Name: ________________________

Bioenergetics answers Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time: 251 minutes

Marks: 244 marks

Comments:

Page 1 of 29
Page 2 of 29
Mark schemes
(a) (i) increase (and then level off) and max / up to at 0.15 (%) (carbon dioxide)
1.
ignore references to oxygen concentration only
ignore mention of 23
1

(ii) CO2 is limiting at low CO2 / at first

ignore specific numbers
1

light is limiting at high CO2 / at end

1

(b) mark both parts together

effect: (oxygen) falls

1

explanation: (oxygen) used for respiration

if no other marks awarded allow (effect) no change and
(explanation) no photosynthesis for 1 mark
1

(c) more chlorophyll / chloroplasts

1

allows more photosynthesis / description

for both marks must refer to more at least once
1
[7]

(a) (i) oxygen produced

2. 1

(ii) any one from:

• average / mean / median

ignore reliable / precise / accurate

• some may be anomalous

allow some may not float
1

Page 3 of 29
 (b) (i) do not allow answers in terms of time only
if candidate answers in terms of comparing rate of change then the
rate of change of photosynthesis must be in the correct direction for
1 mark

any two from:

• low intensity / below 12.5 / 2.5 - 12.5 (units of light) flat wrack /it, rate of
photosynthesis faster or saw wrack rate of photosynthesis slower
allow any value in range

• high intensity / above 12.5 / 12.5 - 15 (units of light) flat wrack / it,rate of
photosynthesis slower or saw wrack rate of photosynthesis faster
allow any value in range

• same (rate) at 12.5 units

2

(ii) any two from:

• saw wrack receives less light

accept converse if clear reference to bladder wrack

• less photosynthesis
if first and second responses, ‘less’ needed only once

or
less carbohydrate / sugar / starch production

• when tide is in or at high tide or any tide above low tide

accept saw wrack covered by water / submerged longer / more
reference to position on shore is insufficient
2
[6]

insufficient / no oxygen available

3. 1

for (just) aerobic respiration

or
respires anaerobically
1
[2]

(a) (i) 120

4. 1

Page 4 of 29
 (ii) 11 760 or
correct answer from candidate’s answer to (a)(i)
correct answer with or without working
if answer incorrect
120 × 98 or
candidate’s answer to (a)(i) × corresponding SV gains 1 mark
if candidate uses dotted line / might have used dotted line(bod) in
(a)(i) and (a)(ii) no marks for (a)(i) but allow full ecf in (a)(ii) eg 140
x 88 = 12320 gains 2 marks
2

(b) trained athlete has higher stroke volume / more blood per beat
1

same volume blood expelled with fewer beats

or for same heart rate more blood is expelled

1

(c) increased aerobic respiration

or

decreased anaerobic respiration

allow correct equation for aerobic respiration
accept don’t have to respire anaerobically
1

increased energy supply / need

1

less lactic acid formed

or to breakdown lactic acid or less O2-debt

1

can do more work or can work harder / faster / longer

accept muscle contraction for work

or less fatigue / cramp / pain

1
[9]

Page 5 of 29
 (a) No
5.
no mark
if yes max 1 for correct statement

diffusion is down the concentration gradient

accept by diffusion ions would leave the root
1

to enter must go up / against the concentration gradient

or concentration higher in the root
or concentration lower in the soil
1

(b) (i) 0.9 or 3.25

for correct answer with or without working
if answer incorrect 1.3 or their rate – 0.4 gains 1 mark
or 130 – 40 or 90 gains 1 mark
2

(ii) (uptake) by active transport

1

requires energy

more energy from aerobic respiration

1

or

more energy when oxygen is present

1
[7]

(a) any three from:

6.
• ((mean) mass) increases up to 7 / 8 units (of light) then levels off

• light limiting factor up to 7 / 8 units

• for photosynthesis
must be in correct context

• other factor / temperature limiting above 7 / 8 units

3

Page 6 of 29
(b) any two from:

• cost of providing conditions / heat / light / CO 2

• effect of treatment on profit

allow too much of factor is wasteful

• relevant use of data from graph eg limiting factors

• named other factors eg fertiliser / pest control / weeds /

density of planting
allow taste / appearance
2

(c) nitrate function

produce amino acids / proteins / enzymes

ignore DNA
do not allow chlorophyll
1

nitrate deficiency

stunted growth
allow description
ignore plant dies
1

magnesium function

produce chlorophyll
ignore chloroplasts
1

magnesium deficiency

yellow leaves / plant

ignore plant dies
1
[9]

Page 7 of 29
 (a) circulation / mixing / described
7. 1

or

temperature maintenance

supply oxygen
do not allow oxygen for anaerobic respiration

or

for aerobic conditions

or

for faster respiration

1

(b) any one from:

• energy supply / fuel

or use in respiration
do not allow just food / growth
ignore reference to aerobic / anaerobic

• material for growth

or to make mycoprotein
1

(c) (heat / energy) from respiration

allow exothermic reactions
allow description eg breakdown of glucose / catabolism
ignore metabolism
ignore aerobic / anaerobic
1

(d) (i) any one from:

• compete (with Fusarium) for food / oxygen

or reduce yield of Fusarium

• make toxic waste products

or they might cause disease / pathogenic
or harmful to people / Fusarium
do not allow harmful unqualified
1

Page 8 of 29
 (ii) any two from:

• steam / heat treat / sterilise fermenter (before use)

not just clean
allow sterilisation unqualified for 1 mark

• steam / heat treat / sterilise glucose / minerals / nutrients /

water (before use)
not just use pure glucose

• filter / sterilise air intake

• check there are no leaks

2

(e) any three from:

• beef is best or beef is better than mycoprotein(*)

• mycoprotein mainly better than wheat(*)

• more phenylalanine in wheat than in mycoprotein(*)

allow equivalent numerical statements(*)

• but no information given on other amino acids / costs / foods

3

overall conclusion:

statement is incorrect

or

it would be the best source for vegetarians

or

for given amino acids, beef is the best source

or

three foods provide insufficient data to draw a valid conclusion

1
[11]

(a) (before exercise) – 9 to 11 and (after exercise) – 12 or 13

8.
both correct
1

Page 9 of 29
 (b) 0.75 to 0.90
ignore working or lack of working

eg. 2.35 – 1.55 or

or other suitable figures
for 1 mark 2

(c) any four from:

still need to remove extra carbon dioxide

still need to remove heat / to cool

(some) anaerobic respiration (in exercise)

lactic acid made (in exercise)

oxygen needed to break down lactic acid or suitable reference to oxygen debt

lactic acid broken down to CO2 and water or lactic acid changed into glucose
4
[7]

(a) (i) e.g. mussels/caddis loach

9.
for 1 mark
1

(ii) 3 of:
carbon dioxide
water
chlorophyll/chloroplasts
light
any 3 for 1 mark each
3

(b) 6 of e.g.
some plant/animal material not digested by consumers passes out with faeces
respiration releases energy used in movement lost as heat
some ‘lower’ organisms die energy transferred to decomposers/detritivores
thence to environment
any 6 for 1 mark each
6
[10]

(a) (i) reduced sharply

10.
for 1 mark
1

Page 10 of 29
 (ii) converted to glucose which is respired to produce energy
(allow answers in terms of glucagon)
gains 3 marks
3

(b) (i) athlete A’s was most effective

since resulted in highest muscle glycogen level on day of race
for energy release during race
for 1 mark each
3

(ii) e.g. excess carbohydrate stored as glycogen rather than fat in short term
particularly if glycogen stores depleted
for 1 mark each
2
[9]

(a) more energy needed,

11. for increased muscular activity
for 1 mark each
2

(b) increased sweat production,

evaporation of sweat cools body,
vasodilation OWTTE,
more heat loss (by radiation)
for 1 mark each
4
[6]

(i) increase in CO2 concentration leads to increase in volume of air inhaled

12. increase of % carbon dioxide has little effect over most of range / large
increase when % carbon dioxide > 5.6 %
each for 1 mark
2

