Microfiltration (MF) is a type of membrane filtration process used to separate suspended

solids, bacteria, and other particles from a liquid stream, typically water or wastewater. It
is a physical filtration method that relies on porous membranes with relatively large
pore sizes to remove particles based on their size and shape. Here's how microfiltration
works:

1. Membrane Pores: Microfiltration membranes have larger pore sizes compared to

nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, typically ranging from 0.1 to 10
micrometers (µm). These membranes are made of materials such as polymer, ceramic, or
metallic alloys and feature uniform pore structures that allow for the passage of liquids
and small particles while retaining larger particles and microorganisms.
2. Size Exclusion: The primary mechanism of particle removal in microfiltration is size
exclusion. As the liquid stream is passed through the microfiltration membrane, particles
larger than the membrane pore size are unable to pass through and are retained on the
membrane surface or within the membrane matrix. Meanwhile, smaller particles,
dissolved substances, and water molecules can permeate through the membrane and
exit as permeate.
3. Low Pressure Operation: Microfiltration is typically operated under low pressure,
typically ranging from a few to tens of pounds per square inch (psi). The low operating
pressure minimizes energy consumption and reduces the risk of membrane fouling and
damage.
4. Applications: Microfiltration is used in a wide range of water and wastewater treatment
applications, including:
 Drinking water treatment: Microfiltration can be used for the removal of
suspended solids, turbidity, and microorganisms from surface water or
groundwater sources.
 Wastewater treatment: Microfiltration is employed for the removal of suspended
solids, bacteria, and pathogens from municipal wastewater, industrial effluents,
and stormwater runoff.
 Process water treatment: Microfiltration is used in various industries, including
food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and electronics, for the clarification,
sterilization, and separation of liquids and particles.
5. Pre-treatment: Microfiltration is often used as a pre-treatment step in multi-stage
water treatment processes, such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, to remove larger
particles and extend the lifespan of downstream membranes. By removing suspended
solids and microorganisms, microfiltration helps reduce fouling and maintenance
requirements in subsequent treatment stages.
6. Maintenance: Regular maintenance and cleaning of microfiltration membranes are
essential to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Common cleaning methods
include backwashing, air scouring, chemical cleaning, and membrane replacement,
depending on the nature and severity of fouling.

Overall, microfiltration is a versatile and effective water treatment technology that offers
reliable particle removal and liquid clarification in various applications, contributing to
improved water quality and environmental protection.