PAPER

THE BASIC CONCEPT OF EARTH SPACE AND

CHEMISTRY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

HISTORY OF SPACE DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH

RESULTS OF THE WORLD SPACE AGENCY

ARRANGED BY GROUP 6 :
RIZLA ERSA ROMADHIA (19129059)
TRININDI ERISWAN FITRI (19129174)
JELIANA (19129239)
NILA OKTAVIA (19129270)

19 INTERNATIONAL CLASS

LECTURER: ATIKA ULYA AKMAL, S.Pd, M.Pd

DEA STIVANI SUHERMAN, S.Pd, M.Pd

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER EDUCATION

FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2020
 FOREWORD
Praise be to God Almighty for the blessings of his grace, and that we were
given the opportunity to be able to compile a paper entitled "History of Space
Development and Research Results of The World Space Agency" is properly and
correctly, and on time. The preparation of this paper aims to fulfill one of the tasks of
our courses which is Basic Concepts of Earth and Space and Chemistry

The realization of this paper is inseparable from the help and enthusiasm of
various parties. Therefore, on this occasion the author would like to thanks to
Mss.Atika Ulya Akmal, S.Pd, M.Pd and Mss.Dea Stivani Suherman, S.Pd, M.Pd as
the lecturer supporting The Basic Concepts of Earth and Space and Chemistry course
that has guided the author in the preparation of the paper and to all those who have
helped in the completion of this paper.

The preparation of this paper of course is not separated from various parties,
either directly or indirectly. With all the humility I realize that the paper I made is far
from the word perfect and there are many shortcomings. Therefore, suggestions and
constructive criticism are expected. The end of the word hopefully this paper can
benefit the compilers and readers. Hopefully get a blessing.

Padang, October 2020

Author

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 CONTENTS
FOREWORD..................................................................................................................i
CONTENTS..................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1
A. Background.........................................................................................................1
B. Problem...............................................................................................................1
C. Purpose...............................................................................................................1
CAHAPTER II DISCUSSION......................................................................................2
A. History of Space Development...........................................................................2
B. Research Results of the World Space Agency (NASA, ESA, Rocosmos,
CNSA, ISRO)..........................................................................................................12
C. Indonesia’s Achievement in Space...................................................................20
D. Quranic Verses Related to Space......................................................................23
CHAPTER III CLOSING............................................................................................25
A. Conclusion........................................................................................................25
B. Suggestion........................................................................................................25
REFERENCES............................................................................................................26

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background

The space technology we see today is a long history for the world. This
technology is very useful for life today, for example, the ease of
telecommunications to research on planets and stars. Without the research
conducted so far, we might never enjoy the sophistication of technology like
now. For that we need to know how history is in the development of space and
the research conducted.

B. Problem

From the background we get the problem, that are:

1. How is history of space development?

2. How is research results of the world space?
3. How the achievement of Indonesia in space?
4. What are the Quranic verses related to space?

C. Purpose

From that problem we get the purpose of this paper are:

1. To know about history of space development.

2. To know about research results of the world space.
3. To know about the achievement of Indonesia in space.
4. What are the Quranic verses related to space.

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 CAHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. History of Space Development

According to (Biondy, n.d.) since ancient times humans have had various
questions regarding the sky, outer space, planets, stars and galaxies. Based on these
questions and the curiosity of humans, humans carry out various research and
investigations about the sky and space. Research and investigation of the sky and
space is the science of astronomy, more clearly it is a science that involves observing
celestial bodies and natural phenomena that occur in space.

With Astronomy we can get a lot of knowledge from the observations of

celestial bodies. Our ancestors in ancient times used astronomy to determine calendar,
determine the weather, determine the direction of travel and so on. These
observations are very difficult to do today, due to the increasing number of
settlements that cause various pollution, especially light pollution which makes sky
observations difficult to do without tools. Instead, there is a planetarium that presents
a video projection of simulating celestial movements and furthermore presents a
projection of space activity.

Research and investigation of the sky and space is not only through long-
distance observations from the earth's surface, with advances in technology, humans
can send objects such as satellites and space telescopes to carry out further research.
In addition, humans were also sent to conduct direct exploration in the form of
physical exploration of extraterrestrial objects, for example the moon. This
exploration was undertaken in order to obtain further data on celestial bodies, as well
as to increase the use of technology such as communication technology, weather
detection and so on. (Biondy, n.d.)

Entering the era of the 20th century, advances in science and technology have
brought mankind towards a fascinating space journey. A trip into space engenders a
deeper understanding of the universe and paves the way for deeper exploration of the
solar system.