(ii) idea that

depth of breathing changes at low % carbon dioxide, in crease in % CO2
results in volume of each breath increasing without increase / little increase
in number of breaths
each for 1 mark
2
[4]

(a) (i) carbon dioxide / CO2 (reject CO)

13.
(ii) oxygen / O2 / O (water vapour neutral)
for 1 mark each
2

(b) (provides) energy

for one mark
1
Page 11 of 29
 (c) starch insoluble therefore water not taken in by osmosis
or
sugar is soluble / has small molecules may diffuse out therefore lost
(ignore ref. to cells bursting)

or
starch has large molecules
cannot diffuse therefore retained
for 1 mark each
3
[6]

(i) 0.25 × 100 / 25

14.
gains 1 mark

but
1%
gains 2 marks
2

(ii) muscle contraction / limb movement / moving around / chewing

heartbeat / breathing / internal muscle activity
maintaining body temperature / keeps body warm
active uptake synthesising substances (reject growth)
any three for 1 mark each
3
[5]

(a) low in winter / named months /when the days are short
15.
accept increases in spring / Dec – June
1

high in summer / named month(s) / (when days are long

decreases in autumn / June – December
1

reasonable quantitative statement

accept any reasonable calculated /
translated quantitative statement
higher in summer than in winter for 2 marks
comparative statements may be worth 2 marks
but
8/11 times higher in summer than in
winter for 3 marks
1

(b) no artificial light given in summer / light only given in winter

since natural light greatly exceeds minimum / 600 J (required to produce

tomatoes)
accept day length if linked to light energy

Page 12 of 29
 OR

light only given in winter

as natural light less than the minimum

needed (to grow them) or 600 J

OR

for 2 marks:
percentage increase in growth from artificial] light only significant in winter
2
[5]

carbon dioxide concentration

16. 1

since atmospheric concentration very low / value give e.g. 0.03%

allow carbon dioxide used up
1

temperature high
allow if light chosen as a factor
1

light intensity high

allow If temperature chosen as a factor
1
[4]

any three from:

17.
heat produced by muscles

during exercise
accept when working

by respiration

(skin) temperature over muscles rises / more blood to skin over muscles
allow vasodilation or arterioles dilate over muscles
reject capillaries dilate
sweating neutral
[3]

(a) diatoms photosynthesise or are producers

18. 1

the amount of growth depends upon the energy or light they get
accept more light means more growth
or they multiply more in more light
do not accept they need light
1

Page 13 of 29
 (b) (i) eaten by small fish
do not accept eaten by fish
1

minerals or nitrate or phosphates

or nutrients or food supply used up
or reduced
1

(ii) any two from

gets colder
light decreases
end of their life span or die
accept more being eaten than being formed

eaten by small fish

do not accept a decrease in nitrates
or phosphates
1

(c) increased minerals or nitrates or phosphates

1

any one from

due to death or decay of diatoms or fish

do not accept death of large fish
1

influx of minerals in an ocean current

do not accept extraneous pollution or
dumping by a ship
1
[8]

(i) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

19.
energy is neutral
1

formulae all correct

with no omissions / deletions

correctly balanced
credit 1 mark if the answer is the exact
reverse of an incorrect answer for (a)
1

Page 14 of 29
 (ii) and three from

take up of (soluble) substances / ions against the concentration gradient

or when the concentration (of the
substance / ions) is greater inside the
cell / cytoplasm than outside it

through the (semi-permeable) (cell) membrane energy from mitochondria

or energy from respiration
not just energy
3
[5]

20.
(a) both axes labelled
both axes appropriate scale
plotting 7 correct
good attempt at line graph
each for 1 mark
4

(b) more fertiliser added more yield increased

gains 1 mark

but
yield increases with fertiliser up to maximum
gains 2 marks

yield increase slows down above 125/150 kg/ha

either for 1 further mark

(do not allow yield falls)

maximum yield with 175 kg/ha
3
[7]

