MODULE 1 Not only does safety on construction
sites protect your workers, but it also keeps
IMPORTANCE OF OSH IN
CONSTRUCTION SITE
INTRODUCTION
A safe jobsite is one of the most
important responsibilities of a construction
safety office. Aside from the obvious
ethical concerns of keeping workers injury-
free, there are significant costs associated
with an unsafe worksite.
Construction worker injuries and
illness have cost implications attached
which arguably, can have a major impact on
a construction organization. However, it is
possible to prevent accidents from
occurring. Consequently, the costs of
accidents can be avoided, time and money
save and harm to people prevented.
WHY IS CONSTRUCTION SITE
SAFETY IMPORTANT?
The construction industry is one the
most dangerous in terms of workplace
fatalities. In layman’s point of view,
construction has three D’s that is, DIRTY,
DIFFICULT and DANGEROUS. As a
safety officer, you have an obligation to
understand the risks and keep workers safe
on the job.
Some of the most common hazards in
construction site are:
A. Falls from height.
B. Falling objects
C. Exposure to dangerous substances
D. Dust inhalation
E. Working in confined spaces
F. Motor vehicle accidents
Construction safety is also important
due to the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards and the recently passed law (RA
11058) and which is currently implemented
through DOLE’s DO 198-18.
Under these laws and related issuances,
workers have a right to a safe workplace.
They also require employers to provide
sufficient training, as well, to ensure
worksite safety. Along with this comes the
consequences and corresponding penalties
of violating these laws.
SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION SITES
PROTECTS THE PUBLIC
the general public safe. Construction sites
are usually located in busy areas where the
general public is coming and going.
Inadequate safety protocols can
allow objects to fall on innocent bystanders,
putting people not even connected to the
project at high risk.
SAFETY REDUCES WORK-RELATED
ACCIDENTS
Not only does construction site
safety decrease the risk of injuries to the
public, but it also reduces the risk of work-
related injuries and accidents. Having a
culture of safety reduces the risk of these
types of accidents.
DECREASE TIME AND MONEY LOST
AFTER AN ACCIDENT
When an accident occurs that causes
an injury or death, work stops. The severe
nature of these accidents require
investigation, and work cannot continue
while the instigation is underway.
Construction site accidents also
drive up the overall cost of your project.
Often equipment or supplies are damaged,
and your overhead will increase. For
injured workers, worker's compensation
claims can increase total operating costs. If
the person injured is not part of the
construction company, a lawsuit is likely.
Keeping the construction site safe helps
limit this risk, so your project can finish on
time and budget.
INCREASE OSH COMPLIANCE
Even if accidents do not occur, an
unsafe workplace is a risk. DOLE and other
regulatory agencies require specific
standards of safety and health.
If you do not adhere to these
regulations, you are putting your company
at risk because an unsafe work environment
can lead to fines and penalties if your
failures come to light. Following and
exceeding current safety guidelines protects
you against this genuine risk.
WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL
COSTS?
Construction companies spend a
huge costs per year associated with
occupational injuries and illnesses — Supervision and management lost
expenditures that come straight out of time
company profits. Incident investigation costs
The report shows 63.7 percent of Production loss and process delays
construction-related fatalities were caused Transportation costs
by the “Fatal Four” — falls, struck by Training of replacement employee
object, electrocution, and Additional medical costs
caught-in/between. Damage to equipment, plant, tools,
or other property
DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS Idle plant and equipment
The costs of accidents can be Legal expenses
categorized into direct and indirect costs. Reduced morale
Various direct and indirect costs are Overhead cost borne by injured
associated with any accident and the extent employee/family and Negative
of these varies with the severity of the image
consequences of an accident. Severity can
range from minor accidents involving little IMPACT OF SEVERITY ON COST
or no absence from work to fatalities. The costs associated with
construction-related accidents can vary
radically depending on the severity of the
consequences of the accident and other
influencing conditions.
Severity can range from minor
* BUILDING DAMAGE
* TOOL AND EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE
accidents involving little or no absence
* PRODUCTION DELAYS AND
INTERRUPTIONS
* LEGAL EXPENSES
from work to fatalities. The more severe the
* EXPENDITURE OF EMERGENCY
SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT accident the longer the time typically
required to recover and return to normal
occupational duties. Consequently, the
* INVESTIGATION TIME
* WAGES PAID FOR TIME LOST
* COST OF HIRING AND/OR
TRAINING REPLACEMENTS
* OVERTIME
* EXTRA SUPERVISORY TIME
* CLERICAL TIME
associated costs are much higher. The more
* DECREASED OUTPUT OF INJURED
WORKER UPON RETURN
* LOSS OF BUSINIESS AND
intensive the medical treatment required the
GOODWILL
higher will be the costs associated with the
accident.
Direct costs tend to be those associated
with the treatment of the injury arising from HOW DO YOU MANAGE FOR
the accident and any unique compensation SITE SAFETY?
offered to workers as a consequence of Worker safety should be a priority
being injured. throughout any construction firm,
These easily-identified expenses are known regardless of its size. Managing a team that
as the ‘direct costs’ associated with embodies this concept will be beneficial to
accidents. The direct costs are by and large the organization as a whole. Effective
covered by workmens’ compensation company’s OSH leadership and
insurance. management will:
Indirect Costs Make worker safety and health a
Less evident expenses associated core organizational value.
with accidents are known as "indirect" or Ensure full commitment to
"hidden" costs and can typically be several eliminating hazards, protecting
times greater than the value of the direct workers, and continuously
costs. improving safety and health on job
Indirect costs include: sites.
Overtime costs Provide sufficient resources to
Time lost by injured employee implement and maintain the safety
Idle workers lost time and health program.
Remedial work/correction Visibly demonstrate and
Injured employee's productivity loss communicate their safety and health
costs commitment to workers and others.
 Set an example through their own The work is a system – more than a
actions. collection of independent
variables.
BUILDING A CULTURE OF When an accident happens, there is
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION a sound reason to believe that an
accident is a breakdown in a
SITE
system rather than a fault in any
With the benefits of a focus on
variable, example, the individual.
safety being quite obvious, it is time to take
Accidents occur within systems, and
a closer look at your construction site to see
the worker/s is part of a work
if you are doing all you can to protect your
system.
company.
Obviously if a person went to work,
To build a culture of safety;
sat in a room and did nothing, that
A. Make safety requirements a
person would have little chance of
condition of employment.
being involved in an accident.
B. Host regular training to ensure
In carrying out the work function
everyone understands your safety
the person has demands placed on
recommendations, and
his/her physical and psychological
C. Reward workers who regularly
make-up.
make safety a priority.
ACCIDENT THEORY
SUMMARY
Safety on the construction site is
vital to protecting workers, protecting the
public, and keeping the job running on
time.
By creating a culture of safety in
your company, you can protect the workers
and other stakeholders from these risks.

