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 IGNOU FRONT PAGE

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 2ND PAGE
Attached HERE YOUR IGNOU ID
CARD’S PHOTOCOPY

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 3RD PAGE
Attached HERE IGNOU
ASSIGNMENT QUESTION
PAPER’S PHOTOCOPY

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 BEGC-106
Popular Literature
Assignment July 2023 & January 2024 Sessions
(Based on Blocks 1 - 4)
Max. Marks: 100
Answer all questions.
Section A
Write short notes in about 100 words each: 4 × 5 = 20
1.
(i) Kitsch
Kitsch refers to a style of art or design that is considered
to be in poor taste or overly sentimental. It is characterized
by its excessive use of decorative elements, sentimental
themes, and mass-produced aesthetics. Kitsch often
appeals to popular or mainstream tastes and can be found
in various forms such as paintings, sculptures, home
decorations, and even fashion.
The term "kitsch" originated in the art world, particularly
in Germany in the 19th century, and it was initially
used to describe cheap, mass-produced objects that imitated
high art. Over time, the definition of kitsch has expanded

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to encompass a broader range of cultural artifacts that
possess similar qualities.
Kitsch is often criticized for its lack of artistic merit and
for its commercialization of art and design. However, it
also has a certain appeal to some people who appreciate its
nostalgic or sentimental qualities. Kitsch can evoke
emotions and create a sense of familiarity or comfort.
Overall, kitsch is a subjective concept, and its perception
can vary widely from person to person. What one
individual may consider kitsch, another may appreciate
as a form of artistic expression or cultural artifact.

(ii) Ekstatis
Ekstasis is a Greek term commonly associated with
ecstatic experiences or states of being. The word itself is
derived from the Greek verb "ekstasis," which means "to be
outside oneself" or "to stand outside of oneself." It refers to
a state of intense emotional or spiritual ecstasy, where an
individual is overcome by feelings of overwhelming joy,
bliss, or transcendence.

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Ekstasis can be experienced through various means,
including religious or mystical practices, artistic
expression, or even through certain forms of intense
physical or emotional experiences. It is often described as a
state of being "lost in the moment" or "transported" beyond
one's ordinary sense of self.
In many religious and spiritual traditions, ekstasis is
associated with divine or mystical encounters. It is seen as
a state of union with a higher power or a transcendent
reality. Within the context of ecstatic religious experiences,
individuals may exhibit behaviors such as dancing,
chanting, or speaking in tongues as they are filled with a
sense of spiritual presence and connection.
Ekstasis is also prevalent in the realm of art and
creativity. Artists, musicians, and performers often
describe moments of ekstasis during the creative process,
where they feel completely absorbed and immersed in their
work. This state of intense focus and inspiration can lead
to the creation of extraordinary pieces of art or
performances.

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Overall, ekstasis represents a powerful and transformative
experience that transcends the ordinary boundaries of self
and opens up new realms of perception, connection, and
expression.

(iii) Bildungsroman
Bildungsroman is a literary genre that originated in
Germany and refers to a coming-of-age novel or novel of
formation. The term "Bildungsroman" translates to "novel
of education" or "novel of formation" in English. These
novels focus on the psychological and moral growth of the
protagonist from childhood or adolescence to adulthood,
depicting their journey of self-discovery and maturation.
Typically, a Bildungsroman follows the protagonist's
development through various stages of life, exploring their
experiences, challenges, and interactions with society. The
narrative often reflects the protagonist's quest for
identity, meaning, and purpose. The novel may involve
the protagonist's education, social interactions, romantic
relationships, and encounters with different cultures or
environments.
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One of the most famous examples of a Bildungsroman is
"Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens. The novel follows
the life of Pip, an orphan who goes through a series of
trials and tribulations while striving for self-improvement
and finding his place in society.
Bildungsroman novels often tackle themes such as the
loss of innocence, the conflict between individual desires
and societal expectations, and the search for personal
fulfillment. Through the protagonist's growth and
development, these novels provide readers with insights
into human nature and the complexities of life.
Overall, Bildungsroman is a powerful genre that explores
the transformative journey of a protagonist, resonating
with readers as they witness the character's growth,
struggles, and eventual self-realization.