(a) + light = + photosynthesis

21. + light = + photosynthesis to a limit
limit depends on temp/CO2 levels
+ CO2 = + photosynthesis
+ temp = + photosynthesis
each for 1 mark
5

(b) need to raise optimum levels

when one other raised
to get max/economic yield
each for 1 mark
2
[7]

Page 15 of 29
22.
(a) idea
O2 increases
CO2 decreases
for 1 mark each
2

(b) (i) reduced unchanged increased

digestive system brain skin
bone muscles
heart and arteries
All (6) correct gains 4
5 correct gains 3
4 correct gains 2
2/3 correct gains 1

Correct wording not needed if unambiguous. No mark if organ repeated.

4

(ii) more/higher/quicker/faster
gains 1 mark

but
7500 more/from 5,000 to 12,500 more
gains 2 marks

but
7500 cm3/min more
gains 3 marks

or 2½ times more
3
[9]

(a) • appropriate scales (> halfway along each axis)

23.
• all points correctly plotted to better than ½ a square

• lines carefully drawn

(allow point to point in this case)

N.B.

• no mark available for labelling axes

• allow either orientation

for 1 mark each
3

Page 16 of 29
 (b) (i) ideas that

• energy transferred faster in 100m race

(not more energy transferred)

• carbon dioxide produced faster during 1500m race

for 1 mark each

(allow more carbon dioxide produced)

correct reference to twice / half as fast in either / both cases

for 1 further mark
3

(ii) • respiration during 100m race (mainly) anaerobic

• respiration during 1500m race aerobic

• aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide

• anaerobic respiration doesn’t produce carbon dioxide

/ produces lactic acid
any two for 1 mark each
2

(c) ideas that

• there is an oxygen debt / more than normal oxygen needed

• lactic acid needs to be oxidised / combined with oxygen

for 1 mark each
2
[10]

(a)
24.
Thick, waxy layer on leaf surface ✔

Berries that are poisonous ✔

Bark on trees that falls off ✔

all three rows correct = 2 marks

two rows correct = 1 mark
one row correct = 0 marks
2

Page 17 of 29
(b) (it looks like the hornet so) predators / animals have learned that they get stung so
avoid eating it
(it looks like the hornet so) predators /animals are
deceived / tricked into thinking they will get stung so
avoid eating it
allow correctly named predators eg birds
1

Page 18 of 29
(c) Level 3: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in detail and logically
linked to form a clear account.
5−6

Level 2: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and there are attempts at
logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear.
3−4

Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and
there is no attempt at logical linking.
1−2

No relevant content.
0

Indicative content

• less absorption of water

o lower rate of photosynthesis
o less glucose produced
o (less glucose available) for respiration / energy release
o less cellulose produced so fewer cells walls / cells made
o fewer amino acids produced to make new proteins
o cells lose turgidity

• less absorption of (mineral) ions

o fewer nitrates absorbed
o fewer proteins made for growth
o fewer magnesium ions absorbed
o less chlorophyll produced
o lower rate of photosynthesis

• damage to phloem
o less transport of sugars to root cells
o (less glucose available) for respiration / energy release

• damage to xylem
o fewer nitrates reach cells
o fewer proteins made for growth
o fewer magnesium ions reach cells
o less chlorophyll produced
o lower rate of photosynthesis

• less anchorage

For Level 3, reference to detail about water and detail about ions or phloem is
required.

Page 19 of 29
 (d) genetic material / DNA / chromosomes is doubled / replicated / copied
1

the (replicated) chromosomes are pulled apart / separated

1

cytoplasm / cell membrane divides into two cells

allow two new nuclei form
1

the (set of) chromosomes at each end of the cell are identical (to one another)
allow each new cell has the same DNA / alleles as the
original cell
1

(e) differentiation
ignore specialisation
1
[14]

(a) guard (cells)

