Interphase Transport in Isothermal System

Transport Phenomena – Week 7

March 2022
What will we learnt ? Friction Factors

1. Definition of friction factors

2. Friction factors in closed channel flow
3. Friction factors in submerged object
4. Friction factors in packed bed

Reference – Chapter 6 BSL

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7.1. What is friction factors ?
• Let’s connecting the dot with the other lectures by recalling a very
famous formula that were frequently used to calculate macroscopic
pressure difference between two points

• The original form of Bernoulli equation is limited to :

 Steady
 Incompressible
 No work done by fluid or applied to fluid
 No mechanical loses
 Pump loss
 Turbine loss
 Piping loss
 Friction involved
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7.1. What is friction factors ?
• Extended Bernoulli equation is introduced

𝑒 , = 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝑓, 𝑣, 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷

• How to calculate ?

Find rougness and

Find Re number
look for Moody chart

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7.1. What is friction factors ?

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7.1. The origin of friction factors – 1st approach
• Let’s recall the pipe flow problem

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7.1. The origin of friction factors – 1st approach
• Friction is applied in the surface of the solid surface
• We can find total friction in a pipe flow by analyzing the total
force that acting at the solid surface
• Who gives force to the solid surface ??
• What type of force that given by fluid to the surface ??
• Shear stress is shear force per area

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7.1. The origin of friction factors – 1st approach
• Total force that applied to the solid surface is observed to be
also proportional to the characteristic length and a
characteristic kinetic energy per unit volume
𝒌

Fanning friction factor

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 7.1. The origin of friction factors – 2nd approach
• Derived from experimental evidence and extended Bernoulli equation

𝑃 𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝐿 𝑣 8𝜏 64
𝑒 , = ℎ = − = ℎ =𝑓 𝑓= 𝑓= For cylindrical smooth pipe
𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝐷 2 𝜌𝑣 𝑅𝑒
Darcy friction factor

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7.1. The origin of friction factors

Parameters Fanning Approach Darcy Approach

From extended Bernoulli equation
Friction factors origin From assumption of 𝐹 = 𝐴𝐾𝑓
and experimental observation
2𝜏 8𝜏
Friction factor formula 𝑓= 𝑓=
𝜌𝑣 𝜌𝑣
Friction factor in smooth pipe 16 64
laminar 𝑓= 𝑓=
𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒
𝐿 𝐿 𝑣
Pressure drop ∆𝑃 = 2𝑓𝜌 𝑣 ∆𝑃 = 𝑓𝜌
𝐷 𝐷 2
Friction factor in pipe in 𝑘
/
1 𝑘/𝐷 2.51
turbulent regime (with 1 6.9 = −2.0 log +
= −3.6 log + 𝐷 𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
rougness) 𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7
Users Chemical engineers Mechanical and civil engineers

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7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow - Fanning
For smooth pipe
For Re < 2100  Stable Stable for  2100 < Re < 105
For Re > 2100  Unstable /

For non-smooth pipe

Haaland equation

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7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow - Fanning
It can be summarized in Moody chart – Fig.6.2-2 BSL

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7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow - Darcy
For smooth pipe - Laminar

For non-smooth turbulent pipe

Colebrook equation
1 𝑘/𝐷 2.51
= −2.0 log +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓

Von karman equation

1 𝑘/𝐷
= −2.0 log 𝑅𝑒 = ∞
𝑓 3.7

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7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow - Darcy

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7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow
Typical fluid flow problems involving friction factors in pipe :
1. Determining the pressure drop (or head loss) with available pipe
length, diameter, and flow rate data
2. Determining the flow rate with available pipe length, diameter and
pressure drop (or head loss) data
3. Determining the pipe diameter with available pipe length, flowrate
and pressure drop (or head loss) data

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7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow
Case 1. Example 6.2-1 : Pressure drop required for a given flow rate – use Fanning correlation