With their historic flight using the first engine plane on December 17, 1903,
American aviation pioneers Oliver and Wilbur Wright captured the world's
imagination by realizing the old human dream of flying into space. Less than 66 years
later, the world saw Neil Armstrong become the first person to walk on the moon.

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 Space flight image

On July 21, 1969, Neil Armstrong, one of the three crew members of Apollo-
11, set foot on the moon and radioed Earth with the statement (The Eagle has
landed… One small step for man, one giant leap for mankin).

Neil Armstrong made a confession over the Moon landing

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 Moon landing timeline

Source: https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1175715/moon-landing-neil-
armstrong-apollo-11-admission-buzz-aldrin-one-small-step-spt

Between 1969-1972, American astronauts made a number of landings on the

moon with samples of lunar soil and rocks adding to the technological wealth of those
concerned. The adventure in that month is one of the space research pioneered by
three famous people as "Father of Space Aviation" namely Robert Goddard (USA),
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (Russia) and Herman Oberth (Germany).

In the 1930s, a dominant figure in space research Wernher Von Braun of

Germany became the head of Germany's rocket development program, but his dreams
of space travel were dashed by demands for arms for Nazi Germany.

In 1942, under the leadership of Von Braun, German rocket scientists

developed the A4 missile, better known as the V2. Thousands of Russians launched
the world's first satellite named Sputnik I on October 4, 1957. The US then followed
by launching its first satellite named Explorer I on January 31, 1958. then on April
12, 1961 Russia returned to lead by launching the first human into space outside,
namely Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934-1968) a major of the Russian Air Force

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who slid with a Vostok I capsule for less than a month the United States followed by
releasing its first astronaut Alan B. Shepard with a Mercury I capsule.

Sputnik 1 is currently preparing to launch

Source: https://www.infoastronomy.org/2017/10/60-tahun-peluncuran-
sputnik-1.html

Source: https://akurat.co/news/id-794549-read-4-oktober-1957-satelit-buatan-
pertama-yang-berhasil-capai-orbit-bumi-sputnik-i-diluncurkan

Shepard's own mission is actually just an up and down flight and does not
orbit the earth. Russia calls the mission a "hopper flight". The United States only
succeeded in sending an orbiter on February 20, 1962 when the Friendship 7 capsule,
manned by Lt. Col. John Herschel Glenn, made three orbits in a flight of 4 hours 56

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minutes. This achievement is still far behind the progress made by Russia in the
previous 6 months, when Major German Stephanovich spent 25 hours 18 minutes in a
Vostok II capsule.

The moon is the next target of the two competing developed countries. Russia
sent the Lunik II unmanned probe on September 14, 1959. It was recorded as the first
man-made vehicle to land on the lunar surface. Russia only managed to land a land
capable of making a soft landing in February 1966 via Lunik IX.

A large rocket carrying 391 kg of scientific instruments, was successfully

launched to the Moon by the Soviet Union on September 12, 1959. The rocket named
Lunik II was the second rocket launched by the Soviet Union to the Moon.

Source: https://republika.co.id/berita/internasional/selarung-waktu/16/09/11/
odcloy366-sejarah-hari-ini-uni-soviet-luncurkan-roket-kedua-ke-bulan

A year later another US probe managed to deliver the first TV images of the
lunar surface. The climax occurred on July 17, 1969, when Neil Amstrong and Edwin
Aldrin managed to make their name in history as the first humans to step on the lunar
surface through the Apollo-11 mission. The mission was continued by 5 other
landings, namely Apollo-12 (November 1969), Apollo-14 (February 1971), Apollo-
15 (August 1971), Apollo-16 (April 1972), and Apollo-17 (December 1972).

The use of space technology is very beneficial for human life, the ease of
telecommunications, determining navigation directions through satellite assistance,
determining wind and weather movements, and making research into very distant
planets and stars made easy through space technology. So far, Indonesia has never
been directly involved in conducting space exploration, but it already has experience
in exploiting space technology. Indonesia is the third country in the world after the

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US and Canada to use a domestic satellite, namely Palapa A1, which was launched in
1976. This was followed by the launches of the next generation Palapa satellite. In
rocketry technology, Indonesia is the second country in Asia to successfully launch
its own rocket, the Kartika rocket launched by LAPAN in 1964.(Biondy, n.d.)

According to (Ratmoko, n.d.) space has become an area of interest for

countries around the world. Since the inception of NASA's lunar landing program, to
the India Space Research Organization (ISRO) newest MARS Mission, space serves
a wide variety of motive variants. Not all space programs are solely for technological
development and humanitarian purposes, some countries have proven that the space
field can also be an uncharted battlefield, for example the United States and China. At
the same time, some believe that space provides the means for a resource that ensures
human survival. One of them is UNOOSA's Sustainable Development Goals, which
play an important role in maintaining and ensuring the use of space that does not
disturb peace. Once a trajectory towards sustainable development is established, the
hostile environment in space can be reduced. Economic development, social
development and environmental protection are the three pillars that make up
sustainable development.