Accident
An occurrence or event that is
unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and
unwanted that may or may not cause
damage, injury, fatality, loss or work
MODULE 2 stoppage.
Basic Accident Causation Theory
UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITIONS Accident versus Incident
According to US-OSHA
An “Accident” is defined as an
THE WORK SYSTEM unplanned event that results in personal
injury or property damage.
BACKGROUND: An Incident is defined as an
THE WORK SYSTEM unplanned event that does not result in
personal injury but may result in property
damage or is worthy of
Basically, by definition, all accidents are
incidents,
but not all incidents are accidents.

THE WORK SYSTEM

DOMINO THEORY OF
ACCIDENTS

INTERVENTION OF PPE
UNSAFE ACT

The human action that departs

from a standard or written job procedure or
common practice, safety rules, regulations
or instructions.

UNSAFE CONDITION

The physical or chemical property

of a material, machine or the environment
which could result in injury to a person,
damage or destruction to property or other
forms of losses.

IMMEDIATE CAUSES
UNSAFE ACTS

Running at too-high speeds

Operating equipment without training
and certificate
Failure to give warning
Failure to secure equipment, materials
Tampering with safety devices.

UNSAFE ACTS
Smoking in
flammable area
Doing hot works
without work permit
Work with hazardous
chemicals without
appropriate PPE
Working over 2M high without
protective barrier or fall protection.

UNSAFE CONDITION
 Guards, barriers not
adequate TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
PPE not adequate CONTACT WITH ACCIDENT:
Defective equipment, materials, restricted
workplace
Fire, flammable, explosion hazards.
UNSAFE CONDITION

DIFFERENT LEVEL FALL ACIDENT:

Poor house keeping

Poor ventilation
High temperatures

UNSAFE CONDITION
High noise levels

OVEREXERTION ACCIDENT:
STANDARD DEFINITION
A Work Accident – shall mean an
unplanned or unexpected occurrence, that
may or may not result in personal injury,
property damage, work stoppage or
interference or any combination thereof
which arises out of and in the course of
employment.”
Occupational Safety and Health Standards Rule CAUGHT-ON ACCIDENT:
1002 (8)

PRIMARY CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS

CAUGHT BETWEEN ACCIDENT:

TRAPPED-IN ACCIDENT:
TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
Struck against rigid structure
Struck by falling object
Caught in, on or between
Fall on same level/ in different level
Electrocution
Fire
LOSSES Administrative Control:
Safe work practices, Signs and Signage,
Training and Education

Personal Protective Equipment:

Last line of defense

HAZARD CONTROL
The first consideration for
controlling hazards is to eliminate the
hazard or substitute a less hazardous
material or process.

If hazard cannot be eliminated, then:

Enclosed hazard
Isolate hazard
Remove/redirect hazard
Redesign workplace

If engineering controls are not

feasible then consider implementing
administrative controls.
Examples of administrative control include:
Limiting time exposure to hazards
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS Provisions of safety signages
Requires the promotion of safe behaviors Provisions of written safe operating
and maintenance of safe working procedures
environment. Conduct of job hazard analysis
Creation and implementation of
CONTROLLING UNSAFE ACTS safety and health rules for
A. Reward: employees
Financial bonus
Promotion PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
Extra responsibility EQUIPMENT
Incentive schemes - As a last line of defense in control
B. Active Encouragement of measures
Involvement in: PPE is acceptable as a control method in
Decisions of Consultation the following situations:
Risk assessments Engineering controls do not
Safe systems of work eliminate hazard
C. Provision of: While engineering controls are
Training being developed
Good working Environment Administrative controls and safe
Welfare facilities work practices are not sufficient
D. Explanation of Ultimate protection
Consequences During emergencies
E. Consistent/controlled Discipline
PPE may be broadly divided as follows:
SYSTEMS TO CONTROL Head protection
UNSAFE CONDITIONS Hearing protection
Engineering control: Respiratory protection
Elimination/substitution/Minimization Eye and face protection
Isolation/Enclosure of the Hazard Hand protection
Foot protection
 Protective clothing SIGNS OF POOR
HOUSEKEEPING
PPE does nothing to stop the hazard at Cluttered and poorly arranged areas
source, but simply serves as a barrier Untidy or dangerous storage of
protection to reduce the severity of the materials
potential accidents. Presence of items no longer needed or
in excess
CONCUSION Dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces
All accidents have causes, therefore Tools and equipment left in work areas
accidents can be prevented by correcting No waste bins and containers
the potential causes before the accident Presence of spills and leaks
happens.
THREE TYPES OF HAZARDS
RESULTING FROM POOR
HOUSEKEEPING

1. SLIP, TRIP, AND FALL – One of the

most common type of hazards created
by poor housekeeping
When objects, materials, tools, and
equipment are not properly stored
workers are bound to trip over them.

Slippery conditions are created when

water, moisture, oils, grease, etc. are
left on the floor in work areas.
MODULE 3 Fall hazards are created when
CONSTRUCTION SITE
PREMISES

WHAT IS HOUSEKEEPING?
Housekeeping means general care,
cleanliness, orderliness, and maintenance.
Housekeeping is crucial aspect of
workplace of workplace safety as good
housekeeping helps prevent accidents and
also reduce the severity /consequences of
accidents.
employees have to stand on make
PHILLIPINE OSH STANDARDS shift surfaces to reach items stored at
AND RELATES LAWS REQUIRE TO higher levels. Falls also occur when
MAINTAIN OUR WORKPLACE FREE changes in elevation are not properly
FROM HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS. marked or barricaded in work areas.

