POLITICS & SOCIETY

Artificial intelligence (AI) in

healthcare
 Table of Contents

01 Overview 03 European focus

AI in healthcare market size worldwide 2021-2030 04 AI reducing time burden of admin tasks to healthcare professionals in Europe 2020 23
Stages of AI adoption in healthcare organizations worldwide in 2021 05 AI reducing time burden of admin tasks for nurses in Europe 2020 24
Application of AI models on types of health data worldwide in 2021, by adoption stage 06 Level of adoption of AI in healthcare in the EU in 2021, by technology 25
Types of AI software in use in healthcare worldwide in 2021, by functions 07 Top 15 areas in healthcare impacted by AI in selected EU countries, by share of hours 26
Intended users of AI in healthcare worldwide in 2021, by stage of adoption 08 Share of start-ups in the field of AI in healthcare in the EU in 2021, by application 27
Femtech companies using AI worldwide in 2021, by subsector 09 Trust towards use of AI in healthcare in the EU in 2021 28
Awareness and adoption of healthcare automation worldwide 2019-2020 10 Users' opinions on the impact of use of AI in healthcare in the EU in 2021 29
Clinicians who agree the volume of patient data is overwhelming in 2021, by country 11
Importance of criteria for evaluating AI technology in healthcare worldwide 2021 12 04 Attitudes towards AI use
Challenges to AI and automation implementation in healthcare worldwide 2020 31
02 North American focus Ethical concerns around AI in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021 32
State of AI/machine learning in hospitals in the U.S. in 2021 14 Perception of AI adoption speed in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021 33
Level of AI functionality in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021 15 Leading concerns for AI implementation in healthcare in the U.S. in 2020 34
AI strategies of health organizations in the U.S. 2021 16 Comfort levels with various uses of AI in health care system in Canada in 2021 35
Comparison of the development of AI in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021 17 Types of concerns with use of AI in the health care system in Canada in 2021 36
Perception of the value of AI in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021 18 Comfort level regarding use of AI in healthcare in the United Kingdom in 2021 37
Health organizations using AI as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. 2020 19
Areas of healthcare benefiting from automation worldwide in 2020 20 05 Future of AI in healthcare
Leading applications of AI in healthcare in the U.S. in 2020 21 Clinicians' who believed clinical decisions will be based on AI by 2031, by region 39
Clinician's opinions on greater use of chatbots to manage treatment by 2031 by region 40

1
 Table of Contents

Clinician's opinions on greater chatbot use to manage treatment by 2031 by country 41

Most beneficial digital technologies in future according to young health workers 2020 42
Benefits AI technology will have for health organizations in the U.S. 2020 43
Opinion on the impact on healthcare jobs due to AI in the U.S. in 2020 44
Factors driving automation investment and growth in healthcare in 2020 45
Forecasted value of annual benefits of AI tech in healthcare in 2026 46
Likelihood to adapt AI analytics in future in the healthcare sector in the U.S. 2021 47

2
CHAPTER 01

Overview
 Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare market size worldwide from 2021 to
2030 (in billion U.S. dollars)
AI in healthcare market size worldwide 2021-2030

200
187.95

180

160
Market size in billion U.S. dollars

136.79
140

120
99.63
100

80 72.62

60 52.97
38.66
40 28.24
20.65
20 15.1
11.06

0
2021 2022* 2023* 2024* 2025* 2026* 2027* 2028* 2029* 2030*

4 Description: In 2021, the artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare market was worth around 11 billion U.S. dollars worldwide. It was forecast that the global healthcare AI market would be worth almost 188 billion U.S. dollars by 2030, increasing at a compound annual
growth rate of 37 percent from 2022 to 2030. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2021; * Forecast. Read more
Source(s): Precedence Research
 What is the stage of AI adoption in your organization?
Stages of AI adoption in healthcare organizations worldwide in 2021

Share of responses
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Sophisticated: AI models have been in production for 5+ years 9%

Mid-stage adoption AI models have been in production for 2-4 years 13%

Early stage adoption: AI models have been in production for less than 2 years 19%

Experimenting & developing AI models, but not yet in production 16%

Evaluating AI use cases 18%

Not actively considering AI as a business solution 26%

5 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2021, 19 percent of respondents reported that in their healthcare organization AI models have been in production for less than two years (early stage adoption), while a further 18 percent mention that their
organization was evaluating AI use cases. On the other hand, 26 percent of the respondents said that their organization was not actively considering AI as a business solution. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; December 7, 2020, to February 28, 2021; 373 respondents; 18 years and older; Respondents in 49 countries worldwide
Source(s): Gradient Flow
 Share of applications of AI models on health data worldwide as of 2021, by
adoption stage
Application of AI models on types of health data worldwide in 2021, by adoption stage