During its development, the Cold War became a moment when the
development of space vehicles and technology developed rapidly. From the beginning
of World War II when development was still relatively limited and focused on
supporting technologies, the Cold War was a time when the development of space
technology experienced a significant increase. With the US and the Soviet Union
competing to build the latest in space technology, the world finally realized that space
exploration was not impossible. The intense competition from countries for
exploration and looking for strategic satellite launch points, led the United Nations to
form a special agency to manage state interests in the space sector, namely The
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), and ensure the use of
space for other purposes. peace.(Ratmoko, n.d.)

According to (Sumardi, 2017) the development of space science and

technology achieved by human civilization has brought significant influence and
changes to the international and national order of a nation-state. Based on data
contained in the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) until the
end of 2017 there are 4,635 satellites orbiting planet Earth (Andy, 2017). The number
of satellites orbiting the planet Earth in 2017 increased by 8.91% compared to 2016,
where throughout 2017 UNOOSA had recorded an increase in satellite launches by
357 units. The number of satellites orbiting planet Earth has been used by its owners
for various purposes, such as for commercial use, government interests, military

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purposes, and for civilian purposes. Based on data recorded on UNOOSA, there are 4
categories of users of satellites currently orbiting the earth, namely: 788 satellites
registered for commercial purposes, 461 used by the government, 360 used for
military purposes, and 129 for civil use (Andy, 2017).

Indonesia's space activities began with the launch of the Palapa A1 satellite,
which became the first SKSD in Indonesia to provide telephone and facsimile
services between cities in Indonesia, and developed into the main infrastructure for
the distribution of national television programs. Palapa A1 became a milestone in the
launch of satellites for Indonesia, which was followed by subsequent satellites. After
the Palapa satellite arrived with several generations, Indonesia continued to launch
several other satellites such as Telkom, Cakrawarta, Indostar, Garuda and PSN. In
Indonesia alone there are at least 5 national satellite operators who own and manage
their own satellites, including: TELKOM, INDOSAT, PSN, MNC and BRI.(Sumardi,
2017)

According to (Habibi & Alfathimy, 2018) The USSR first led the race by
surprisingly launching the first artificial satellite into orbit with the name Sputnik I.
This success was followed by the Soviet Union's launch of its first dog and
cosmonaut into space and the US public began to feel threatened. About a decade
since the USSR launched its first satellite, the United States was finally able to catch
up and win the race by successfully landing its astronauts on the Moon. Since this
landing to the Moon, the space race between them has begun to slack off. The Soviet
Union collapsed in the early 90's and thus ended the Cold War. The United States
then led the mastery of space technology as well as leading other fields around the
world.

Militarily, the United States used a satellite-based Global Positioning System

(GPS) for the first time when leading coalition forces against Iraq in the Gulf War.
The use of GPS is believed to be one of the determining factors for the victory of the
United States at that time. On the civilian front, the United States leads the
International Space Station (ISS) project involving seventeen countries. The National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) eventually became the United States'
leading state agency in the world in almost all aspects of space technology
development.

However, the United States Government did not dominate all matters in the
space sector for long. Other countries have also developed mastery of space
technology to a stage that rivals NASA's achievements in several sectors. Its
European counterparts at the European Space Agency (ESA) through commercial

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companies in the field of launching satellites Arianespace are leading the space
industry in launching on a global scale. Then in the 2000s, Russia became one of the
respected launch providers and even replaced the supremacy of NASA's Space
Shuttle program in the process of space and cargo transportation to the ISS. In
mainland Asia, China in 2003 succeeded in sending taikonauts into space using its
own space system and even further to its own space station. Besides China, came
India, which surprisingly was able to develop its space program that was competing
in quality even with relatively minimal funding. New private companies began to
appear.

At first glance, this atmosphere does not show the intensity of competition
that is so obvious as seen during the Cold War. However, the emergence of new
actors in the space technology sector seems to have begun to form a new paradigm
regarding the direction of space technology development.

The development of competition in space technology is certainly an important

concern for all reviewers of national aviation and space policies, given the dynamics
that cover a global scale and are increasingly touching the joints of life. Indonesia,
both from the government and business circles, is one of the most important
customers of space technology goods and services. Indonesia has really benefited
from space technology since its first satellite was launched in 1976. However, until
now, Indonesia still relies heavily on space technology belonging to other nations
which are very expensive. This condition makes Indonesia have to pay close attention
to the latest developments in space technology, both from the point of view as a
customer and as a developer of the technology itself.

