
suatu tempat (UNWTO)
3. suatu tempat, aktivitas, atau objek yang memberikan kepuasan atau kenikmatan bagi
pengunjung (Tarlow, 1999)
4. suatu tempat, objek, atau kegiatan yang menarik bagi pengunjung untuk dikunjungi, diikuti,
atau dilakukan (Jafari, 2000)
5. sesuatu yang memiliki daya tarik untuk dilihat dan dinikmati yang layak dijual ke pasar
wisata (Zaenuri, 2012)
6. segala sesuatu yang dapat mendorong / memotivasi target pelanggan untuk berkunjung ke
destinasi layaknya sebuah magnet (Hidayah, 2021)
What are attractions
▪ A point interest in the destination
▪ The main reason for visiting the destination
▪ Natural or constructed beauty
▪ Cultural or significant beauty

→ develop the image of the destination

Primary tourist attractions: the key attractions of an area.
→will not usually have been created or built for tourists, usually the main reasons for people to visit

Secondary tourist attractions : were built or developed specifically to meet the needs of tourists.

Primary Secondary

• Climate • Hotels/guesthouses/homestays
• Natural environment • Shopping facilities
• Built environment • Restaurants and Cafes
• Historic sites • Transport
• Religious Centres • Tourist information and guiding
• Indigenous Culture services
• Natural ecology • Adventure activities
• Theme parks
• Entertainment
 Natural Cultural Constructed

• Geographic • Traditional • Constructed

features custom or created
• Flora fauna • Historic or attraction
• Scenic heritage • Ancient or
beauty site • Festival and modern
• Climate events • …..
conditions • ….
1. In situ : modal kepariwisataan dapat dikembangkan menjadi
atraksi wisata di tempat di mana modal wisata itu ditemukan

2. Ex situ : modal kepariwisataan yang dikembangkan di luar

tempat aslinya

▪ Atraksi penahan → dapat menahan wisatawan selama berhari-hari

dan dapat berkali-kali dinikmati, bahkan pada kesempatan lain
wisatawan mungkin berkunjung kembali ke tempat yang sama
▪ Atraksi penangkap → hanya sekali dinikmati, kemudian ditinggalkan
oleh wisatawan

Tipe wisatawan terkait erat dengan jenis atraksi

▪ Kegiatan dan obyek harus dalam keadaan baik

▪ Cara penyajiannya (presentasi) harus tepat

→ Dapat mendatangkan wisatawan secara kontinyu

→ Dapat menahan wisatawan dalam waktu yang cukup lama

→ Dapat memberikan kepuasan, sehingga membuatnya ingin kembali

PUSH & PULL FACTORS
Travel Motivation
PUSH Self
actualization
Trav
eler
Esteem

Social Spa, rest & relaxation

Mini-vacation to nearby
Safety land

Ancestral land
Psychology

Exotic
Trav locales
eler
Trip
around
the world
 indikator keberhasilan
pengelolaan daya tarik wisata
1. Jumlah pengunjung - orang yang mengunjungi ODTW
2. Durasi kunjungan - berapa lama wisatawan menghabiskan waktu di
lokasi
3. Tingkat kepuasan - terhadap atraksi dan daya tarik yang dikunjungi.
4. Tingkat pemasukan – jml pemasukan yang diperoleh dari atraksi
dan daya tarik
5. Tingkat keberlangsungan - seberapa lama atraksi dan daya tarik
dapat bertahan dan tetap menarik bagi wisatawan.
6. Tingkat promosi yang dilakukan untuk menarik wisatawan ke
atraksi dan daya tarik.
7. Tingkat inovasi - seberapa sering atraksi dan daya tarik
mengembangkan dan menyajikan hal-hal baru yang menarik bagi
wisatawan.
Frida Purwanti
 PERUBAHAN
PERKEMBANGAN WISATA

QUALITY
Penurunan kualitas TOURISM
lingkungan, social &
budaya Special Interest
Tourism

Target jumlah
wisatawan &
pendapatan / devisa
 PERBEDAAN EKOWISATA DENGAN
WISATA ALAM & PARIWISATA BERKELANJUTAN