Share of responses

Mature Early stage Exploring

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

78%
Structured data, from relational databases 80%
18%
80%
Natural language text, from digital text or scanned documents 73%
15%
43%
Medical images, such as radiology or pathology imagery 55%
14%
40%
Time series data, such as sensor feeds 44%
5%
25%
Audio or video data 1%
7%
4%
Other 5%
2%

6 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2021, 78 percent of respondents from healthcare organizations at a mature stage of AI adoption and 80 percent of respondents from organizations in an early stage stated that structured data from relational databases
were used in their AI applications. Natural language text was the second most common data type on which AI models were applied by healthcare organizations. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; December 7, 2020, to February 28, 2021; 373 respondents; 18 years and older; Respondents in 49 countries worldwide
Source(s): Gradient Flow
 For which of these functions do you have a software package that you
currently use, or expect to use before the end of 2021?
Types of AI software in use in healthcare worldwide in 2021, by functions

Share of responses
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Healthcare data integration 45%

Natural language processing (NLP) 36%

Business Intelligence (Reports and Dashboards) 33%

Medical terminology 32%

Data science platform 30%

Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) 27%

Data warehouse 27%

Data annotation 26%

Computer vision (CV) 23%

De-Identification 21%

Time Series Forecasting or Anomaly Detection 21%

Model Deployment & Operations (MLOps) 20%

Object Character Recognition (OCR) 18%

Experiment tracking 15%

7 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2021, 45 percent of respondents reported healthcare data integration as a function for which their organization was currently using AI technology or had plans to use before the end of 2021. Furthermore, 36 percent of
organizations had implemented or were planning to implement natural language processing. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; December 7, 2020, to February 28, 2021; 373 respondents; 18 years and older
Source(s): Gradient Flow
 Who are the intended users of the AI applications that your organization
builds?
Intended users of AI in healthcare worldwide in 2021, by stage of adoption

Share of responses

Mature Early stage Exploring

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
88%
Clinicians 30%
72%
74%
Healthcare providers 24%
64%
59%
Patients 18%
49%
59%
Health IT companies 15%
48%
40%
Healthcare payers 14%
45%
43%
Drug development professionals 9%
28%
31%
Medical device creators 14%
31%
14%
Other 5%
10%

8 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2021, 88 percent of healthcare organizations in the mature stage of AI adoption stated that clinicians were the intended users of their AI technologies, while a further 74 percent mentioned that healthcare providers
were their intended users. Furthermore, 72 percent of healthcare providers in the exploring phase intended their AI technologies to be used by clinicians. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; December 7, 2020, to February 28, 2021; 373 respondents; 18 years and older; Respondents in 49 countries worldwide
Source(s): Gradient Flow
 Distribution of femtech companies using AI technologies worldwide in
2021, by subsector
Femtech companies using AI worldwide in 2021, by subsector

35%

30% 29%

25% 24%
Share of companies

21%
20% 19%

15%

10%

5%
5%
2%

0%
Reproductive Health Healthcare Beauty for FemTech Pregnancy and Nursing Diagnostics Personal Care and
Wellbeing

9 Description: In 2021, 29 percent of femtech companies which used AI technology were in the reproductive health subsector. A further 24 percent of femtech companies using AI were in the healthcare sector. Femtech refers to products, services and software based on
new technologies which focuses on women's health. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2021
Source(s): FemTech Analytics
 Awareness and adoption of AI and automation in healthcare worldwide in
2019 and 2020
Awareness and adoption of healthcare automation worldwide 2019-2020

2019 2020
100%
90%
90%

80%

70% 66%
Share of responses

60%
53%
50%
50%

40% 34%

30%
23%
20%

10%

0%
Have an AI and automation strategy Are familiar with robotic process automation Implemented automation solutions

10 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2020, 90 percent of large healthcare organizations surveyed that they have an AI and automation strategy, this was an increase in comparison to only 53 percent in 2019. Furthermore, 66 percent were familiar with
robotic process automation in 2020, an increase from 50 percent in the preceding year. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2019 and 2020; 215 respondents; Large ealthcare organizations
Source(s): Olive AI; Sage Growth Partners
 Share of clinicians in selected countries worldwide who agreed that the volume of patient
data (structured and unstructured) available was overwhelming, as of December 2021
Clinicians who agree the volume of patient data is overwhelming in 2021, by country