One of the most common findings

in construction site is poor housekeeping i.e
untidiness, disorder, poor storage of
construction materials and stocks.
2. STRAIN AND SPRAIN HAZARDS –
sprain and strain injuries can result from
slip, trip, and fall incidents. They also
can occur when heavy items are not
properly put away.
When heavy or awkward objects are
placed on the floor and need to be
picked up by a worker it creates a
risk for injury.

BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

To often items have to be moved

when there is poor housekeeping in
a work area just for the sake of
getting them out of the way.
Because of unnecessary lifting,
sprains and strains can occur.
MATERIALS HANDLING

3.
LACERATION HAZARDS – when you are
working in a construction setting, there
are plenty of sharp objects that can cut
your hand or body. When items are not
properly stored this creates a huge risk
for laceration injuries. Sharp tools,
jagged metal, sharp edged material, etc.
can easily cut through a glove or
clothing and injure a worker.
EFFECTS OF POOR
HOUSEKEEPING CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
HANDLING OPERATION

TYPES OF MATERIAL HANDLING

ACCIDENTS
THE 5S OF GOOD
HOUSEKEEPING
MANUALS HANDLING – MISTAKES
THAT CAUSE INJURIES

MECHANICAL HANDLING SAFE

PRACTICES

PRECAUTIONS IN MANUAL
HANDLING

MECHANICAL HANDLING
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

LIFTING COMPARISON

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNS

MEHANICAL HANDLING SAFETY SIGNAGE AND DEVICES

 EFFECTIVE VISUALS

CLASSES OF FUELS

ALL ABOUT FUEL

PRINCIPLES OF FIRE
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
SAFETY

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
CLASS A FIRE – Involves ordinary
combustible materials.
BULLETIN BOARD Ex. Wood, paper, rubber, plastic, etc.
CLASS B FIRE – involves
flammable liquids.
PPE Ex. Gasoline, cooking oil, paints, thinner, grease,
DANGER SIGNS LPG release of gas
CLASS C FIRE – involves energized
electrical equipment.
Ex. Electric fan, AC unit, computer
CLASS D FIRE – involves
combustible metals.
CAUTION SIGNS Ex. Magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium

EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE
Removal of fuel
SAFETY Limiting oxygen
Cooling the heat
INSTRUCTION SIGNS
SAFETY FIRE EXTINGUISHER
SCOREBOARD
Permanent PORTABLE
EFFECT TO THE HUMAN
BODY
Disturbance to normal body
function
Burns on body tissue
Secondary accident
PASS – WORD Involuntary grip
Ventricular fibrillation
Death

REMINDERS
Strictly follow established standards
Install temporary or permanent
electrical installations properly
“Better understanding of
Place warning signs
fire will lead us to a
Use protective devices
prompt and correct
Replace protective device with the
extinguishment of fire”
same kind and rating
Observe proper maintenance
ELECTRICAL SAFETY schedules
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Conduct regular inspections
- A fundamental entity of nature Only qualified personnel are
consisting of negative and positive allowed
kinds composed of electrons and Use appropriate electrical test
protons, usually measured in instruments
electrostatic units. Always assume that the circuit is
- Is our most versatile form of energy. energized
Failure to ensure that safe design, Observe LOTO
considerations, work procedures, Use insulated tools
servicing and maintenance operation Do not work alone on any part of
are established often result in bodily the circuit
hard (including fatalities), property Use the proper PPE
damaged or both.
HOW DO
HOW DO WE DISTINGUISH LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
HIGH AND LOW VOLTAGE? PROCEDURES PROTECT
High Voltage – 660 and Up Volts
Low Voltage – 1 to 659 Volts EMPLOYEES FROM
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS?
WHERE DO ACCIDENT Before
servicing and
USUALLY HAPPEN?
maintenance of
High voltage or Low voltage
power
equipment or
REASONS:
machines,
It is where the public moves
require
Workmen are less experienced
workers to follow lockout/tagout
It is treated less dangerous
procedures.
DANGERS FROM Lockout device (lock, chain, valve,
ELECTRICITY etc.):
SHOCK Prevents
BURN flow of
FIRE energy
 from a power source to power
equipment to keep it from operating.
Tagout: Tag the power source; acts
as a warning, not a physical
restraint.
HAZARDS
FROM ELECTRICITY
Defective insulation
Undersized electrical accessories
Sparks
Flying particles / Dust
SAFE WORK PRACTICES
Use of Insulated Tools
Use of GFCI
Remove Frayed or Damaged Lines
Protect Wires from being damaged
Maintain Safe Clearance: 10 ft. min.
Provide Insulators
Never Bridge Fuse
WHAT IS THE MEANS OF
EGRESS?
- A means of egress is an
unobstructed path to leave
buildings, structures, and spaces. A
means of egress is comprised of exit
access, exit, and exit discharge.
EMERGENCY EXITS
At least 2 Ways Out
Clear and Unobstructed
Well-illuminated
EMERGENCY PLANNING IN
CONSTRUCTION SITE
Important components of an
emergency action plan:
Get to know your entire layout--site,
building or structure as best you
can.
Analyze potential emergency
situations at your work site.
Know where emergency phone
numbers are posted at your work
location.
Know who has responsibility during
emergencies.
When emergency devices such as
personnel protective equipment, fire
extinguishers, etc. must be used, do
all co-workers know how to use this
equipment correctly?
Practice the emergency procedures
to ensure their effectiveness.
Remember that emergency
procedures must be updated
whenever there is a change in the
operation, hazardous exposures,
physical layout or if new employees
are working in the location.
MODULE 4
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK
ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Safety Hazards – Something that has a
potential for injury
Health Hazards – Something that has a
potential to cause illness
RISK MANANGEMENT
- means the total procedure associated
with identifying a hazard, assessing
the risk, putting in place control
measures, and reviewing the
outcomes.
- means the process of
evaluating the risk to
safety and health
arising from hazards
at work.
RISK MANAGEMENT STEPS
There
are six
basic
steps in
the risk
management process:
 Establish the context
Identify the hazards
Analyze risks that may result
because of the hazard
Evaluate the risks
Treat the risks
Review and monitor the risks
RISK CONTROL
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION The risk control process starts by
- is the process of identifying hazards considering the highest ranked risks,
in the workplace or for a work working down to the least
procedure. significant. Each risk should be
- In order to understand what hazard examined having regard to the
identification involves, it is first Hierarchy of Controls
necessary to understand the nature
of hazards.