(iv) Postmodernism

Postmodernism is a philosophical and cultural movement

that emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction
against modernism. It is characterized by a skepticism
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towards grand narratives and the rejection of absolute
truths and universal principles. Postmodernism
challenges the notion of a single objective reality and
emphasizes the subjectivity of experience.
One key aspect of postmodernism is the deconstruction of
established norms and conventions. Postmodern thinkers
argue that language, knowledge, and power structures are
inherently unstable and influenced by social, cultural,
and historical contexts. They advocate for questioning
and subverting dominant discourses to uncover hidden
biases and alternative perspectives.
Postmodernism also embraces intertextuality and
pastiche, borrowing and blending elements from different
sources and cultural contexts. It often challenges the
boundaries between high and low culture, mixing popular
and mass-produced elements with traditional forms of art
and literature.
Critics argue that postmodernism can lead to relativism
and a loss of meaning, as it rejects universal truths and
promotes individual interpretations. It is also accused of

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being overly self-referential and disconnected from
reality.
Despite criticisms, postmodernism has had a significant
impact across various fields, including literature, art,
architecture, philosophy, and cultural studies. It has
opened up new possibilities for creativity, experimentation,
and the exploration of diverse perspectives in the post-
industrial, globalized world.

Section B
Answer the following in about 350 words each: 16 X 5 =
80
1. Discuss the chess motif as central to the understanding
of Through the Looking Glass.

The chess motif is an essential element in Lewis Carroll's

"Through the Looking-Glass," and plays a central role in
understanding the themes and structure of the novel.
Carroll utilizes the game of chess as a metaphor for life,
presenting a world where the characters and events mirror
the moves and rules of the game. Through this motif,
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Carroll explores concepts such as logic, strategy, and the
limitations of human perception.
One of the primary ways the chess motif functions in the
novel is by establishing a sense of order and structure.
Each chapter represents a specific square on the chessboard,
and the characters move across the board as if they were
chess pieces. Alice, the protagonist, starts as a pawn and
progresses through the ranks, striving to reach the eighth
square to become a queen. This progression symbolizes
personal growth and the journey towards self-discovery.
Furthermore, the chess motif allows Carroll to explore the
nature of rules and logic. In chess, every move is governed
by specific rules and limitations. Similarly, in "Through
the Looking-Glass," Alice encounters various puzzles and
logical conundrums that she must navigate. These
challenges reflect the rigidity and constraints of the
Victorian era society, where adherence to social norms and
expectations was highly valued. By using the chess motif,
Carroll critiques the limitations imposed by societal rules
and highlights the importance of independent thought
and creative problem-solving.

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Moreover, the chess motif serves as a commentary on the
nature of perception and reality. Just as the chessboard
represents a structured and ordered world, Carroll presents
a world where perception can be deceptive. In one instance,
Alice encounters the Red Queen, who tells her, "Now, here,
you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the
same place." This statement reflects the notion that
individuals must constantly exert effort to maintain their
position in society. Carroll challenges the idea that
progress is achieved simply by moving forward,
suggesting that individuals can be trapped in a cycle of
stagnation.
The motif of chess also explores the concept of strategy and
foresight. In chess, players must anticipate and plan their
moves in advance to outmaneuver their opponents.
Similarly, in the novel, Alice learns the importance of
strategy and thinking ahead. She engages in
conversations with various characters who provide her with
advice and guidance, encouraging her to think critically
and strategically. Carroll emphasizes the significance of
foresight and planning, highlighting the consequences of
impulsive and hasty decisions.
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In conclusion, the chess motif in Lewis Carroll's "Through
the Looking-Glass" serves as a central element for
understanding the novel. It provides a framework through
which Carroll explores themes of order, logic, perception,
and strategy. By using the chessboard as a metaphor for
life, Carroll critiques societal norms, emphasizes the
importance of independent thought, and challenges the
notion of progress. The chess motif deepens the reader's
understanding of the novel's themes and enriches the
narrative, making "Through the Looking-Glass" a
timeless and thought-provoking work of literature.

2. Comment on the relationship between Gender and Space

in the context of Arije’s school in
Funny Boy.