90%
81%
80%
73%
71%
70% 68%

61%
59%
60%
Share of responses

52%
50% 45%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
China France USA UK Spain India Japan Germany

11 Description: In December 2021, 81 percent of clinicians surveyed in China agreed that the volume of patient data (both structured and unstructured) available to them is overwhelming, the highest share among the surveyed countries. On the other hand, 45 percent of
clinicians in Germany found the level of patient data overwhelming. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; October to December 2021; 2,838 respondents; Clinicians
Source(s): Elsevier
 How important are the following requirements when evaluating a machine
learning, NLP, or computer vision solution?*
Importance of criteria for evaluating AI technology in healthcare worldwide 2021

Share of responses

1 2 3 4 5

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

State-of-the art accuracy 10% 4% 17% 24% 45%

Implements healthcare-specific models & algorithms 11% 5% 18% 27% 40%
Ability to train your own models 7% 7% 17% 31% 37%
Scalability to large datasets 7% 8% 21% 27% 37%
Production readiness 8% 7% 18% 32% 36%
Healthcare-specific pre-trained models 10% 9% 21% 24% 36%
Production ready codebase 9% 5% 20% 30% 36%
Implements state-of the-art techniques 12% 8% 18% 28% 34%
Fits with our existing software stack 9% 9% 22% 26% 34%
Fit with existing software stack 9% 9% 22% 26% 34%
No data sharing with software vendor 11% 10% 26% 20% 33%
Open source, or open core software 9% 9% 26% 26% 30%
Large and active user community 10% 6% 24% 30% 30%
Speed of training or inference 8% 6% 26% 34% 26%

12 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2021, 45 percent of respondents considered state-of-the art accuracy as a very important criteria when evaluating a machine learning, NLP or computer vision solutions in the healthcare sector. While a further 37
percent reported the ability to train your own models was a very important criteria when evaluating healthcare AI technologies. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; December 7, 2020, to February 28, 2021; 373 respondents; 18 years and older; Respondents in 49 countries worldwide; *1=Not Important, 5=Very Important. Numbers may not sum to 100 due to rounding. Read more
Source(s): Gradient Flow
CHAPTER 02

North American focus

 Which best describes your hospital or health system's artificial intelligence
(AI)/machine learning (ML) efforts to date?
State of AI/machine learning in hospitals in the U.S. in 2021

30%

25% 24%
23%
22%

20% 19%
Share of responses

15%

10%
8%

5% 4%

0%
Pilots, rollout TBD Haven't started Early stage initiatives Targeted for high impact System-wide coordinated I don't know

14 Description: According to a survey conducted among healthcare providers in the United States in April 2021, 24 percent of respondents reported that in their hospital or health systems artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning efforts were in the pilot stage and the
rollout was to be decided, while a further 22 percent said that it is in the early stage initiatives. Read more
Note(s): United States; March 2021 to April 2021; 2,743*; *The source adds the following: 225 health systems, 309 clinicians, 147 payers and 2,062 patients Read more
Source(s): HIMSS
 Level of AI functionality in healthcare in the United States as of 2021
Level of AI functionality in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021

45%
41%
40%

35%

30% 28%
Share of responses

26%
25%

20%

15%

10%
5%
5%

0%
Not incorporated Limited/Piloted capacity Moderately functional Fully functional at scale

15 Description: According to a survey of healthcare leaders in the United States, 41 percent reported their AI use was at a fully functional level as of 2021. A further 26 percent said their AI system was moderately functional although five percent indicated they had not yet
incorporated an AI system. Read more
Note(s): United States; January 3 to January 16, 2021; 200 respondents
Source(s): KPMG
 Distribution of AI strategies implemented by health organizations in the
U.S. as of 2021
AI strategies of health organizations in the U.S. 2021

60%

50% 48%

40% 37%
Share of responses

30%

20%
13%

10%

2%
0%
Have a strategy in place and have Have a strategy in place but have not Don't have a strategy in place but are Don't have a strategy in place and
implemented it implemented it planning on creating one don't plan on creating one

16 Description: According to a survey conducted in the U.S. in 2021, 48 percent of healthcare organizations had an AI strategy in place and had implemented it, while a further 37 percent had an AI strategy but had not yet implemented it. On the other hand, only two
percent of organizations did not plan on creating an AI strategy. Read more
Note(s): United States; 2021; 600 respondents; 500 senior healthcare executives & 100 state and federal health officials
Source(s): Optum
 Extent to which healthcare leaders agree that the development of AI technology
in healthcare in the United States is behind the rest of the world as of 2021
Comparison of the development of AI in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021