First human image on mars.

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 Space technology has developed in such a way as to achieve the current
heterogeneity of both technicalities and actors. A number of countries in Asia have
developed their space technology. Some of the most prominent are India, China,
Japan and South Korea. Within Asia, India and China are showing rapid and
competitive capacity development. Japan actually has a good establishment in the
space sector, but that cannot be separated from its interactions with the space power
allies of the United States and its allies. South Korea itself is still lagging behind even
though it has been able to launch its own satellite, and even tends to retreat due to the
failure of a number of its space programs, including their astronaut program (Tan,
2014).

India's space program is considered to be the most cost-effective and

successful space program in the world (Matray, 2012). Instead of purely for defense
purposes, they are consistent in using space as a means of improving people's welfare
through education and socio-economic programs. India was intercepted by the United
States through the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) regime when it
wanted to adopt technology from Russia which they could develop on their own later
(Chandrashekar, 2011). China's space program tends to be more ambitious (Dillow,
2017). Its fast-growing economic power and centralized domestic political system
mean that China's space program is less constrained. Next to India, the country that
China is actually facing is the United States. Much of the development of space
technology is aimed at shaking the supremacy of the United States. In fact, in January
2007, China demonstrated its anti-satellite weapon, drawing reactions from Western
countries.

According to (Habibi & Alfathimy, 2018) The history of the India-China War
in 1962 influenced the competition between India and China in rocket development.
Since then, even though the war has ended, the tension between the two of them has
persisted to this day. The show of strength in the field of rocketry is one of the
strategic competition areas. This has an impact on the development of both space
technology which is colored by the nuances of military and government control. Even
so, both countries are both thinking about investing in space technology in the
commercial and economic sectors (Dillow, 2017). China has an advantage in terms of
capital because its economic strength has increased very rapidly compared to India.

In the years before SpaceX disrupted its share of the satellite launch market,
the world recognized Russia and Europe as the most reliable satellite launch service
providers. Russia is even the only one sending cosmonauts to the ISS. European
countries that are members of the ESA through its line of business, Arianespace, also
enjoy a monopoly on the world launch market.(Habibi & Alfathimy, 2018)
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 According to (Metzger, 2016) the bootstrapping of a Self-supporting,
Replicating Space Industry is technologically feasible and that there is no reason to
delay beginning. It will represent a transition in the form of our civilization, freeing
us from the constraints of a single planet and giving us great benefits on Earth, both
economic for humanity and environmental for all species, as well as making our
existence in the universe more secure. It will also revolutionize science and
exploration by providing material support and greater access to the space
environment.

The process of establishing this industry will take several decades. Spreading
the costs over that period, humanity can easily fit it into our space science and
exploration budgets if we have public support and visionary policymakers who make
it a priority. However, the concept is abstract and just expensive enough that it may
be difficult to convince them. The space community has been evolving strategies
toward space development, and a number of themes are emerging, the most important
of which is establishing a cis-lunar water economy by mining asteroids and the
Moon. Successfully doing that will lead to more activity in space, both scientific
missions led by national space agencies and commercial activity.

Image of space junk

This will provide the opportunity to develop more technologies for space
industry and to demonstrate some limited portions of an in-space supply chain. As
these developments occur, and as robotics in terrestrial industry continues its
revolutionary trajectory, eventually policymakers should embrace the vision to
establish space industry. However, time is of the essence so that space industry may
help avert the economic and environmental perils on Earth.
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 According to (Millbrooke, 2014) one has visited the Moon since 1972. The
Space Shuttle is scheduled for retirement in 2010. Its successor will not be ready
until at least 2015. Soyuz spacecraft have been carrying most astronauts to and from
the International Space Station, but the Soyuz is an old technology too, older than the
Space Shuttle. Spaceplanes remain a popular idea for a 21st-century space vehicle,
like NASA’s Orbital Space Plane intended to replace the Space Shuttle, and like
Scaled Composites’ commercially designed Space Ship One that won the Ansari X
Prize in 2004.

Image of 2 satellites colliding

B. Research Results of the World Space Agency (NASA, ESA, Rocosmos, CNSA,
ISRO)

Mastery of space technology for the welfare of mankind and exploration

between planets is no longer fiction but realistic. As planned by various countries
that have mastered space technology such as (Sama et al., 2018):

1. NASA

NASA is a space agency that has started its mission since 1958.
Initially, NASA's mission was limited to research and manufacture of
astronaut suits. One of NASA's greatest achievements was a mission that
successfully led the first humans to land on the moon in 1969.

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 An analysis of rock samples collected by NASA's Curiosity rover
suggests ancient life on Mars may have been supported by living microbes.
Scientists identified sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and
carbon as key chemicals for life. The elements came out of sedimentary rock
drilled near the ancient riverbed in the Gale crater on the red planet.

