Prepared by:

CORPUZ, Miguel Angelan Jr. B.

• It is a process of evolution wherein a
genetically homogenous population is
divided into two or more populations, each
of which undergoes a genetic differentiation
and eventually, reproductive isolation
• The creation of new populations (species)
with greater adaptive efficiency than their
ancestors determines the trajectory of
evolution.
THE 3 MODES OF SPECIATION

ALLOPATRIC PARAPATRIC
Geographical Partial Spatial
Isolation Isolation

SYMPATRIC
Genetic
Polymorphism
• Occurs when members of a
population become
geographically isolated from one
another. This may be a result of
geographical changes, such as
the formation of a mountain, by a
volcano.
• Alternatively, species members
may emigrate, resulting in
population separation by
dispersal.
Example:
• Allopatric speciation due to
geographic separation: The
northern spotted owl and the
Mexican spotted owl inhabit
geographically separate
locations with different
climates and ecosystems.
• Galapagos islands hosted a
population of finches, which
exhibited slight differences in
features such as size, color and
beak length or shape.
• There were distinction of food
sources on each of the islands.
Hence, the variations in beak
shape were an adaptation to
obtaining the specific food
sources.
PARAPATRIC SPECIATION

• An extremely rare case of speciation

that occurs when a population is
continuously distributed within a
geographic area. Individuals mate
more commonly with their closes
geographic neighbors, resulting in
uneven gene flow.
• Non random mating may increase the
rate of dimorphism within populations.
• Species of the grass
Anthoxanthum odoratum that live
near mines have become tolerant
to heavy metals; however, other
plants that do not reside near
mines are not.
• On the counterpart, because the
plants are so close together, they
may fertilize one another,
resulting in the emergence of a
new species.
• The Bullock's and Baltimore's
orioles evolved from a
common species that
spanned the USA. Overtime,
western and eastern orioles
came to rely on different
songs to call mates and this
led to speciation.
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
• This is the process of formation of
new species from an original
population that are not
geographically isolated.
• Gene flow between daughter and
parental population during
sympatric speciation is postulated
to be inhibited by intrinsic factors,
such as chromosomal changes, and
non-random mating.
• Apple maggot flies that deposited
eggs and bred only on hawthorns
200 years ago are now laying eggs
on both hawthorns and domestic
apples, demonstrating sympatric
speciation.
• As a result, gene flow between
populations that mate on different
types of fruit is limited, and certain
genetic variations between these
two groups of flies have evolved in
less than 200 years.
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YOU!