• wisata alam : melakukan • ekowisata : suatu aktifitas

perjalanan ke tempat-tempat
alami
• ekowisata : secara langsung
memberikan manfaat bagi
lingkungan, budaya dan ekonomi
masyarakat lokal
pariwisata yg berupaya
meminimalisr dampak negatif
keg pariwisata
• pariwisata berkelanjutan :
sistem yg kompleks,
berkesinambungan
serta terstandarisasi
→ perbedaan terletak pada ruang
lingkupnya

Ekowisata adalah sub-kategori dari pariwisata berkelanjutan

atau segmen yang lebih besar dari wisata berbasis alam
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 40
 41

Lingkungan Ekonomi Sosial

▪ Memanfaatan secara • Memastikan keg ▪ Menghormati keaslian
optimum SDA yg tradisi budaya
ekonomi layak setempat
menjadi aset dm
untuk jangka
pengembangan wisata ▪ Melestraikan nilai
panjang warisan budaya
▪ Mempertahan proses
• Memberi manfaat
ekologi ▪ Meningkatkan rasa
ekonomi secara toleransi & pemahaman
▪ Melestarikan
adil dan merata antar budaya
sumberdaya dan
keanekaragaman kepada semua ▪ Membuka peluang
hayati stakeholder kerja
Nature-based tourism : any sustainable
tourism activities that related to the natural
environment

Ecotourism : a niche nature-based segment Sustainable

where the key motivation is learning tourism

Nature-
based
tourism

Ecotourism

Educational
Ethical Responsible
 ECOTOURISM VS
43

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
Ecotourism Sustainable tourism
Traveling to natural areas while Providing authentic tourist
admiring the nature/wildlife as experience while respecting the
well as the traditional cultures in place, its people & their culture
these areas
Visiting natural attractions & Refers to a complete tourism
doing so in a responsible & experience encompassing the
sustainable fashion social, economic & environmental
aspects of tourism development
Focuses specifically on the A traveler does to reduce their
place travelers visit & what they impact on the planet as a whole
can do to benefit the people
who live there
Sustainable tourism - a supply-sided view
characterized by industry regulations
Ecotourism - a demand-driven concept limited to
nature-based tourism
➢ seeking out educational opportunities to help
them develop a deeper understanding of their
destination.
➢ looking for guidance and suggestions for how
to support and protect the environment and the
animals and people within it.
 Sustainable tourism Responsible tourism Ecotourism

Concept of traveling & exploring a destination as a Concept of creating better A form of sustainable tourism that
tourist while respecting the culture, environment & places for people to live focuses on the conservation of
people of that destination. in & better place for natural areas & promotion of
A holistic approaches that seek to balance social- people to visit sustainable practices
economic & environmental impacts of travel

Focuses on global issue & attempts to change the Focuses on individual Mainly focuses on the environment
tourism industry as a whole actions & individual
destination

Long term change Short term change Short term change

 promotes responsibility to the
advocates for the
environment through its
responsibility towards the
sustainable use:
environmental and social
aspects of tourism • responsibility to involve
local communities in the
→ developed as a subset
tourism industry
of sustainable tourism
• responsibility for the safety
and security of visitors
• responsible government,
employees, employers,
unions and local
communities
• Taking and using reusables
• Minimizing your waste production
• Choosing to support businesses whose values
include sustainability.
• Supporting community-based tourism and
community-based ecotourism projects.
• Following local rules and guidelines.
• Not littering.
• Protecting nature when doing outdoor recreation.
 48

untuk menciptakan hubungan timbal

balik yang saling mengisi antara :
• pelestarian lingkungan
• peningkatan kesejahteraan & mutu hidup
masyarakat lokal
• kelayakan ekonomi & kelayakan usaha
ECOTOURISM CONCEPT
WHAT TO DO ? WHAT SHOULD DO ?