2. European Space Agency (ESA)

ESA or European Space Agency is an organization or joint agency of

space agencies from several European countries. ESA consists of the UK,
Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Croatia, Spamyol and
several other European countries. ESA's first mission resulted in launching a
satellite to monitor gamma-ray emissions in the universe. This is ESA's most
successful mission to run for more than six years, or four years longer than
planned.

The European Space Agency, the European Space Agency (ESA) has
officially announced plans to build a moon village in 2024. In addition, ESA
will also carry out Asteroid exploration and manned flights to Mars in 2030.

In November 1993, the International Rosetta Mission was approved as

a Cornerstone Mission in ESA's Horizons 2000 Science Program. Since then,
scientists and engineers from all over Europe and the United States have been
combining their talents to build an orbiter and a lander for this unique
expedition to unravel the secrets of a mysterious 'mini' ice world, a comet.

The Rosetta mission will achieve many historic firsts (Boyko A.K., n.d.):

 Rosetta will be the first spacecraft to orbit a comet's nucleus.

 It will be the first spacecraft to fly alongside a comet as it heads towards
the inner Solar System.
 Rosetta will be the first spacecraft to examine from close proximity how a
frozen comet is transformed by the warmth of the Sun.
 Shortly after its arrival at Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the
Rosetta orbiter will despatch a robotic lander for the first controlled
touchdown on a cometnucleus.
 The Rosetta lander's instruments will obtain the first images from a
comet's surface and make first analysis to find out what it is made of.
 Rosetta will be the first spacecraft ever to fly close to Jupiter's orbit using
solar cells as its main power source

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3. Roscosmos

Roscosmos is Russia's space agency. This institute has published many

cosmonauts tasked with carrying out exploration and repairs on the space
station. The space agency is also at the forefront of Russia in space research
and testing of Russian-made aircraft. Roscosmos has just completed
construction of the modern Vostochny space port, equipped with various
supporting facilities for interplanetary missions.

The Russian Federal Space Agency, Roscosmos provides state

services and administration of the state space assets, as well as management of
the international cooperation in joint space projects and programs. There are
many scientific achievements in Russian and International spaceprograms.

4. CNSA - China

CNSA or the China National Space Administration is an institution

belonging to the Chinese government that is responsible for carrying out
research tasks, building space craft, to space exploration. CNSA is a
calculated international agency in the world. CSNA has been working with
NASA, Roscosmos, and European space agencies to build a research station
on the Moon.

Founded in 1993, CNSA has created many of the technologies that

they take to space. The China National Space Administration (CNSA) has
conducted research on the lunar surface and asteroids using the Chang'e II
satellite in 2012.

CNSA also launched a new program, introducing space science and

technology in schools to inspire the next generation to think innovatively and
creatively to improve the skills of students and teachers in the space sector.

5. ISRO

ISRO or Indian space Research Organization, is a space agency

belonging to the Indian government. This institute has a similar task as
NASA, which is to research and explore things that intersect with outer space.

The Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, revealed that his

country plans to send an unmanned probe to Planet Mars. This announcement
was made by PM Singh during the series of 65th Indian Independence Day.

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 "This spacecraft to Mars will mark India's great leap in science and
technology," Singh said.

In 2008 India managed to send a probe to the moon which detected

evidence of water on the lunar surface for the first time. India also plans to
send a rover to the moon while a manned mission into space is awaiting
budget approval. ISRO, plans to launch its spacecraft landing mission to the
moon using the Chandrayaan-2 rocket. In 2013, ISRO launched the Mars
Orbiter Mission (MOM).

Table of the Space Agency's Mission and Achievements

No. Space The Space Agency's Mission and

Year
Agency Achievements

1. NASA July 24, 1969 One of NASA's greatest achievements was

(USA) a mission that successfully led the first
humans to land on the moon in 1969 it’s
Apollo 11.

Launched 21 Viking 1 was one of the first two spacecraft

August 1975 (along with Viking 2) to be sent to Mars as
part of NASA's Viking program. This
vehicle is the first spacecraft to
successfully land on Mars and carry out its
mission.

Launched on Hubble is a space telescope that is in Earth

April 24, 1990 orbit. The name Hubble is taken from the
in a near Earth name of the famous American scientist,
orbit Edwin Hubble who is also the discoverer of
Hubble's law.

June 21, 2001 The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy

Probe (WMAP) - also known as the
Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), and
the Explorer 80 - is a spacecraft that
measures the temperature difference
between the remaining heat of the Big
Bang radiation - Cosmic Background

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 Microwave Radiation - in the sky.