HAZARDS & RISKS

The Hierarchy of Controls should be

used at all times when implementing
means a source or a situation with a
controls to eliminate the hazard or
potential for harm in terms of human injury
reduce the risk of a hazard causing
or ill health, damage to property. damage to
loss at the workplace.
the environment or a combination of these.

RISK ASSESSMENT HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS

In assessing risks, three essential steps are
taken:
1. The probability
or likelihood of
an incident
occurring is
evaluated.
2. The severity of
the potential consequences is
calculated or estimated
HAZARDS & RISKS
RISK – means a combination of the
likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous RISK CONTROL TECHNIQUES
event with specified period or in specified Use safety policies, safety manuals,
circumstances and the severity of injury or rules, and procedures
damage to the health of people, property, Staff training and orientation
environment or any combination of these Document an inspections and safety
caused by the event. training
Conduct thorough accident
3. Based on those factors, the risks are investigations
assigned priority for risk control
through the use of a risk rating WORKPLACE
CLASSIFICATION UNDER D.O.
198-2018

Low risk establishment – refers to a
workplace where there is low level of
danger or exposure to safety and health
hazards and not likely or with low
probability to result in accident, harm or
injury, or illness.
14. Transportation
15. Water supply, sewerage, waste
management, remediation activities
16. Works in which chlorine is used in
bulk
17. Activities closely similar to those
enumerated above and other
activities as determined by DOLE in
accordance with existing issuances
on the classification of
establishments
WORKSHOP ON ACCOMPLISHING
RISK ASSESSMENT FORM/MATRIX

Medium risk establishment – refers to a

workplace where there is moderate
exposure to safety a nd health hazards and
with probability of an accident, injury or
illness, if no preventive or control measures
are in place.

High risk establishment – refers to a

workplace wherein the presence of hazard
or potential h azard within the company
may affect the safety and/or health of
workers not only within but also persons
outside the premises of the workplace (eg
construction, mining, petrochemical, etc.)

The following are workplaces commonly

associated with potentially high-risk
activities:

1. Chemical works and chemical

production plants
2. Construction
3. Deep sea fishing
4. Explosives and pyrotechnics
factories
5. Firefighting
6. Healthcare facilities
7. Installation of communication
accessories, towers and cables
8. LPG filling, refilling, storage and
distribution
9. Mining MODULE 5
10. Petrochemical works and refineries
FALL PROTECTION
11. Power generation, transmission and
distribution in the energy sector
12. Storage and distribution center for HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO
toxic or hazardous chemicals FALL, 4FT, 16FT, 64FT?
13. Storage of fertilizers in high volume
 Design safety into the construction
process

PREVENTING EMPLOYEE
EXPOSURE

A body in free fall can travel 4ft in

0.5 seconds
A body in free fall can travel 16ft in
1.0 seconds
A body in free fall can travel 64ft in
2.0 seconds
FALL PRVENTION METHODS
FALL HAZARDS Providing proper access to elevated
1. FALLS FROM ELEVATION work area
Protecting unguarded openings and
leading edges
Practicing good housekeeping

STAIRS AND LADDERS

Scaffolds
Ladders
Roof
Elevated workplaces
Floor openings
Leading edges
HANDRAILS – ASSISTS
2. FALL ON THE SAME LEVEL BALANCE
Slipping and tripping hazards

3. BEING STRUCK BY FALLING

OBJECTS
Objects that are:
- Improperly stored
- Improperly disposed of
- Mishandled at elevation
-
GUARDRAIL
APPROPRIATE METHODS OF - A barrier erected to prevent
PROTECTION employees from falling to lower
Elimination levels
Prevention - Work locations requiring guardrail
Control protection:
ELEMINATING Elevated work platforms (such as
THE FALL HAZARD form work)
Requires careful assessment of the Scaffolds
work to be done and how to safely Openings/holes in bridge decks,
accomplish that work floors or other unprotected surfaces
Develop a different way of Unprotected sides of
performing the work ramps/stairways/platforms
GUARD RAIL SYSTEMS

FLOOR HOLES
Cover completely
and securely.
If no cover, can
guard with a
guardrail.

SKY LIGHTS AND OTHER

OPENINGS
Holes more that
6ft high must be
protected.
This guardrail could be
made safe by using a
guardrail, or strong
cover.
Covered floor
hole marked, and with a
guardrail surrounding it.
Good housekeeping

can reduce hazards of

falling objects. You
should keep your
workplace clean and

WALKWAYS AND RAMPS

Guard ramps, runways
and other walkways.