35% 33%
31%
30%

25%
25%
Share of responses

20%

15%
11%
10%

5%

0%
Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Strongly agree

17 Description: According to a survey of business leaders in the healthcare industry in the United States in 2021, 33 percent of respondents somewhat agreed that the development of AI in healthcare in the U.S. was behind the rest of the world, while a further 25 percent
strongly agreed with this. On the other hand, 31 percent somewhat disagreed that the development of AI technology in the U.S. is behind the rest of the world. Read more
Note(s): United States; January 3 to January 16, 2021; 200 respondents
Source(s): KPMG
 Perceived value of AI in healthcare* compared to prior expectations in the
United States as of 2021
Perception of the value of AI in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021

45%
40%
40%

35%

30%
Share of responses

27%

25%

20%
16%
15% 13%

10%

5% 4%

0%
Significantly less value Somewhat less value Expected level of value Somewhat more value Significantly more value

18 Description: According to a survey of business leaders in the healthcare and life sciences sector in the United States in 2021, 40 percent of respondents thought that AI has brought more value to their industry than was previously expected. A further 16 percent said
that AI has brought significant value, although 13 percent thought AI has brought somewhat less value than was promised. Read more
Note(s): United States; January 3 to January 16, 2021; 200 respondents
Source(s): KPMG
 Share of health organizations that have accelerated or expanded their AI
plans in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. as of 2020
Health organizations using AI as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. 2020

70%
64%
60%
60% 56%
54% 53%

50%
Share of responses

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Life science Health plans Overall Hospitals Employers

19 Description: According to a survey carried out in the U.S. in 2020, 64 percent of health care executives from the life science sector reported that their organizations had accelerated or expanded their AI plans in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, 54
percent of health care executives in the hospital sector said that they deployed AI technology in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Read more
Note(s): United States; 2020; 500 respondents; Healthcare executives
Source(s): Optum
 Share of areas of healthcare organizations that are benefiting from
automation worldwide in 2020
Areas of healthcare benefiting from automation worldwide in 2020

Share of responses
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Revenue Cycle Management 79%

Supply chain 60%

Clinical administration 55%

Finance 36%

IT/ Help desk 28%

Humane resources 24%

Pharmacy/340B Manager 16%

Others 2%

20 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2020, 79 percent of the large healthcare organizations reported revenue cycle management is the segment that will benefit from automation within the sector. Furthermore, 60 percent of respondents thought the
supply chain would benefit from automation. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 100 respondents; Large healthcare organizations
Source(s): Olive AI; Sage Growth Partners
 Leading three applications of AI in healthcare services in the U.S. in 2020
Leading applications of AI in healthcare in the U.S. in 2020

100% 94% 92% 92%

90%

80%

70%
Share of responses

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Predictive analytics for early intervention Clinical decision support Collaboration across multiple specialists to improve
patient care

21 Description: According to a survey conduced in July 2020, 94 percent of healthcare leaders surveyed in the U.S. thought that use of AI in predictive analytics for early intervention would be the leading healthcare AI application. Read more
Note(s): United States; July 2020; 230 respondents; Healthcare leaders
Source(s): Intel
CHAPTER 03

European focus
 Distribution of healthcare professional's time burden currently and
forecast with the implementation of AI technologies in Europe in 2020
AI reducing time burden of admin tasks to healthcare professionals in Europe 2020

Current With AI
90% 85%

80%
Share of time spent on the tasks

70% 67%
65%

60%
50% 50%
50%

40% 35%
33%
30%

20% 15%

10%

0%
Physician's time spent on treating Physician's time spent on Medical assistants' time spent on Medical assistants' on Q&A calls and
patients administrative tasks patients transcription

23 Description: In 2020, in Europe, it was estimated that a physician's working time is roughly split 50-50 between treating patients and administrative tasks. However, it has been forecast with the implementation of AI technologies in healthcare, physicians would be able
to spend 17 percent more of their time on patients because the time burden of administrative tasks would be reduced. Read more
Note(s): Europe; 2020
Source(s): MedTech Europe
 Distribution of healthcare nurses' time burden currently and forecast with
the implementation of AI technologies in Europe in 2020
AI reducing time burden of admin tasks for nurses in Europe 2020

Current With AI
90%
82.5%
80% 75%

70%
Share of time spent on tasks

60%

50%

40%

30% 25%

20% 17.5%

10%

0%
Time spent interacting with patients Time on administrative or regulatory activities