𝜋
𝑤 = 𝜌𝑄 = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 = 𝜌 𝐷 𝑣
16 0.0791 𝑓 = 1 𝐷 (Ρ −Ρ ) 4
Solution : 𝑓= 𝑓= 4 𝐿 1𝜌 𝑣 4𝑤
𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒 / 𝑣 =
2 𝜌𝜋𝐷
𝜌 𝑣 𝐷 𝜌𝐷 4𝑤 4𝑤 4 × 1028 𝑔/𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = = = = 𝑔 = 2.24 × 10 Turbulent
𝜇 𝜇 𝜌𝜋𝐷 𝜇𝜋𝐷 1.95 × 10 × 𝜋 × 3 𝑐𝑚
𝑐𝑚. 𝑠
0.0791 0.0791
𝑓= = = 0.0063
𝑅𝑒 / (2.24 × 10 ) /
4 4𝑤 (Ρ −Ρ ) (Ρ −Ρ ) 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝜌𝑣 𝑓= = 0.071
2 𝜌𝜋𝐷 𝐿 𝐿 𝑐𝑚

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7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow
Case 2. Determining Head Loss in Water Pipe – use Darcy correlation
Water at 60°F (𝜌 = 62.36 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 and 𝜇 = 7.536 × 10 ) is flowing steadily in a 2-in-diameter horizontal
pipe made of stainless steel at a rate of 0.2 𝑓𝑡 /𝑠. Determine the pressure drop, the head loss, and the
required pumping power input for flow over a 200-ft-long section of the pipe.

SOLUTION The flow rate through a specified water pipe is given. The pressure drop, the head loss, and the
pumping power requirements are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow
is fully developed. 3 The pipe involves no components such as bends, valves, and connectors. 4 The piping
section involves no work devices such as a pump or a turbine.

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 7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow
Case 2. Determining Head Loss in Water Pipe – use Darcy correlation
Pressure drop calculation
1 𝑘/𝐷 2.51 𝐿 𝑣
= −2.0 log + ∆𝑃 = 𝑓𝜌
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 𝐷 2
𝑙𝑏𝑚 2
𝜌 𝑣 𝐷 𝜌𝐷 4𝑄 ̇ 62.36 × 12 𝑓𝑡 4 × (0.2 𝑓𝑡 /𝑠)
𝑓𝑡
𝑅𝑒 = = = × = 126400
𝜇 𝜇 𝜋𝐷 𝑙𝑏𝑚 2
7.536 × 10 𝜋 × 12 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡 . 𝑠

𝑘 0.000007 𝑓𝑡 1 0.000042 2.51

=
2
= 0.000042 = −2.0 log + 𝑓 = 0.0174
𝐷 𝑓 3.7 126400 𝑓
12 𝑓𝑡
𝐿 𝑣 200 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 (9.17 𝑓𝑡/𝑠) 1 𝑙𝑏𝑓
∆𝑃 = (Ρ − Ρ ) = 𝑓𝜌 = 0.0174 × × 62.36 × × = 1700 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑓𝑡
𝐷 2 2 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡 32.3 𝑙𝑏𝑚.
12 𝑠 = 0.8 𝑎𝑡𝑚

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 7.2. Friction factors in closed channel flow
Case 2. Determining Head Loss in Water Pipe – use Darcy correlation
Head loss calculation
𝑙𝑏𝑚
∆𝑃 54768.6
𝑓𝑡. 𝑠
ℎ = = = 27.3 𝑓𝑡 = 8.32𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡
62.36 × 32.2
𝑓𝑡 𝑠

Pump power calculation

𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑡 1𝑊
𝑊 = ∆𝑃 × 𝑄̇ = 1700 × 0.2 × = 461 𝑊
𝑓𝑡 𝑠 0.737 𝑙𝑏𝑓. 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

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7.2. What friction can do?

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7.3. Friction factor in submerged object

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7.3. Friction factor in submerged object

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7.4. Friction factor in packed bed
Laminar - Blake-Kozeny equation

𝐺 = 𝜌𝑣

Turbulent - Burke-Plummer equation

Transition

Global formulation using Ergun equation

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7.4. Friction factor in packed bed

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Thanks and see you in the next meeting

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