• Nature tourism • Responsible tourism

• Culture tourism • Educational tourism
• Scientific tourism • Ethical tourism
• Adventure tourism • Alternative tourism
 ECOTOURISM 50

PROTECTION OF
NATURAL AREAS

CONCEPTS OF GENERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL

LOCAL
REVENUE INVOLVEMENT
EDUCATION
ECOTOURISM

CONSERVATION
DEVELOPMENT
biological Economic/
diversity and infrastructural
natural resources growth

LOCAL CONTROL
STEWARDSHIP

SUSTAINABILITY
 51

1. Involves travel to natural destinations

2. Minimizes impact
3. Builds environmental awareness
4. Provides direct financial benefits for conservation.
5. Provides financial benefits and empowerment for
local people
6. Respects local culture
7. Supports human rights and demographic movements
CRITERIA FOR
ECOTOURISM
1. Provide for conservation values
2. Meaningful communities
participation
3. Profitable’ and sustain itself
 53

PRINSIP DASAR

1. Prinsip Konservasi
2. Prinsip Partisipasi
3. Prinsip Ekonomi
4. Prinsip Edukasi
• Pengembangan ekowisata harus bertanggung
jawab
• berkomitmen terhadap pelestarian lingkungan
(alam dan budaya)
• usaha yang dilakukan dapat dirasakan
kemanfaatannya bagi masyarakat lokal secara
merata dan berkelanjutan
 55

Pengembangan ekowisata didasarkan atas :

• musyawarah & persetujuan masyarakat
setempat
• peka & menghormati nilai sosbud & tradisi
keagamaan masyarakat sekitar
 56

Pengembangan ekonomi harus mampu

• memberikan manfaat untuk masy setempat &
• menjadi penggerak pembangunan ekonomi di
wilayahnya

→ untuk memastikan bahwa daerah yang masih alami

dapat mengembangkan pembangunan yang
berimbang (balanced development) antara kebutuhan
pelestarian lingkungan & kepentingan semua pihak
 57

a. Meningkatkan kesadaran & apresiasi

terhadap alam, nilai-nilai peninggalan
sejarah & budaya
b. Memberikan nilai-nilai tambah &
pengetahuan bagi pengunjung, masy
dan pihak terkait
 58

Sustainable

Caution &
Responsible

Participation
 59

1. Threats to conservation targets are

reduced
2. Income is generated for
conservation
3. Local communities are benefited
1. Managing growth

2. Climate change

3. Support for conservation

4. Poverty alleviation

5. Health, safety, security

▪ Ciri psikologis yang mempengaruhi perilaku wisatawan
▪ Faktor psikis wisatawan terhadap produk wisata
▪ Psychology of travel = motivation
▪ Related to people’s interests, personality, lifestyle, values
and attitude.
▪ Personality character, social class, lifestyle
1. Kepribadian
▪ informasi tentang keyakinan, motivasi, moral, dan pandangan hidup secara keseluruhan

2. Gaya hidup
▪ pengumpulan wawasan tentang kebiasaan dan preferensi
▪ bagaimana cara menghabiskan waktunya, barang atau produk apa yang disukai dan
hal-hal apa yang paling penting
3. Kelas sosial
▪ berdasarkan pendapatan yang dapat dibelanjakan