this ¼” nylon rope

alone is not a
proper way to tidy daily.
guard this open CONTROLLING THE FALL
side. Should only be considered after
determining that the fall hazard
SURFACE OPENING cannot be eliminated or the
PROTECTION possibility of falling prevented.
Least desirable method of protection
because it minimizes the
 consequences of a fall rather than Body harness
preventing its occurrence. Components (connectors like snap
hooks or Dee rings, connection
FALL RESTRAINT OR FALL points, lanyards, deceleration
ARREST? devices, lifelines, etc.)
Travel Restriction Systems
ELEMENTS OF A FALL ARREST
Use to prevent the
SYSTEM
user from reaching
Anchor Point
an area where free-
Lifeline
fall could occur (e.g.
Lanyard or
leading edge roof
Rope
work)
Full-body
Harness
USE OF BODY BELTS
Effective January 1, 1998, body
ANCHORAGE
belts are prohibited as a fall arrest
A secure point of attachment for
device. (OSHA)
lanyards, lifelines, or deceleration
Body belts
devices capable of withstanding the
can still be
anticipated forces applied during a
used as a
fall
positioning
Shall be located above the worker to
device.
avoid unnecessary swing in the
event of a fall
D- RINGS Anchoring Devices/Points
Remember: DO - Structural Members
NOT USE SAFETY - Anchors/Fasteners
BELTS THAT - Eyebolts
SHOW SIGNS OF - Imbeds
DAMAGE!!! - Turnbuckles
- Shackles
FALL ARREST SYSTEMS - Slings
Protect you AFTER you fall by - Retractable
stopping the fall before you hit the surface - Cross Arm Straps
below Non-Anchorages
- Purpose: - Guardrails
Stop the fall - Railings
Distribute the impact energy - Ladders/Rungs
experienced during the fall arrest - Scaffoldings
- Includes: - Ductworks/Pipe
Full body harness - Vents
Safety nets - Conduit/Plumbing
- C-Clamps
- Roof stacks, vents, fans
LIFELINE
is an independent length of synthetic
fiber or steel wire rope attached to a
point of anchorage at one or both
ends. It is used to guide a fall arrest
device.

Know the A, B, Cs of Personal Fall Arrest HORIZONTAL

Systems LIFELINE
Anchorages Consists of a
fixed rail or
 synthetic fiber rope or wire rope harness protects you more than a
rigged between two substantial safety belt, because it distributes the
anchor points. force of impact over a greater area
Allows a worker to move of your body.
horizontally
INSPECTING YOUR FULL
VERTICAL LIFELINE BODY HARNESS
An Inspect your harness before each
independent use.
length of Buckle:
synthetic
fiber or steel
wire rope
attached to a
point of anchorage. It is used to
guide a fall arrest device.
It allows a worker to move
vertically on an aerial lift device. Webbing:

LANYARD
Flexible line of
webbing or a
synthetic or
wire rope used
to secure a
safety belt or
full body D-rings – Look for bent, cracked, nicked, or
harness to a lifeline or anchor. gouged rings.
Inspect the lanyard before each use
Remember: IF THE HARNESS IS
SHOCK ABSORBER DAMAGED OR WORN, DO NOT WEAR
A shock absorber slows and IT!!
cushions the fall, reducing the force
of stopping the fall.
SWING FALL HAZARD
Be careful not to tie
off to an anchor in
Warning: such a way that if you
The shock fall, you'll swing into
absorber may increase an obstruction
the length of the
lanyard by as much as A swing fall can be as
1.2 m (4 ft)during a fall. harmful as falling to
Allow for this extra fall the ground
distance when you
include a a shock How AFTER A FALL
to determine thirstha absorber in your Immediately remove from service
personal fall hooking protection system. all equipment used to arrest the fall. You
cannot use the equipment again until it has
FULL BODY HARNESS been inspected and approved by the
Wear a full body harness if you are manufacturer or other approved agent, or by
at risk of falling a professional engineer.
It consists of straps passed over the
shoulders. across the chest, and FALL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
around the legs. In a fall, a full body
 building, you must make use of designated
entry point.

TRAINING
Employerd must provide fall protection
training which may cover:
Fall hazards (recognition and
minimization)
Fall protection
SAFETY NET/MESH systems
Constructed of materials of Use of fall
sufficient strength to catch a falling protection
person or debris devices
Sufficient tension and clearance to
prevent a falling person against SUMMARY
contacting any surface or structure If you can fall
below the net
Inspected at least once a week for
more than 6ft, you must be
wear, damage and other protected.
deterioration Use fall protection:
You  Walkways & ramps, open
sides & edges, holes,
concrete forms & rebar,
excavations, roofs, wall
openings and bricklaying.
 Protective measures
include guardrails, covers,
safety nets, and Fall arrest
should use overhead shelter and systems.
follow the designated passageways
Do not take short cut to save time as
you may hit by falling objects when
you do not follow designated MODULE 6
passageways. TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

Overlay net is
important because it
protects workers SCAFFOLD
and public from means any
being hit by falling temporary
objects.

When entering
or leaving a
elevated platform (made
of timber, metal or
bamboo) and its
 supporting structure (including
points of anchorage) used for
supporting employees or materials
or both in the course of any
construction works, including
maintenance and demolition works.
FUNCTION
- As a working platform
So that the worker can stand on the
platform to perform their work
easily and safely
So that the workers can place their
materials and logistics to carry out
their job
- As a platform and walking passage
Scaffolding supports the platform
used by the worker as their walking
path to transport the materials and
logistics
SCAFFOLD ACCIDENTS
An estimated 2.3 Million
construction workers or 65% of the
construction industry work on
scaffolds frequently.
OSHA statistics report that about
28% of the scaffold accidents that
occur are the result of construction
deficiencies.
These deficiencies include:
- Substandard components
- Omitting essential components
- Failing to complete the assembly
- Of the fatalities that occurred, 23%
occurred as a result of construction
deficiencies
- 18% happened as a result of
electrocutions
- 14% occurred while climbing
- 10% due to structural failure of
scaffolds
- 10% were from falling objects
- 10% happened because of falls
while working on the platform
- 8% occurred while
assembling/disassembling the
scaffolding
HAZARDS IN THE USE OF
SCAFFOLDS
Falls from
elevation
Scaffold collapse
Electrocution
RECOMMENDED MEASURES
Falls from elevation
- Use guardrails
- Use fall arrest systems
Struck by falling tools or debris
- Barricade the area below the
scaffold and forbid entry
- Use panels or screens
- Build a canopy or net
Scaffold collapse
- Proper scaffold construction
- Do not overload with people or
equipment
- Use personal fall arrest systems
- Have a competent person check
scaffold
Electrocution
- Honor clearance distances required
between power lines and scaffolding
- De-energize the lines.
- Install protective covering
CLEARANCE FROM POWER
LINES
Line Voltage
Minimum Distance
Less than 300 volts
3 feet (0.9 m)
300 volts to 50 KV
10 feet (3 m)
more than 50 KV
10 feet (3 m) plus 0.4 inches for
each 1 KV over 50 KV
EXAMPLE
Line Voltage = 60 KV
- 50 KV = 10 feet
- 10 KV = 10 x 0.4 = 4 in
- 4 in x 1 ft / 12 in = 0.33 ft
Answer: 10 feet and 4 inches 10.33
feet
SELECTION OF A
SCAFFOLDING SYSTEM
Basic considerations
- Weight of workers, tools, materials
and equipment (according to ANSI
A10.8: 200 lbs / worker and 50 lbs for
weight of tools)
- Site conditions
 - Height of scaffold
- Type of work that will be done
- Duration of work
- Weather conditions
- Requirements for pedestrian traffic
- Means of access to the scaffold
- Configuration of the building or Frame or Fabricated
structure being worked on - Fabricated frame scaffolds. are the
- Special erection or dismantling most common type of scaffold
circumstances because they are versatile,
economical, and easy to use.
CLASSIFICATION OF - Frequently
SCAFFOLDS used in one
or two tiers
by
residential
contractors,
painters,
etc., but their
modular
Supported Scaffolds frames can also be stacked several
Suspended Scaffolds stories high for use on large-scale
construction jobs.

SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS
Supported scaffolds consist of one
or more platforms supported by
outrigger beams, brackets, poles,
legs, uprights, posts, frames, or
similar rigid support.
Types of supported scaffolds:
Ladder Jack
Frame Scaffold or Fabricated frame
Tube and Coupler
Manually Propelled / Mobile
Pole
Specialty
Pump jack
SCAFFOLLDING PARTS
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS
Mobile – Mobile
scaffolds are a type of
supported scaffold set
on wheels or casters.
They are designed to
be easily moved and
are commonly used for
things like painting
and plastering, where workers must
frequently change position.
Pump jack –
Pump jacks are
a uniquely
designed
scaffold
consisting of a
platform
supported by
moveable
brackets on vertical poles. The brackets
are designed to be raised and lowered in
a manner similar to an automobile jack.
Pump jacks -are appealing for certain
applications because they are easily
adjusted to variable heights, and are
relatively inexpensive.
Ladder Jack – a ladder - Step, Platforms, and Trestle ladder
jack scaffold is a simple scaffolds
device consisting of a - Bricklayer's Square Scaffolds
platform resting on
brackets attached to a
ladder.
Ladder jacks are
primarily used in light
applications because of their portability
and cost effectiveness.
Outrigger scaffold
Tube and Coupler – Tube and coupler
scaffolds are so-
named because ELEMENTS OF SUPPORTED
they are built from SCAFFOLD SAFETY
tubing connected Base section
by coupling Support structure
devices. Access
Due to their Fall protection
strength, they are Platform
frequently used Keeping Upright (Guys, Ties, Etc.)
where heavy loads need to be carried, or Electrical Hazards
where multiple platforms must reach Personnel training and supervision
several stories high. ELEMENTS OF SUPPORTED
Their versatility, which enables m them SCAFFOLD SAFETY
to be assembled in multiple directions Base section
in a variety of settings also makes them Support structure
hard to build correctly. Access
Pole or Wood Pole – Pole scaffolds are Fall protection
a type of supported Platform
scaffold in which every Keeping upright
structural component, Electrical hazards
from uprights to braces Personnel training supervision
to platforms, is made of
wood.
Two kinds: single-pole,
which are supported on
their interior side by a structure or wall,
and double-pole, which are supported
by double uprights independent of any
structure.
Because they have to be built from
scratch and cannot easily be reused,
pole scaffolds are considered old-
fashioned and are rarely used today.
Specialty and Other
Scaffolds – Many
scaffold types regulated
by OSHA standards are
rarely used, and designed
for a very narrow and
specific range of
applications.
Examples:
- Outrigger scaffolds
 Mobile or Rolling Scaffolds which need to
bet moved frequently should be equipped
with castors or wheels.

SCAFFOLD PLATFORM
CONSTRUCTION
Platforms must:
be fully
planked
or decked
with no
more than
1-inch
gaps
be able to
support its weight & 4 times
maximum load
be at least 18 inches wide

- No large gaps in
front edge of
platforms
- Each abutted end
of plank must rest
on a separate
support surface
FRAME SCAFFOLDS - Overlap platforms
Assure Stability at least 12 inches
- Base Plates nailed to mud sill over supports,
- Mud Sills unless restrained to
- Firm Foundation prevent movement
Plumbed and braced to prevent - Deflection < 1/60
swaying and displacement of span, L