The relationship between gender and space in the context of

Arije's school in "Funny Boy" reflects the larger societal
dynamics and power structures prevalent in Sri Lanka
during the time period in which the novel is set. Set
against the backdrop of the ethnic and political tensions
in the country, Shyam Selvadurai's "Funny Boy"
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explores the intersections of gender, sexuality, and
ethnicity through the experiences of the protagonist, Arjie.
In Arije's school, gender plays a significant role in
shaping the spatial dynamics and social interactions
among students. The school environment is highly
segregated based on gender, with separate spaces and
activities for boys and girls. The physical separation of
spaces reinforces traditional gender roles and expectations,
limiting the opportunities for interaction and
understanding between boys and girls.
The boys' space in the school is characterized by a sense of
competitiveness, machismo, and conformity to masculine
norms. This is evident in the scene where Arjie's
classmates engage in a game of "bride-bride," a game that
mocks femininity and is meant to assert their
masculinity. The boys' space is marked by strict codes of
behavior, where conformity to expectations is rewarded,
and any deviation is met with ridicule or punishment.
Arjie's non-conforming behavior, his disinterest in sports,
and his inclination towards traditionally feminine
activities make him a target of bullying and
marginalization within the boys' space.
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On the other hand, the girls' space is portrayed as more
nurturing, cooperative, and focused on feminine
activities. The girls' space allows for emotional expression,
creativity, and freedom from the oppressive norms of
masculinity. However, it is also depicted as restrictive, as
the girls' space confines them to traditional roles and
expectations. Arjie's female cousin, Her Fatness,
experiences the limitations of the girls' space when her
dreams of becoming a lawyer are dismissed by her father,
who believes that education is unnecessary for girls.
The spatial divide between boys and girls in the school
reflects the broader patriarchal power structures that exist
in Sri Lankan society. It reinforces the idea that men and
women occupy separate spheres, with limited opportunities
for cross-gender interactions or understanding. This
segregation perpetuates gender stereotypes, inhibits the
development of empathy and respect between genders, and
reinforces the unequal power dynamics between men and
women.
Furthermore, the relationship between gender and space in
Arije's school highlights the struggles faced by
individuals who do not conform to traditional gender
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norms. Arjie, as a young boy who displays qualities and
interests associated with femininity, is marginalized and
subjected to bullying within the boys' space. He finds
solace and a sense of belonging in the girls' space, where
he can freely express himself without fear of judgment or
ridicule. However, even within the girls' space, Arjie's non-
conformity is seen as unusual and unconventional,
leading to further marginalization and a sense of
otherness.
The spatial dynamics in Arije's school are indicative of the
broader social context in Sri Lanka during that time. The
rigid gender roles and expectations, reinforced through
segregated spaces, demonstrate the entrenched patriarchy
and societal norms that limit individual freedom and
expression. The novel challenges these norms by
portraying the struggles of individuals like Arjie, who
defy traditional gender expectations, and explores the
consequences they face as they navigate through different
spaces.
Overall, the relationship between gender and space in
Arije's school in "Funny Boy" underscores the influence of
societal power structures and norms on the experiences of
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individuals. It highlights the limitations and challenges
imposed by rigid gender roles, as well as the potential for
resistance and self-discovery when individuals challenge
these norms. By examining the spatial dynamics within
the school, the novel offers insights into the complexities of
gender relations and the ways in which they intersect
with other social categories such as ethnicity and
sexuality.

3. Comment on the narrative strategy in the Murder of

Roger Ackroyd.

The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, written by Agatha

Christie, is a classic detective novel known for its
ingenious plot twist and narrative strategy. Published in
1926, it is regarded as one of Christie's finest works and a
masterpiece of the mystery genre. The narrative strategy
employed in this novel is particularly noteworthy, as it
involves a clever manipulation of the reader's perspective
and expectations.

