 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
K‫א‬ ♦
K‫♦ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬

 4H8 W‫א‬‫א‬


-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬_‫א‬_ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE٢٧٣J ٤٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬1-1-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١J ١
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E  F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢J ١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١J ١
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KE٤J ١F


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 EoC‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EoFF‫א‬‫א‬2J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢١٢ ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣٢
  ‫א‬١٨٠
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١٢‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬3J ٢J ١
EF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢HE١{٨Fx ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E١{٨F LE٣٢J ‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
 Btu EKKF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬KE٥J ١F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K Btu ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٧J ١FF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤{٢Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F



 E٦J ١F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


 E٧J ١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٨J ١F‫א‬ 1 Btu  EKKF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF ‫א‬ J ١
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
E٢J ١F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ١FKKZ



 E٨J ١F

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣٩٦٨ZEF١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٥J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE٩J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ١F



-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٦J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬LEF‫א‬‫א‬ZEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬L‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Pa = N/m2 EF‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢L‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬L ١٤{٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E١٠J ١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ KE١١J ١F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٢J ١F‫א‬K
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٢J ١F

 ‫א‬٨J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥٠٠‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٤٩٢‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

(Francis Bacon)‫א‬١٦٢٦
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧٩٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(Callen)‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧٥٥K
 
 ،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Monge)(Clouet)‫א‬،
(Van Troastvijk)(Van Morum)‫א‬،١٧٨٠
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K١٧٨٧‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K١٨٠٥‫א‬‫א‬(Oliver Evans)
(Jacob Perkins)١٨٣٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬١٨٥٦(Harrison)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٩٠W‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Eْ ٣٤{٥J F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
١٨٧٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Carl Van Linde)
 KEْ ٣٣{٢J F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ،١٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(Lowe)،(Linde)‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،(Winhausen)
 K٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٣٠(Midge Ley)K‫א‬
K١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K١٩٣٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٣٠K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩١٧
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


 L٣٠٠١٠٠‫א‬١٩٢٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١
 J W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K ‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬١١J ١
Applications Of Refrigeration
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Domestic Applications‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢L١٢٠L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Commercial Applications‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Restaurants‫א‬،Hotels‫א‬،Supper Market‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Industrial Applications‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 Ice Plant ‫א‬J ١

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٩ْ J F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬، ‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Chemical Industry ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Food Industry ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ J 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
Marine Transport‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Air Conditioning‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٥٠K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?١٩٠٠K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩١٠K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٩٢٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EASHRAEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١F



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ١F


- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Chemical and Technology‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬E١٥J ١F



 ‫א‬E١٥J ١F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

Special Applications‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫♦ א‬
K‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬

 12H 4W‫א‬‫א‬



- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬١L١٢‫א‬
 ١٢Z‫א‬
 ٣Z‫א‬
 ٣٦Z‫א‬
 J W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ٠{٠٠١Z‫א‬
 EF١٠ZEF‫א‬
 EF١٠٠ZEF‫א‬
 EF١٠٠٠ZEF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 ‫א‬١J ٢J ٢
E١J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 E١J ٢F




- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬


 
 J ‫א‬J 
 E٢J ٢F

 ‫א‬٣J ٢J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬


 
 J ‫א‬J 
 E٣J ٢F

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٤J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢F،E٥J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 E٥J ٢F
 ١٢{٠٠
 ٠{١٨H
 ٠{٥٠H
 ١٢{٦٨Z‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


 E٦J ٢F
 ٠{٣٠٠
 ٠{٠٥٠H
 ٠{٠٠٤H
 ٠{٣٥٤Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢F‫א‬،E٠{٠٥FE٠{١F



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢F
- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬



 E٨J ٢F
 ٢٠{٠٠
 ٧{٠٠H
 ٠{١٥H
 ٢٧{١٥Z‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∗

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢F
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EFJ 
 EFJ 
 EF‫א‬J 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EFJ 
 EFJ 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬J 


     
 E٦FE٥FE٤FE٣FE٢FE١F


  
 E٨FE٧F

 E٩J ٢F



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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٢F‫א‬W٢



 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J ١




 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J ٢




 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J ٣





 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J ٤


 E١٠J ٢F




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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F‫א‬W٣


 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKH
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKH
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKZ‫א‬‫א‬



 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKH
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKH
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKZ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١J ٢F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F‫א‬W٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 E١٢J ٢F

 EF‫א‬J EF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J EF‫א‬J 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬J EF‫א‬J 
 EF‫א‬J EFJ 
 EF‫א‬J EF‫א‬J 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

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