24 Description: In Europe, in 2020, it was estimated that nurses spent on average 75 percent of their time interacting with patients and the rest of their time on administrative or regulatory activities. However, with the implementation of AI technologies in healthcare, it
has been forecast that nurses would be able to spend around 7.5 percent more of their time with patients. Indeed, AI should reduce the time burden of administrative and regulatory tasks. Read more
Note(s): Europe; 2020
Source(s): MedTech Europe
 Share of AI technologies used or planned to be used in the healthcare
sector in the European Union as of 2021, by technology
Level of adoption of AI in healthcare in the EU in 2021, by technology

Share of responses

Currently using Plan to employ

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Disease Diagnosis 42% 19%

Patient Monitoring technologies 39% 33%

Medical Robotics 28% 25%

Other 17% 17%

Genome Analysis 14% 17%

25 Description: In 2021, 42 percent of healthcare organizations in the European Union were currently using AI technologies for disease diagnosis, while a further 19 percent had plans to employ this technology within in the next three years. Furthermore, 33 percent of
healthcare organizations surveyed planned to use patient monitoring AI tool in the next three years Read more
Note(s): EU; 2021; Hospitals and other healthcare providers
Source(s): European Commission
 Top 15 areas of impact for AI in healthcare in selected European countries,
by percent of hours
Top 15 areas in healthcare impacted by AI in selected EU countries, by share of hours

Share of hours
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55%

Medical equipment preparers 48%

Medical assistants 32%

Occupational health and safety technicians 30%

Pharmacy technicians 29%

Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 29%

Radiation therapists 26%

Medical and clinical laboratory technologists 23%

Dietitians and nutritionists 23%

Speech-language pathologists 21%

Audiologists 21%

Nurse anaesthetists 19%

Ophthalmic medical technicians 18%

Occupational therapy assistants 17%

Optometrists 16%

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 16%

26 Description: This statistic shows the share of hours currently worked in selected areas of healthcare that could be freed up by automation by 2030. Medical equipment preparers and medical assistants are predicted to be the most impacted by the implementation of
AI in healthcare. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 175 healthcare professionals
Source(s): McKinsey & Company
 Distribution of start-ups in the field of AI in healthcare in the European
Union (EU) in 2021, by area of application
Share of start-ups in the field of AI in healthcare in the EU in 2021, by application

40%

34.6%
35% 33%

30%
Share of start-ups

25%

20%
15.9%
15%

9.9%
10%

5%
2.4%

0%
Patient Monitoring Disease Diagnostics Genome Analysis Medical Robotics Other

27 Description: In 2021 in the European Union, approximately 35 percent of start-ups focused on AI in healthcare were primarily aimed at patient monitoring applications. Furthermore, around a third of start-ups in healthcare AI were focused on disease diagnostics.
Read more
Note(s): EU; 2021
Source(s): European Commission
 Distribution of feelings of trust regarding the use of AI in healthcare in the
European Union as of 2021, by application
Trust towards use of AI in healthcare in the EU in 2021

Share of responses

I trust AI-enabled decisions Combine AI-results and expert judgement Rely only on expert judgement Don't know

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Disease Diagnostics 3% 89% 8%

Medical Robotics 19% 75% 6%

Genome Analysis 22% 67% 6% 6%

Patient Monitoring 25% 69% 6%

28 Description: In 2021, 25 percent of respondents surveyed in the European Union (EU) reported they would fully trust AI enabled decisions for applications in the area of patient monitoring, while a further 69 percent of respondents indicated that they would trust AI-
results in combination with expert judgments. Overall, the majority of respondents indicated that they would trust AI-results combined with judgements from health experts. Read more
Note(s): EU; 2021
Source(s): European Commission
 Share of users who agree with the following statements regarding the impact
of AI technologies in healthcare in the European Union (EU) as of 2021
Users' opinions on the impact of use of AI in healthcare in the EU in 2021

Share of responses

Totally agree Somewhat Agree

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Speed up working process 61% 28%

More efficient work processes 58% 31%

Improvement in the quality of diagnosis decisions 56% 42%

Improvement in the quality of treatment 50% 44%

Improvement in patients' satisfaction 33% 39%

29 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2021 among users of AI technologies in healthcare in the EU, 61 percent of respondents totally agreed these technologies speed up working processes, while a further 28 percent somewhat agreed with this.
Furthermore, 94 percent of respondents overall agreed that AI technologies in healthcare improved the quality of treatment. Read more
Note(s): EU; 2021; Users of AI technologies in healthcare
Source(s): European Commission
CHAPTER 04