- No paint on wood
Capacity platforms
- four (4) times the maximum - Fully planked
intended load between front
Braces upright and
- Frames and panels must be guardrail support
connected by cross, horizontal or - Component pieces
diagonal braces used must match
- Plumbed and leveled and be of the same
- Secured to prevent dislodging type
- Erect on stable and level ground
MOBILE SCAFFOLDS - Lock wheels and braces
PLATFORM ENDS
Each end of a
platform, unless cleated
or otherwise restrained
by hooks, must extend
over its support by at
least 6 inches
No Cleats
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
SCAFFOLD HEIGHT
Fittings and Accessories
The height of the
To install all the parts, fittings and
scaffold should not be more
accessories
than four times its minimum
Base Plates and Screw Jacks
base dimension unless guys,
Rule of thumb is to use the 2:1 ratio,
ties, or braces are used
the outside (visible) length of exposed
screw to inside screw length.
SUPPORTED Erection and Dismantling
SCAFFOLDS By trained personnel only
Higher than 4:1 ratio, should be
restrained from tipping by ties and braces. SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS
Suspended scaffolds are platforms
4:1 height from bottom and top suspended by ropes, or other non-rigid
most means, from an overhead structure.
Vertically: Types of suspended scaffolds:
- every 20 feet for scaffolds 3 - Two-point (swing stage)
feet wide - Single-point adjustable
- every 26 feet for scaffolds - Catenary
more than 3 feet wide - Multi-point adjustable
- Interior Hung
Horizontally every 30 feet from one - Needle beam
end - Multi-level
- Float (ship)
TUBE AND COUPLER
SCAFFOLD Two points (Swing stage)
Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 Two-point adjustable
feet/38.5 meters must be: suspension scaffolds, also
- Designed by a Structural Engineer known as swing-stage
- Constructed and loaded in scaffolds.
accordance with the design Most common type of
Couplers must be made of structural suspended scaffold.
metal such as; Hung by ropes or cables connected to
Malleable iron stirrups at each end of the platform
Structural Grade Aluminum Used by window washers on
Gray cast iron is prohibited skyscrapers.
Single Point Adjustable
TUBE AND A single-point adjustable
COUPLER scaffold consists of a
platform suspended by one
SCAFFOLDS
rope from an overhead
support and equipped with
means to permit the
movement of the platform to desired work
levels.
 Used by window washers to clean the with a series of platforms at various levels
outside of a skyscraper (also known as a resting on common stirrups.
boatswain's chair).
Float (ship)
Catenary A float, or ship, scaffold is
A catenary a suspension scaffold
scaffold is a consisting of a braced
scaffold platform resting on two
consisting of parallel bearers and hung
a platform from overhead. supports by
supported by ropes of fixed length.
two
essentially ELEMENTS OF SUSPENDED
horizontal and parallel ropes attached to SCAFFOLD SAFETY
structural members of a building or other Anchorage
structure. Support
Access
Multi-point Adjustable Fall protection
A multi-point Platform
adjustable scaffold Stability
consists of a Electrical Hazards
platform (or Personnel training and supervision
platforms)
suspended by more ANCHORAGE
than two ropes from overhead supports and Tiebacks
equipped with means to raise and lower the Must be
platform(s) to desired work levels. secured to a
An example of this type of scaffold is a structurally
chimney hoist, used in chimney- cleaning sound anchorage on
operations. the building or
structure
Interior Hung Tiebacks
An interior hung suspension scaffold must be equivalent in strength to the
consists of a platform suspension ropes and hoisting rope.
suspended from the Must be installed perpendicular to
ceiling or roof structure the face of the building or structure, or
by fixed-length supports. opposing angle tiebacks must be installed.
Single tiebacks installed at an angle are
prohibited.
COUNTERWEIGHTS
Suspended scaffold outrigger beams
Needle beam must be stabilized by: Counterweights, or
This simple type of Bolts or other direct connections to the
scaffold consists of a floor or deck.
platform suspended from - Counterweights used to balance
needle beams, usually adjustable suspension scaffolds
attached on one end to a must be capable of resisting:
permanent structural member. - At least 4 times the tipping moment
imposed by the scaffold when it is
Multi-level operating at the rated load of the
A multi-level scaffold is a hoist
two-point or multi- point - A minimum of 1½ times the tipping
adjustable suspension scaffold moment imposed by the scaffold
when it is
operating at
 the stall load of the hoist, whichever The constant
is greater. rotation of this rope
- Fall protection must be independent as it ran through the
of the scaffold. If the hoist has caused the
counterweights had come free end to twist and split.
completely loose, what would have
secured the lifelines when the PROPER SCAFFOLD ACCESS
scaffold came down? Provide access when
- These counterweights are supposed scaffold platforms are more
to be secured to the outrigger than 2 feet above or below a
system by a steel plate clamped with point of access
bolts...
- Only items specifically designed as PERMITTED TYPES OF
counterweights may be used to ACCESS
counterweight scaffold systems.
- Masonry units, rolls of roofing felt,
and other similar construction
materials shall not be used as
counterweights.
- Counterweights must not be made
of flowable materials such as sand,
gravel, and similar materials that
can be easily dislocated.
- Counterweights must be secured by No access by crossbraces
mechanical means to the outrigger When using ladders, bottom rung no more
beams to prevent accidental than 24 inches high
displacement. Can use some end frames
- Counterweights must not be
removed from an outrigger beam
until the scaffold is disassembled.

Suspension Ropes:
Support at least 6 times maximum LADDER SAFETY
load "No matter how
Drum hoists must contain at least 4 quickly a job can be done, there is always
wraps of rope at the lowest point time to fall"
Wire rope must be replaced under the
following conditions: TRAINING
- 6 randomly broken wires in one Training must inform the employees
rope lay or three broken wires in performing the work of:
one strand in one lay Electrical hazards
- One third of the original diameter of Proper scaffold use
the outside wires is lost Load capacities
Heat damage Training inform the employees involved in
Physical damage such as kinks, assembly, disassembly and inspection of:
flattening Hazards
Correct procedures
WIRE ROPE Load capacities
This wire rope has You must retrain employees because of:
"bird- caged" and Changes in the worksite
become unsuitable for Changes in the equipment
use. Lack of proficiency

SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
 Scafftag is an internationally used Use sufficient quantity of
scaffold safety system and through its components for scaffolds.
simplicity, encourage and controls the
safety of scaffolding and of those who erect LOADING:
or dismantle and use it. Don't overload any scaffold or
A visual warning system to display platform
the status (i.e. safe vs unsafe) of Spread out the load on a platform. If
scaffolding. necessary, place concentrated load as near
the standard as possible.