July 23, 1999 Chandra X-ray Observatory is a satellite

launched on STS-93 by NASA on July 23,
1999. This satellite is named after the
Indian-American physicist, Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar.

2003 NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission

(MER) is an ongoing robotic space mission
involving two rovers, Spirit and
Opportunity, exploring the planet Mars. It
started in 2003 with the delivery of two
rovers-MER-A Spirit and MER-B
Opportunity to explore the Martian surface
and geology.

Launched The Spitzer Space Telescope (formerly

August 25, called the Space Infrared Telescope
2003 Facility, SIRTF) is a space infrared
observatory. It is NASA's fourth and final
Large Observatory.

The planned mission period is 2.5 years

with an estimate prior to launch that the
mission could be extended by five years or
a little longer until the liquid helium in it
runs out.

July 30,2020 NASA sent a rover to Jezero Crater on

Mars. Launched at Cape Canaveral Air
Force Station, Florida on July 30, 2020,
this rover is planned to land on the surface
of Mars on February 18, 2021. The rover,
named Perseverance, aims to search for
ancient life forms and collect soil and rock
samples to bring back to earth.

2. ESA or August 1975 The first successful mission was to launch a

European satellite to monitor gamma ray emissions in
Space the Universe. This is one of ESA's most
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 Agency successful missions that have run for more
(from several than six years, or four years longer than
European planned.
countries)
November In November 1993, the International
1993 Rosetta Mission was approved as a
Cornerstone Mission in ESA's Horizons
2000 Science Program. Since then,
scientists and engineers from all over
Europe and the United States have been
combining their talents to build an orbiter
and a lander for this unique expedition to
unravel the secrets of a mysterious 'mini'
ice world, a comet.

December CoRoT , launched December 2006

2006 – CNES -led space observatory mission to
search for rocky exoplanets and
perform asteroseismology studies.

March 2009 Earth Explorer 1 – GOCE , launched

March 2009, completed Gravimetry
mission, aimed at accurately mapping
Earth's gravity field .

August 2018 Earth Explorer 5 – ADM-Aeolus ,

launched August 2018, operational –
Meteorology mission, performed by a
spacecraft equipped to create global wind
component profiles to aid more
advanced weather forecasting .

3. Roscosmos 1951 With the help of German rocket scientist

(Russia) Helmut Grottrup, Korolev and OKB-1
began building a version of the V-2 rocket,
which produced the R-1 in 1951 and the R-
7 Semyorka in 1957. That same year, the
Soviets achieved two milestones with the
launch of the first artificial satellite.
(Sputnik-1) and the first animal (Laika the

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 dog) to space (Sputnik 2).

1961-1963 Sputnik's success led the Soviet

government to demand that the crew
mission plan be accelerated. This resulted
in the Vostok program, which successfully
sent the first man (Yuri Gagarin) into space
on April 12, 1961 (Vostok-1) and the first
woman (Valentina Tereshkova) on June 16,
1963.

1970 The most famous are Luna 3, 9 and 16, the

first missions to photograph the far side of
the Moon, make a gentle landing on the
Moon, and carry out the first robot sample
return missions from the Moon. For the
early 1970s on, the Soviet space program
focused on developing long-term
spaceflight expertise and on deploying
space stations.

2014 Roscosmos finally made the Angara rocket

after 22 years of development. The first test
launch took place in July and December
2014, with the first being launched into
suborbital and reaching geosynchronous
orbit.

4. CNSA 1960 In 1960, China developed and successfully

(Tiongkok) launched a rocket called the T-7, the first
locally developed launch vehicle.

1970 China successfully developed the first

heavy launch vehicles - two-stage Feng
Bao-1 and three-stage Chang Zhen-1 (Long
March-1). The latter successfully launched
China's first communications satellite
(Dong Fang Hong-I) in 1970.

2007 Between 1997 and 2008, ten successful

launches were made with the Long March
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 3B. These included the launch of the first
Moon orbiter (Chang'e 1) in 2007, which
made China the fifth country to
successfully orbit the Moon and map its
surface. This was followed by Chang'e 2 in
2010, who charted the Moon in more detail.

2012 The China National Space Administration

(CNSA) has conducted research on the
lunar surface and asteroids using the
Chang'e II satellite in 2012.

2013 In 2013 the Chang'e 3 landing followed by

the Chang'e 4 landing successfully reached
the far side of the Moon in 2018. The third
phase will involve the Chang'e 5 robot that
will carry out a mission to return the lunar
sample. The fourth phase, planned to run
from 2023 to 2027, will consist of more
research.

5. ISRO (India) 1962-1963 In 1962, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru

ordered the creation of the Indian National
Committee for Space Research
(INCOSPAR), led by Vikram Sarabhai,
who is also the founder of India's space
program. INCOSPAR established the
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launch Station
in southern India, where the first Indian
rocket (Argo B-13) was launched in 1963.