Attitudes towards AI use

 Share of challenges to AI and automation implementation in healthcare
worldwide in 2020
Challenges to AI and automation implementation in healthcare worldwide 2020

Share of responses
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Resource constrained and don`t have enough staff to devote to an RPA

44%
implementation

Struggled to identify and pursue the processes that are best suited for automation 44%

System and process changes disrupt workflow and cause delay 38%

There is no way to compare success or learn from organizations like ours 35%

Unable to predict and fix issues in a timely manner 35%

Don`t have the internal technical talent to work with automation tools 35%

Limited data and analytics make it challenging to see ROI and get insight into work
29%
that automations completes
Lack of sound governance results in hidden or rogue automations across the
24%
enterprise

31 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2020, 44 percent of large healthcare organizations surveyed reported a challenge to implementing automation and AI within their organization was resource constraints and lack of staff to implement. Furthmore, 44
percent of respondents also said they were struggling to identify and pursue the processes that are best suited for automation and AI implementation. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 34 respondents; Large healthcare organizations
Source(s): Olive AI; Sage Growth Partners
 Ethical concerns surrounding AI technology use in healthcare in the United
States as of 2021
Ethical concerns around AI in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021

60%
52%
50%
45%

40%
Share of responses

35% 35%

30% 28% 27%

20%
14%

10%

0%
Threats to security Safety issues Machine bias issues Potential for AI A loss of personal Concentration of Loss of jobs
and privacy takeover by malicious interaction or wealth around
entities humanistic approach companies using AI
technology

32 Description: According to a survey of business leaders in the healthcare industry in the United States in 2021, 52 percent of respondents reported having concerns that AI in healthcare could lead to threats to security and privacy. A further 45 percent were worried
that AI could have safety issues while 35 percent had concerns surrounding machine bias. Read more
Note(s): United States; January 3 to January 16, 2021; 200 respondents
Source(s): KPMG
 Perception of pace of AI adoption in healthcare in the United States as of
2021
Perception of AI adoption speed in healthcare in the U.S. in 2021

60%
53%

50%

40%
Share of responses

35%

30%

20%

12%
10%

0%
AI adoption is moving faster than it should AI adoption is moving at an appropriate speed AI adoption is moving slower than it should

33 Description: According to a survey of healthcare leaders in the United States in 2021, 53 percent of respondents thought that AI adoption is moving at an appropriate speed. Although, just over a third of respondents believed AI in healthcare is moving faster than it
should. Read more
Note(s): United States; January 3 to January 16, 2021; 200 respondents
Source(s): KPMG
 Share of concerns among healthcare leaders for AI implementation in
healthcare in the U.S. in 2020
Leading concerns for AI implementation in healthcare in the U.S. in 2020

35%
32%

30%

25%
22%
Share of responses

20% 18%

15%

10%

5%

0%
AI will be poorly implemented or won`t work AI will be over-hyped and not meet expectations AI will be responsible for a fatal error
properly

34 Description: According to a survey conducted in the U.S. in July 2020, 32 percent of the healthcare leaders surveyed were concerned that AI will be poorly implemented or will not work properly, while a further 22 percent feared that AI implementation will be over-
hyped and not meet the expectations. Read more
Note(s): United States; July 2020; 230 respondents; Healthcare leaders
Source(s): Intel
 Share of people who were comfortable with various uses of AI within the
health care system in Canada in 2021
Comfort levels with various uses of AI in health care system in Canada in 2021

Share of responses
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Tracking epidemics 79.3%

Optimizing workflow in health care settings to save time for health care workers 75.9%

Diagnostic imaging and disease detection 75.1%

Monitoring and predicting health conditions before they happen 72%

Drug and vaccine development 70%

Disease monitoring at home 68.1%

Decision-support for health care professionals (e.g. disease diagnosis) 67.2%

Precision medicine (i.e. customization of healthcare based on genes, environment,

65.4%
and lifestyle, instead of a one-fits-all model)

35 Description: According to a survey carried in Canada in 2021, 79 percent of respondents mentioned they were comfortable with the health care system using artificial intelligence for tracking epidemics. Furthermore, 76 percent stated they were comfortable with the
use of AI for optimizing workflow in health care settings to save time for workers. Read more
Note(s): Canada; July 14, 2021 to August 6, 2021; 12,052 respondents; 16 years and older
Source(s): Canada Health Infoway
 Share of concerns reported with the utilization of AI in the health care
system in Canada in 2021
Types of concerns with use of AI in the health care system in Canada in 2021

Share of responses
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Loss of human interaction with healthcare providers 28%