4. Attitude atau Sikap

▪ bagaimana perilaku dalam situasi yang berbeda dan apa preferensinya

5. AIO (activities, interests, dan opinions)

▪ menentukan aktivitas apa yang disukai, topik apa yang diminati, dan pendapat tentang
masalah sosial yang penting
Psychocentric Type
▪ Conservative, inhibited &
unadventurous
▪ Prefer familiar travel destination
▪ Expect the type of food & activity
▪ Want to relax
▪ Low activity level
▪ Buying complete tour package
▪ Prefer heavily structured itinerary
▪ Less risk taking
▪ Safety & security is important
Allocentric Type
▪ Prefer non touristy places
▪ Seek new experiences & adventure
▪ Outgoing & self confidence
▪ Make own travel arrangement
▪ High level of activity
▪ Explore an area
▪ Enjoy interacting with locals, meeting
people from fifference culture
▪ Choose activities & tourist attractions
▪ Enjoy taking risk
PSYCHOGRAPHIC WISATA
(PLOG’S CONTINUUM)
Allocentris
▪ orang yang mencari pengalaman dan petualangan baru dalam berbagai kegiatan.
▪ orang yang percaya diri dalam perilaku, senang bertemu orang-orang dari budaya asing atau
berbedaK
▪ lebih suka memiliki kebebasan untuk menjelajahi DTW, membuat pengaturan sendiri dan
memilih berbagai kegiatan dan atraksi wisata
Psikosentris
▪ lebih berorientasi konservatif, tidak suka berpetualang.
▪ Mereka menyarankan untuk kembali ke tujuan wisata yang sudah dikenal, di mana mereka
dapat bersantai dan mengetahui jenis makanan dan aktivitas apa yang diharapkan.
▪ mencari rencana perjalanan yang sangat terstruktur sehingga mereka tahu apa yang
diharapkan
▪ Keselamatan dan keamanan sangat penting bagi grup ini.
Mid-Sentris
▪ tidak terlalu suka berpetualang, tetapi mereka menerima pengalaman baru.
 INTEREST FOCUS
Culture Culture & Nature Nature Personal Challenge

Extreme
Ethnophile adventurer
Wilderness
Total Special
Authentic seeker
Immersion Interest
ENGAGEMENT LEVEL

seeker adventurer Market

Psychographic
Culture Globetrotter Nature Special Segment Map
Lover Lover Interest
Interaction
adventurer (Greenland
Tourism, 2015)

Culture Nature
Sightseer
Observation Appreciator Appreciator
Type Karakter
Hard Core Daerah sangat spesifik dan aktifitas sangat spesial
Memberi pengalaman (daerah masih alami)
Lebih banyak bekerja dibandingkan bermain (leisure)
Willingness to pay tinggi
Mainstream Kegiatan tidak merusak alam
Membutuhkan infrastruktur tertentu
Dapat tinggal pada masyarakat sekitar
Willingness to pay tinggi
Casual Merupakan perjalanan liburan
Membutuhkan infrastruktur yang baik
Willingness to pay rendah
Recreation Tidak termasuk kegiatan eko wisata
Hanya melihat keindahan alam
Willingness to pay rendah
1. dynamism—change over time, one of the most characteristic features of tourist activity;
2. process—a feature that characterizes the changes taking place in a tourist area, and which
enables a model-based view of development;
3. tourist absorption and capacity or development limitations—this model is based on the claim that if
the number of visitors exceeds the tourist absorption and capacity, the quality of the experience of
those visitors will decline;
4. initiative factors—factors that cause change in a tourist area, e.g., innovation;
5. management—it is crucial that emphasis is placed on the management of a tourist area as a
whole (comprehensively), as many components in these areas lack management, even though
they have separate resources and properties;
6. long-term perspective—the necessity to take a perspective view of the development of an area, in
the initial development phases, is both an indicator of the effectiveness of actions undertaken to
delay the onset of the decline phase, and of intervention actions initiating a rejuvenation
immediately after stabilization, which is typical for stagnation;
7. spatial components—if there is a slowing down of development in an area, a locational shift of the
tourist area is proposed, to sites in which development is starting from the beginning or is
continuing;
8. universal application—the model was designed for all tourist areas, including specialized areas
such as spa resorts.
Internal External
Uniqueness of
resources and Producers
attractions

Local resident
& their Consumers
attitudes

Quality of
Regulating
tourism
authorities
resourcess
ECOTOURISM IMPACT
▪ Benefits to Local People

▪ Benefits to the Environment

▪ Benefits to Visitors
Economic Social

Environment
‘Balance sheet’ of
environmental Impacts of
tourism (Adapted from
Hunter and Green, 1995)
▪ volume kedatangan tourist
▪ struktur ekonomi daerah setempat
▪ tipe kegiatan wisata
▪ perbedaan karakteristik social-budaya
pengunjung dengan penduduk
▪ kerapuhan dari lingkungan setempat