1969 In 1969, INCOSPAR became the Indian

Space Research Organization (ISRO) and
started the space program. In 1975, he built
India's first satellite (Aryabhata), launched
by the Soviet Union. In 1980, India
launched its first satellite (Rohini) using an
Indian-made rocket (SLV-3).

2008-2014 In October 2008, ISRO sent its first

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 mission to the Moon (Chandrayaan-1) and
its first mission to Mars. Mars Orbiter
Mission (MOM) in November 2013. This
probe entered Mars orbit on September 24,
2014, making India the first country to do
so.

2016 In June 2016, ISRO set a personal record

for most satellites (20) launched in a single
payload. In February 2017, they set a world
record when they launched 104 satellites in
a single payload. In June 2017, India
launched its heaviest rocket, the
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-
Mark III (GSLV-Mk III).

C. Indonesia's Achievements in Space

In 1976, Indonesia through a telecommunications company then bought a
communication satellite, SKSD Palapa. Indonesia is the third country to use
communication satellites after America and Canada. In 1976, LAPAN was still in the
making of rockets, satellites were also still in the discourse stage

Palapa A

Indonesia's first satellite has specs similar to the domestic satellite used by
Canada and the United States because it was made by the same hughes aircraft
company with a hs-333 model. Palapa a has 12 transponders of the equivalent
capacity of 6,000 voirs or 12 color television channels, with a lifetime of up to 7 with
a satellite height of 3.41 meters, 1.9 meters in diameter and a weight of 574 kg on
launch.

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 The coverage area palapa satellite covers Indonesia and southeast Asia-
Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. Controlled and operated by the
formulator (now mobile phone). Transponder was allocated to a communication
system used by the tvri and also the ministry of defense and security. Asean countries
are also using the transponder of palapa a satellites in the Philippines, Thailand and
Malaysia

Then, Brisat is a satellite of Indonesian people's bank (BRI), created by SSL

using a platform of 1300. Has the capacity of 36 transponder c-band and 9 my
transponder, successfully launched on June 19, 2016 using ariane v from French
Guiana. For example, bri has been known to be the majority of micro financial
institution in Indonesia.

INASAT-1 (Indonesia satellite nano satellites it-1 pound (10-15 kg), and use
VHF/ uhf frequency. The inaster-1 was the first child labor satellite designed together
by PT.Dirgantara Indonesia and LAPAN in 2006, with a six-month orbit capability.

Then in 2007, we started to decide we had to accelerate the mastery of satellite

technology in cooperation with Germany. The first LAPAN satellite, A1 was
launched in India on January 10, 2010. The weight of this satellite is 57 kg. The total
budget spent at that time was Rp35 billion.

LAPAN-TUBSAT or A-1 is a microsatellite developed by the national

aeronautic and space agency (eight) in collaboration with the Berlin technical
university (technische university of ¤t (Berlin; Tu Berlin.) The vessel was designed
based on another satellite called r-tubsat, but it also included a new star sensor. This
plan-shaped, 55-pound [57 kg], web-shaped satellite of one and a five-inch [45 x 45 x
27 cm] will be used to provide direct surveillance of the earth's situation such as
forest fires, volcanoes, floods, storing and transmitted communications in an
Indonesian region, and for mobile communication missions.

Tubsat carried a high-resolution camera of 14 feet [5 m] and a half miles [630

km] wide on the earth's surface in an altitude of 630 miles [630 km] and a low-
resolution camera that separated 200 meters [200 m] and 150 miles [81 km] wide.
This attitude maneuver involves the attitude system of 3 racti-wheel, 3 gyro, 2 sun
sensor, 3 magnetic coil, and a star sensor for satellite navigation. These components
distinguish them from other microsatellites that rely solely on a semi-passive
stabilizer system of gravity gradient and magneto torquer, so the sensor only leads
vertically down. As observation satellites, it can be used for direct surveillance of
forest fires, volcanoes, landslides and booms and planes.

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 Picture of Satellite A-1

On the official website Kementrian Luar Negeri Indonesia.2019. Indonesia Dorong

Kerja Sama Pemanfaatan Ruang untuk Tujuan Damai.
https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/732/berita/indonesia-dorong-kerja-sama-
pemanfaatan-ruang-angkasa-untuk-tujuan-damai. Indonesia has been using space
technology to realize the SDGS in terms of disaster relief, health, education,
economics, and maritime support.
On the official website LAPAN.https://www.lapan.go.id/post/6669/5-tahun-
satelit-lapana2lapanorari-untuk-bangsa. About 10 years ago eight successfully
launched three rx-200 rockets. One load of the rx-200 rocket ship was carrying a load
of radio communications and an automatic packet delivery system (aprs) aimed at
testing its operating stations in the air. The launching of the rocket also in an effort to
bring about a natural disaster by providing a means of communication to support
radio amateurs at the disaster site. Success in radio communication and aprs tests was
the basis for extensive satellite reconstruction.