25. 1

(b) transpiration (stream) involves xylem and translocation involves phloem

allow transpiration (stream) involves dead cells and
translocation involves living cells
1

transpiration (stream) transports water (and mineral ions) and translocation

transports (dissolved) sugars
allow transpiration (stream) transports water (and
mineral ions) and translocation transports (dissolved)
sucrose
ignore glucose
allow transpiration (stream) moves substances upwards
and translocation moves substance upwards and
downwards
allow transpiration (from the plant) (stream) does not
require energy (to move substances) and translocation
does (require energy to move substances)
1

(c) warm with low humidity

1

Page 20 of 29
 (d) stomata (almost) close at (mid)night because there is no / less light for
photosynthesis
ignore dark for no / less light
1

(closing stomata) reduces / prevents water loss

1

stomata open wide(st) at midday as maximum light intensity for photosynthesis

allow stomata open wider as light intensity increases for
photosynthesis
1

(stomata open wide) to take in most CO2 for photosynthesis

1

(e) stomata are open wider and for longer (in low CO2)
allow descriptions of the area of open stomata for width
1

(so allows plant) to take in more CO2 for photosynthesis

1
[10]

(a)
26.

73.77…
1

74 (:1)
allow a correctly derived whole number from an
incorrect calculation
1

(b) as size increases, surface area to volume ratio decreases

allow converse
1

(c) D has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than B

allow converse for B throughout
1

(so) diffusion distance is too large (to meet demands of cells / organism)
allow (so) diffusion is too slow (to meet demands of
cells / organism)
1

Page 21 of 29
 (d) D has a larger surface area to volume ratio so will lose heat more quickly (than E)
allow converse for E throughout
1

(D) requires greater rate of respiration

1

(as) respiration is a (large) part of metabolism

1

(so) need to generate more heat (to keep itself warm)

allow to release more heat (to keep itself warm)
do not accept ref to energy production
1

(e) Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are identified and given in
detail to form an accurate account.
3−4

Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply stated but their
relevance is not clear.
1−2

No relevant content.
0

Indicative content:

• both have a large surface area

• to maximise diffusion

• both have thin walls or have walls that are one cell thick
• to reduce diffusion distance

• both have a good blood supply

• to maintain concentration gradient

• villi have microvilli

• to further increase surface area

• cells of villi contain many mitochondria

• for active transport

For Level 2 reference to functions of structural details of both alveoli and villi is
required.
[14]

(a) carbon dioxide or acidic gas(es)

27.
allow other named example of acidic gas eg sulfur
dioxide / oxide(s) of nitrogen
allow chemical formula e.g. SO2 / NOx
allow particulates / unburnt hydrocarbons / smoke
allow methane / CFCs
1

Page 22 of 29
(b) any three from:

• fertiliser
allow nitrate / phosphate
• sewage
allow organic matter / faeces
• toxic chemicals
allow named toxic chemicals
• herbicide
• fungicide
allow insecticide

if herbicide / fungicide / insecticide not given allow

(named) pesticide for 1 mark
3

(c) Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are identified and given in
detail to form an accurate account.
4−6

Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply stated but their
relevance is not clear.
1−3

No relevant content
0

Page 23 of 29
 Indicative content

air pollution:
• (CO2) – global warming / climate change / traps heat
o floods / fire / drought / loss of habitat
• (acidic gas / named – e.g. SO2 / NOx)
o damage to leaves or roots or alters ions in soil (/ e.g. phosphates / iron)
o breathing difficulties
• (particulates / ‘soot’)
o less photosynthesis or less chlorophyll / protein / DNA / other correct
substance made
o damage to lungs
o breathing difficulties / bronchitis / asthma

water pollution:
• (sewage) – bacteria multiply
o use oxygen in respiration
o water animals cannot respire
• (particles) block light
• plants/algae cannot photosynthesise

• (fertiliser) – algae multiply

o (algae) block light so plants cannot photosynthesise
o lack of oxygen for respiration – fish die

• (herbicide / fungicide) – allow other examples of toxic substances – e.g.

insecticide / pesticide / heavy metal
o toxic or harms cells or interferes with metabolism – e.g. respiration /
protein synthesis

• plastics
o entrap animals or causing internal damage if swallowed

For Level 2 both air and water pollution must be referred to

[10]