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One of the most striking aspects of the narrative strategy
in The Murder of Roger Ackroyd is the use of an
unreliable narrator. The story is narrated by Dr. James
Sheppard, a physician living in the small village of
King's Abbot. As a first-person narrator, Dr. Sheppard
provides an intimate and seemingly trustworthy account
of the events surrounding Roger Ackroyd's murder.
However, as the story progresses, it becomes evident that
Dr. Sheppard has been withholding crucial information
from the readers.
The unreliable narrator technique serves two purposes in
the narrative strategy. First, it allows Christie to
manipulate the reader's perception of the characters and
their actions. Dr. Sheppard's limited perspective and biases
influence how the readers interpret the events and the
motivations of the other characters. This creates an
atmosphere of uncertainty and keeps the readers guessing
about the true nature of the crime.
Second, the unreliable narrator also serves as a tool for
Christie to conceal key plot twists and surprises. By
controlling the information presented to the readers, she
creates a sense of suspense and builds up to the novel's
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shocking revelation. The readers are led to believe in the
reliability of Dr. Sheppard's narrative, only to have their
assumptions shattered when the truth is finally unveiled.
In addition to the unreliable narrator, another notable
aspect of the narrative strategy is the clever use of
misdirection. Christie skillfully employs red herrings and
subtle clues to divert the readers' attention and prevent
them from correctly identifying the murderer. She
introduces multiple potential suspects, each with their own
motives and secrets, effectively creating a web of intrigue
and suspicion.
The misdirection is further enhanced by Christie's adept
handling of pacing and structure. The story unfolds
gradually, with each revelation building upon the previous
ones. The readers are constantly challenged to reassess
their theories and piece together the puzzle. Christie
masterfully controls the flow of information, ensuring
that the readers remain engaged and invested in solving
the mystery.
Moreover, the narrative strategy in The Murder of Roger
Ackroyd is enhanced by Christie's skillful
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characterization. Each character is carefully developed and
presented with their quirks, strengths, and flaws. Christie
creates a diverse cast of individuals, each with their own
secrets and potential motives for the crime. The readers are
left to navigate the complexities of the characters'
relationships and motivations, adding depth and
complexity to the narrative.
In conclusion, the narrative strategy employed in The
Murder of Roger Ackroyd is a testament to Agatha
Christie's brilliance as a mystery writer. Through the use
of an unreliable narrator, skillful misdirection, and well-
crafted characterization, she keeps the readers on the edge
of their seats, eagerly trying to unravel the mystery. The
novel stands as a testament to the enduring appeal of
Christie's work and solidifies her status as the Queen of
Crime.

4. Discuss Science Fiction as a literary genre.

Science fiction is a captivating literary genre that explores
imaginative and speculative concepts, often set in the
future or in alternative realities. It is characterized by its
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incorporation of scientific and technological
advancements, as well as its examination of social,
cultural, and philosophical implications. Science fiction
serves as a powerful platform for authors to comment on
contemporary issues, envision potential futures, and
challenge societal norms. With its vast range of themes
and subgenres, science fiction has become a prominent
and influential genre within the literary world.
One of the defining features of science fiction is its
emphasis on scientific and technological advancements.
Whether it's space travel, artificial intelligence, genetic
engineering, or time travel, science fiction stories often
revolve around the exploration and consequences of these
innovations. However, the focus is not solely on the
scientific aspects; rather, it uses science as a backdrop to
examine their impact on individuals, societies, and the
human condition. By delving into these scientific
concepts, science fiction allows readers to contemplate the
possibilities and ethical dilemmas that arise from these
advancements.
Moreover, science fiction serves as a mirror to society,
reflecting and critiquing its present state. Through the
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lens of speculative futures or alternative realities, authors
can comment on contemporary issues such as politics,
social inequality, environmental concerns, and the
human condition. Science fiction narratives often offer
insightful social commentary, using their imaginative
settings to shed light on the flaws and potential
consequences of current societal structures and ideologies.
This genre prompts readers to question the status quo and
imagine alternative paths for humanity.
Science fiction also provides a platform for exploring
philosophical and existential questions. It delves into
themes such as the nature of consciousness, the
boundaries of reality, the search for meaning, and the
essence of humanity. By contemplating these profound
questions within the framework of imaginative
storytelling, science fiction offers readers a unique
opportunity for intellectual exploration and introspection.
It challenges our understanding of what it means to be
human and presents thought-provoking scenarios that
push the boundaries of our knowledge and imagination.
The diversity within the science fiction genre is
remarkable. It encompasses a wide range of subgenres,
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including hard science fiction, dystopian fiction,
cyberpunk, space opera, post-apocalyptic fiction, and
many more. Each subgenre has its own unique flavor and
thematic focus, catering to different reader preferences.
This diversity ensures that there is something for everyone
within the genre, making it accessible and engaging for a
wide audience.
Science fiction has had a significant impact on popular
culture, influencing not only literature but also film,
television, and video games. Countless science fiction
works have been adapted into successful movies and TV
series, bringing these imaginative worlds to life and
further expanding their reach. Science fiction has shaped
our collective imagination and has become a source of
inspiration for scientists, engineers, and innovators, often
serving as a catalyst for real-life technological
advancements.
In conclusion, science fiction is a multifaceted literary
genre that explores imaginative concepts, scientific
advancements, and social commentary. It offers a unique
blend of scientific exploration, philosophical
contemplation, and imaginative storytelling. By
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envisioning possible futures and alternative realities,
science fiction challenges our understanding of the world
and our place within it. It encourages readers to
contemplate the consequences of scientific and
technological progress, critique contemporary society, and
ponder existential questions. With its vast range of
subgenres and its influence on popular culture, science
fiction continues to captivate audiences and shape our
collective imagination.