Privacy breaches 23%

Liability related to care decisions made using AI 11%

Issues with patient data ownership 8%

Difficulties with providing meaningful consent to use patients` data 6%

Perpetuating inequalities in healthcare 6%

Lack of digital health literacy among patients 5%

36 Description: In 2021, 28 percent of surveyed respondents in Canada reported that loss of human interaction with healthcare providers was a major concern around the use of artificial intelligence in health care systems. While a further 23 percent of respondents said
they were concerned about privacy breaches with the use of AI. Read more
Note(s): Canada; July 14, 2021 to August 6, 2021; 12,052 respondents; 16 years and older
Source(s): Canada Health Infoway
 Distribution of comfort levels regarding the use of AI by healthcare
providers in the United Kingdom (UK) as of 2021
Comfort level regarding use of AI in healthcare in the United Kingdom in 2021

Share of responses

Comfortable Uncomfortable Don`t know

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Having a doctor who uses AI for administrative purposes 68% 24% 8%

Having a doctor who uses AI to aid in diagnosis or treatment 57% 35% 9%

Using an app powered by AI to determine if I need a diagnosis 32% 59% 9%

37 Description: In 2021, 59 percent of respondents to survey conducted in the United Kingdom reported they would feel uncomfortable using app powered by AI to determine a diagnosis. Although, 57 percent of respondents would be comfortable if their doctor used AI
to aid a diagnosis or treatment. Read more
Note(s): United Kingdom; 2021; 18 years and older
Source(s): Accenture
CHAPTER 05

Future of AI in healthcare
 Share of clinicians who believed in ten years' time the majority of their decisions will be
based on support tools that utilize artificial intelligence (AI) as of December 2021, by region
Clinicians' who believed clinical decisions will be based on AI by 2031, by region

70%
64% 64%
62%
60%

50% 47% 46%

Share of responses

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
South America Asia Pacific Middle East & Africa North America Europe

39 Description: According to a survey conducted in December 2021, 64 percent of clinicians in the Asia Pacific and South America regions believed that in future they will make the majority of their decisions using clinical decision support tools that use artificial intelligence
(AI). On the other hand, fewer than 50 percent of clinicians surveyed in Europe and North America agreed that the majority of clinical decisions in ten years' time will be based on AI. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; October to December 2021; 2,838 respondents; Clinicians
Source(s): Elsevier
 Share of clinicians who believed that in future a much higher proportion of patients
will use chatbots to manage their treatment as of December 2021, by region
Clinician's opinions on greater use of chatbots to manage treatment by 2031 by region

60%
53% 53%

50% 48%
46%
42%
40%
Share of responses

30%

20%

10%

0%
Asia Pacific Europe Middle East & Africa North America South America

40 Description: According to a survey carried out among clinicians in 2021, 53 percent of respondents in Asia Pacific and South America regions believed that by 2031 a much higher proportion of patients will use chatbots to manage their treatment. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; October to December 2021; 2,838 respondents; Clinicians
Source(s): Elsevier
 Share of clinicians who believed that in future a much higher proportion of patients
will use chatbots to manage their treatment as of December 2021, by country
Clinician's opinions on greater chatbot use to manage treatment by 2031 by country

60%
56% 55% 54%

49%
50%
46%
44% 43%
39%
40%
Share of responses

30%

20%

10%

0%
China Spain Japan India UK Germany United States France

41 Description: According to a survey carried out in December 2021, 56 percent of clinicians surveyed in China believed in future a much higher proportion of patients will use chatbots to manage treatment, the highest share among the surveyed countries. On the other
hand, just under 40 percent of clinicians believed a higher share of treatment would be managed via chatbots. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; October to December 2021; 2,838 respondents; Clinicians
Source(s): Elsevier
 Share of young healthcare professionals who believe the following digital health technologies
are best for improving patient care in the next five years, as of January 2020
Most beneficial digital technologies in future according to young health workers 2020

Share of respondents
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Digital health records 25%

AI to integrate diagnostics 22%

AI to optimize operational efficiency 20%

Healthcare professional-to-healthcare professional telehealth 20%

Healthcare professional-to-patient telehealth 19%

42 Description: According to a worldwide survey of young healthcare professionals carried out in January 2020, the most beneficial digital health technology to improving patient care in the five years is digital health records with 25 percent of respondents agreeing with
this. Furthermore, 22 percent of respondents stated that using AI to integrate diagnostics would bring benefits to patient care in the near future. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; November 15, 2019 to January 13, 2020; 2,867 respondents; 40 years and younger; Healthcare professionals (defined as all medical staff, including doctors, nurses, surgeons, radiologists, etc.)
Source(s): Philips
 Share of outcomes health executives believe will be benefited by
investment in AI technology in the U.S. as of 2020
Benefits AI technology will have for health organizations in the U.S. 2020