(a) parents without MSUD have a child with MSUD

28.
allow 1 and 2 have child 5
or
7 and 8 have child 12
1

Page 24 of 29
(b) gametes correct:
N + n and N + n
1

correct derivation of offspring genotypes:

NN Nn Nn nn
allow correct for gametes stated in mp1
1

correct phenotype for each genotype

allow correct for genotypes stated in mp2
1

correct probability:
0.25 / ¼ / 25% / 1 in 4
allow correct answer only
allow 1:3
do not accept 1 in 3 / 1:4
1

(c) liver
1

(d) no enzyme 2 made so cannot break down / modify the toxic substance / P
allow less / non-functional enzyme 2 made to break
down toxic substance / P
1

cannot convert the toxic substance / P to harmless products

or
the toxic substance / P is still made (from the amino acids)
allow toxic substance builds up
1

toxic substance / P diffuses / moves from cells / liver into the blood
ignore incorrect name of organ
1

(e) the toxic substance / P passes through filter in kidney

1

(some / all) not reabsorbed

1

Page 25 of 29
 (f) proteins contain amino acids
or
proteins are made of amino acids
allow proteins are broken down into amino acids
1

must keep (certain) amino acids in low amount

1

(so) toxic substance / P does not build up in the body and cause damage to cells /
tissues / organs
1
[14]

(a) evaporation
29.
allow vaporisation
1

(b) osmosis
allow diffusion
ignore absorption
1

(c) any two from:

• photosynthesis
• support
allow turgor
allow to fill vacuole

• (solvent for) transport

allow (as a) solvent
allow (as a) medium for chemical reactions

allow hydrolysis / digestion / breakdown of stored food

(allow named example eg starch to sugar)

allow cooling
allow making cytoplasm
ignore transpiration
2

Page 26 of 29
(d) (grass efficiency =)

an error in one part does not prevent the awarding of a

mark in subsequent parts
1

= 1.282(3529)
1

(times more efficient =)

3.196......
allow answer from mp4 to 3 significant figures
1

3.20
do not accept 3.2
1

(e) less energy lost as heat

allow less heat lost
allow less energy lost keeping warm
or less energy for maintaining body temperature
1

less energy lost in movement

ignore less movement

ignore less energy lost unqualified

1

(f) any two from:

• increased spread of disease

or
increased use of drugs or antibiotics (to reduce disease)
• more antibiotics in meat / milk
• extra cost of heating / lighting / food / drugs
• aggressive behaviour causing harm
or
‘emotional’ stress
reduces productivity
ignore cruelty
ignore need to clean out barns / sheds
2
[13]

Page 27 of 29
 (a) echidna: 27 to 35 or by 8 (°C)
30. and
human: 36.2 to 37.2 or by 1 (°C)
allow a tolerance of ± 0.2 (°C)
allow a tolerance of ± 0.1 (°C)
1

echidna is more variable

allow echidna is 7 (°C) more variable for 2 marks
allow echidna is 8 times more variable for 2 marks
1

(b) loses less energy (from its body)

allow loses / wastes less heat
1

(so) body energy store lasts longer

allow glycogen / fat lasts longer

or

lower temperature gradient (between echidna and air) (1)

allow loses less heat

(so) loses less energy (1)

or

less energy used maintaining (higher) body temperature (1)

allow more energy for eg heart / brain function

(so) more energy available for processes vital for life (1)

(c) activity / movement requires energy from respiration

1

respiration / metabolism releases heat which increases body temperature

do not accept energy produced
1

(d) more blood flow near surface (of skin)

do not accept blood vessels move nearer to surface of
skin
1

(so) more heat / energy is lost (from the blood)

1

cools blood which flows to rest of body

or
cool blood takes heat from body tissues / organs
1

Page 28 of 29
(e)

3 200 (cm3)
1

3.2 (dm3)
allow mp2 ÷ 1000
1

(f) to replace ions / salt lost in sweat

allow named example eg Na+
1
[13]

Page 29 of 29