5. Does the language of cinema convey meaning discuss

with reference to Vishal Bharadwaj’s
The Blue Umbrella.

The language of cinema is a powerful tool that allows

filmmakers to convey meaning and emotions to the
audience through various audiovisual elements. Vishal
Bharadwaj's film "The Blue Umbrella" is a wonderful
example of how the language of cinema can be used to
effectively communicate complex themes and emotions.
One of the key aspects of the language of cinema is visual
storytelling. In "The Blue Umbrella," Bharadwaj uses
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visual elements to tell the story of a young girl named
Biniya who becomes the center of attention in her small
village when she acquires a beautiful blue umbrella. The
vibrant and contrasting colors of the umbrella symbolize
Biniya's innocence and desire for something
extraordinary in her otherwise mundane life. The visual
depiction of the umbrella and its impact on the village
creates a sense of wonder and curiosity, conveying the
longing for beauty and excitement.
Another important aspect of cinematic language is
cinematography and framing. Bharadwaj, along with his
cinematographer Sachin K. Krishn, skillfully captures
the picturesque landscapes of the village and the
surrounding mountains. The framing of each shot is
meticulously planned to emphasize the beauty of the
scenery and create a sense of harmony with the characters
and their emotions. The wide-angle shots of the village, the
close-ups of Biniya's face, and the aerial shots of the
umbrella floating in the air all contribute to the visual
storytelling, enhancing the narrative and conveying a
range of emotions.

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In addition to visuals, sound plays a crucial role in the
language of cinema. The film's background score,
composed by Vishal Bharadwaj himself, adds depth and
emotion to the narrative. The music reflects the changing
moods of the characters and the overall atmosphere of the
story. For instance, when Biniya loses her beloved
umbrella, the music becomes melancholic, evoking a sense
of loss and longing. On the other hand, when the umbrella
is restored, the music becomes joyful, enhancing the
triumph of hope and happiness. The carefully selected
sound effects, such as raindrops falling on the umbrella
or the rustling of leaves, further immerse the audience in
the cinematic experience, heightening the emotional
impact of the scenes.
Moreover, the language of cinema also includes the use of
dialogue and performances. The dialogues in "The Blue
Umbrella" are simple yet meaningful, capturing the
essence of the characters and their interactions. The
performances by the actors, particularly Pankaj Kapur as
the shopkeeper Nandkishore Khatri and Shreya Sharma
as Biniya, bring the characters to life and make their
emotions palpable. Through their expressions, gestures,
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and intonations, the actors effectively communicate the
underlying emotions and conflicts, allowing the audience
to connect with the characters on a deeper level.
Overall, "The Blue Umbrella" demonstrates how the
language of cinema can convey meaning and emotions
through its visual storytelling, cinematography, sound
design, dialogue, and performances. Vishal Bharadwaj
masterfully utilizes these elements to create a captivating
narrative that explores themes of innocence, desire,
jealousy, and the transformative power of beauty. By
combining these different aspects of cinematic language,
Bharadwaj succeeds in creating a poignant and
immersive cinematic experience that resonates with the
audience long after the film ends.

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