The LAPAN A-2, started in 2008, was designed to support the handling of the
earth, ocean traffic monitoring and amateur radio communication. The LAPAN A-2
satellite was successfully launched at 11:30 a.m, September 28, 2015, in sriharikota,
India. Satellite orbit is LAPAN A-2 in contrast to LAPAN tubsat in polar orbit. The
consequence is that these satellites pass through Indonesia 14 times a day.

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 LAPAN A-3/IPB, launched on May 31, 2016 that was used to monitor
agricultural land and maritime monitoring.

Kementerian Luar Negeri Indonesia. 2019.Indonesia Dorong Kerja Sama

Pemanfaatan Ruang Angkasa untuk Tujuan
Damai.https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/732/berita/indonesia-dorong-kerja-sama-
pemanfaatan-ruang-angkasa-untuk-tujuan-damai accessed on 18 October 2020.

LAPAN.2020. 5 Tahun Satelit LAPAN A-2/LAPAN ORARI Untuk

Bangsa.https://www.lapan.go.id/post/6669/5-tahun-satelit-lapana2lapanorari-untuk-
bangsa accessed on 18 October 2020

D. Quranic Verses Related to Space

"And all that is in the heavens and the earth, namely all creeping things and the
angels only prostrate to Allah. And they (angels) do not boast." (An-Nahl: 49).

This verse implies the existence of life other than on earth. This is in
accordance with the American Space Agency, NASA announced, that meteroid
which fell in Australia some time ago contained amino acids. This substance is
the main mineral that forms life. Thus, other life beyond Earth is possible

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 “Whoever Allah wills will give him guidance, surely He will spread his chest to
(embrace) Islam. And whoever Allah wants him to go astray, Allah will make
his chest tight again narrow, as if he is climbing the sky, "(Surah 6 Al-An'am:
125).

In this verse it means that astronauts who will carry out space missions when
they go up into space make the human chest short of breath and feel cramped in
the breathing space (lungs) due to the reduced air pressure as we get further from
the surface of the earth.

“O congregation of jinn and humans, if you are able to penetrate / cross the
corners of heaven and earth, then pass, you will not be able to penetrate it but
with sulthan (strength). " [Al-Rahman: 33]

Sulthan (strength) referred to in the above verse is knowledge. While they

are able to cross the corners of the world with knowledge, then their actions are
in accordance with the Al-Qur'an and its interpretation. This means scientists or
astronauts from existing space agencies can get to the moon or to other planets
because of their knowledge.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion

By knowing the history of space development, we can conclude that the

conveniences we feel today are the result of the hard work of various space
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 research agencies over the years. The results of the hard work of these scientists
are very beneficial for all of us, we get to know about the vast universe, as well
as know the satellite which is very influential in our lives today.

B. Suggestion

After studying the history of space development and research results of the
world space agency, hopefully we can increase our faith in Allah. It is because of
His permission that we can all obtain all these conveniences through the help of
the space research agency. We get a lot of benefits from the results of this
research. Hopefully all of this will make us even more grateful for what Allah
has given us.

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 REFERENCES
Biondy, Y. & I. S. (n.d.). Museum Antariksa Indonesia Yogi Biondy.
Boyko A.K., S. M. . (n.d.). No Title. 1–4.
Habibi, D., & Alfathimy, A. (2018). Kemunculan Perlombaan Antariksa Bernuansa
Ekonomi. March. https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v2n1.7
LAPAN. 2015. Laporan Kinerja Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional
(LAPAN). Jakarta
Metzger, P. T. (2016). Space Development and Space Science Together , an Historic
Opportunity. 1–40.
Millbrooke, A. (2014). History of the Space Age. May.
Ratmoko, E. (n.d.). Antariksa dalam Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan : Konflik
Non-Konvensional dan Potensi Peran Indonesia sebagai Mediator. 139–148.
Sama, B. K., Masyarakat, H., Pemuda, J., No, P., & Indonesia, J. (2018). TINJAUAN
ASPEK TEKNIS DAN YURIDIS LAPAN ( THE OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL
AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF SPACE EXPLORATION AND ITS IMPACTS FOR
LAPAN ). 19–26.
Sumardi. (2017). Perkembangan Hukum Antariksa Nasional dan Tindak Lanjut yang
Harus Dilakukan. 19–28.

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