60%
55% 55%

50%
46%
44%

40%
Share of responses

30%

20%

10%

0%
Improving health outcomes Improving patient experience Decreasing per capita cost of care Improving provider experience

43 Description: According to a survey conducted in the U.S. in 2020, 55 percent of healthcare executives surveyed believed that investment in AI will have greatest impact on improving health outcomes. Furthermore, a similar share of respondents reported the greatest
benefit of AI investment would be improving patient experience. Read more
Note(s): United States; 2020; 500 respondents; Healthcare executives
Source(s): Optum
 Opinion of healthcare executives on the impact of AI technology on jobs in
the U.S. as of 2020
Opinion on the impact on healthcare jobs due to AI in the U.S. in 2020

AI will create more work opportunities AI will reduce work opportunities

80% 76%

70%

60% 55% 56%

52%
Share of responses

48%
50% 45% 44%

40%

30%
24%

20%

10%

0%
Early/Midstage (2020) Late-stage (2020) All executives (2020) All executives (2019)
Stage of AI deployment

44 Description: According to a survey conducted in the U.S. in 2020, 76 percent of healthcare executives at organizations where AI deployment was in a late stage thought that investment in AI will create more job opportunities in the sector, while 55 percent of health
care executives at organizations with AI deployment in an early/mid-stage agreed. Overall, 56 percent of healthcare executives surveyed believed that investment in AI technology will create more work opportunities, an increase from the [...] Read more
Note(s): United States; 2020; 500 respondents; Healthcare executives
Source(s): Optum
 Share of factors to improve investment and growth in automation among
healthcare organizations worldwide in 2020
Factors driving automation investment and growth in healthcare in 2020

Share of responses
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Cutting wasteful spending will help us recuperate and grow faster 76%

Revenue collection is more important than ever given the reduction in elective
67%
procedures

We need better predictability and insights into our operations 64%

The virtual work environment has required us to invest more in reliable technology 61%

We need more capacity - layoffs and furloughs have strained our staff 31%

45 Description: According to a survey conducted in 2020, 76 percent of the healthcare organizations surveyed reported that cutting wasteful spending would help them recuperate and grow faster, an important factor needed to drive investment and growth in healthcare
automation. Furthermore, 67 percent of respondents advised to drive automation investment and growth revenue collection is very important. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 75 respondents; Large healthcare organizations
Source(s): Olive AI; Sage Growth Partners
 Forecasted value of potential annual benefits of AI applications in
healthcare worldwide in 2026, by AI type (in billion U.S. dollars)
Forecasted value of annual benefits of AI tech in healthcare in 2026

Value in billion U.S. dollars

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Robot assisted surgery 40

Virtual nursing assistants 20

Administrative workflow assistance 18

Fraud detection 17

Dosage error reduction 16

Connected machines 14

Clinical trial participant identifier 13

Preliminary diagnosis 5

Automated image diagnosis 3

Cybersecurity 2

46 Description: In 2026, the value of potential annual benefits of using robot assisted surgery in healthcare settings worldwide was forecast to amount to 40 billion U.S dollars. Furthermore, it was forecasted that the annual value of using virtual nursing assistant AI
application would amount to 20 billion U.S. dollars. Read more
Note(s): Worldwide; 2019
Source(s): Forbes
 Likelihood of healthcare providers to incorporate AI analytics in near
future in the U.S. as of 2021
Likelihood to adapt AI analytics in future in the healthcare sector in the U.S. 2021

40% 38% 38%

35%

30%
Share of responses

25% 24%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%
Very/somewhat likely Only slightly likely Not at all likely

47 Description: According to a survey conducted in the U.S. in March 2021, 38 percent of healthcare service providers surveyed reported they are very/somewhat likely to incorporate artificial intelligence and predictive analytic capabilities into their practices in the
coming few years, while another 38 percent mentioned they are only slightly likely to introduce these capabilities in the near future. Read more
Note(s): United States; 400 respondents; Healthcare providers
Source(s): CVS Health
 Sources

Accenture
Canada Health Infoway
Concentrix
CVS Health
Elsevier
European Commission
FemTech Analytics
Forbes
Gradient Flow
HIMSS
Intel
KPMG
McKinsey & Company
MedTech Europe
Olive AI
Optum
Philips
Precedence Research
Sage Growth Partners
SERMO
Wakefield Research

48