CONSTRUCTION:
Scaffold should be plumbed as well
as leveled
Place scaffold standards or frames
systematically on sole boards.
Don't use bending stresses to
SCAFFOLD INSPECTION scaffold members.
Competent Arrange tubes so that they converge
person inspects scaffolds at the same nodal points.
for visible defects before Don't cover a scaffold with a
each shift and after any sheeting unless it is designed to be used for
alterations such purpose.
Defective parts Insert a temporary tie or brace
must be immediately before removing any tie or brace from the
repaired scaffold.
Replace tie or brace after you have
finished your job.
Remove all materials and loose
REMOVING / DISMANTLING OF objects from a mobile scaffold before
SCAFFOLDS moving the scaffold.
- Must be done by Don't ride on a mobile scaffold.
trained personnel Push only from the ground level.
- Proceed in reverse
order to its erection DISMANTLING
- Workers should wear a Don't throw scaffold members from
safety harness and height.
lanyard tied off to a secured anchor Don't dismantle the scaffold unless
before attempting to loosen stuck or you know the sequence. Instability and
jammed parts. collapse may result from the removal of the
- Do not hammer or pry apart the wrong tie or the premature removal of
scaffold components. certain members.
- Scaffold components should be
maintained RULE 1410: OSHS Amended by D.O.
128-13
SCAFFOLDING DO'S AND DON'TS General Requirements
• Don't stand length of tubes or frames Every scaffold shall be of good
against wall nor leave them unattended. construction of sound materials and
• Don't straighten deformed tubes or frames strength for the purpose for which it is
by heating. Excessively bent tubes should intended;
be discarded. Timber used for scaffolds shall be in
• Don't use excessively corroded tubes or good condition, the bark completely
frames stripped off, and not painted or treated in
Don't mix different systems in the any manner that defects cannot be easily
same scaffolds. seen; and
 All materials and parts of scaffold assessment prescribed by DOLE and
not in use or intended for re-use shall be TESDA
kept under good condition and separate Scaffold erectors shall have the
from other materials unsuitable for following certification:
scaffolds. - One Day Workers Safety
Orientation from DOLE or its
D.O. 128-13 accredited safety training
Some Specific Requirements organizations.
Timber/bamboo scaffolds shall be - Must be a holder of TESDA
limited to a height of 6 meters from the prescribed Scaffold Erector NC II
ground or base. For over 6 meters height,
steel scaffolds shall be used.
Structural steel when used as load
bearing members of scaffolding shall be
destressed at welded or bent joints and
design construction approved by the
appropriate authority.
All manufactured scaffolds and its
accessories shall follow the manufacturers'
designs and specification. Technical
properties and data of such manufactured
scaffolds shall be certified true by a
qualified testing laboratory. For MODULE 8
manufactured scaffolds more than 6 meters
DEMOLITION
in height shall be designed by structural
engineer and approved by appropriate
authority. DEMOLITION
All site fabricated/conventional Complete or partial dismantling of a
supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in building or structure by pre-planned and
height or a working load of 150 kg/m2 shall controlled methods or procedures
be designed and inspected by the structural
engineer and approved by the appropriate SAFE DEMOLITION REQUIRES
authority. ADEQUATE PLANNING
D.O. 128-13 WHY PLAN?
Training and Competency Requirement Identify the Hazards
Competent Person Meet Legislative Requirements
All scaffolds competent person must Ensure Appropriate Equipment
undergo the standard scaffold training and Ensure Safe Disposal of Materials
assessment prescribed by DOLE and Determine Appropriate Methods of
TESDA Demolition
The competent person shall have the Determine Cost of Demolition
following certification:
- COSH Training Certificate from KEY AREAS FOR PLANNING
DOLE or its accredited safety Type of Construction
training organizations Type of Structure
- Must be a holder of TESDA State of Structure
prescribed Scaffold Erection Structural Hazards
Certificate Hazardous Substances
At least 2 years’ experience in Location of Services
scaffold erection General Conditions of Adjoining
Structures
SCAFFOLD ERECTOR Access and Egress
All scaffolds’ erectors must undergo Suitability of Site for Equipment
the standard scaffold training and
DEMOLITION TECHNIQUE
Sequential – gradual reduction of
height in reverse order to its
construction
Induced – key structural members
are weakened or removed, causing
the whole part of the structure to
collapse
METHOD OF DEMOLITION
Manual – use of hand-held tools
Mechanical – use of heavy
equipment, wires and chain, power
shear, etc.
Explosives – use of explosives
Explosives and Blasting implements
shall not be transported with other
materials
Storage
All explosives must be accounted
for
Follow manufacturer's instructions
Detonators should be stored in a
separate magazine Storage should
be fire and bullet- resistant
Proper Use
Operation between Sunup &
Sundown
Precaution on the use of f mobile
radio transmitting equipment.
Suspension of operation during
electrical storm

After Blasting
WORKPLAN Disconnect firing line from blasting
Technique and Method of machine
Demolition Allow dust and smoke to subside
Sequence of Work Operation Inspect if all charges have been
Estimate of Time of Completion exploded
Equipment to be Used Equipment
Proposed Access and Egress Cranes
Public Protection Bulldozers
Bracing and Shoring Excavators
Disconnection of Services Work Platform
Methods of Handing/ Disposal of Wrecking Ball
Demolished Materials Hazards Associated with
PPE Requirements Demolition
Demolition Personnel and Falls
Supervisor Being Hi/Trapped/Crushed by
Objects
Procedure Manual Handling
Manual Demolition Hazardous Substances and
All utilities shut off Dangerous Goods
All glasses removed Noise and Vibration
Shoring or other measures Electric Shock
implemented Fires and Explosions Equipment
Protection of workers from fall Falls
Stairs to be demolished last Falling through fragile roofing
Explosives material
By Competent Person Falling through openings
Precautions from: Falling from open edges
Smokes, matches & open flames Falling out of elevating work
Radio Frequency for Electrical platforms
Detonators Failure of equipment
Transport of Explosives Falling from roof or other elevated
Vehicles shall have tight floors area
covered w/ wood Lift shafts
Collapse of flooring
Collapse of ground
 Tripping over debris Falls
Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects Hierarchy of Control
Falling debris (from service ducts Elimination
and lift shafts) Substitution
Accidental/uncontrolled collapse of Isolation
a structure Engineering Control
Use of equipment (crane lifting Administrative Control
loads) Personal Protective Equipment
Failure of structural members (load Elimination
bearing steelwork) Disconnect services to the
Manual Handling demolition site
Using equipment Ensure there are no sparks or
Operating equipment ignition sources where there is risk
Manual demolition of fire or explosion
Lifting material Ensure separation between the
Clearing up public and demolition activities
Loading trucks/bins Substitution
Use power shears, in place of
Hazardous Substances grinding or oxy-acetylene cutting,
Lead – lead based paint, tanks where there is a risk of fire
containing lead-based petrol Isolation
Asbestos – sprayed coatings, Install screens on equipment to
insulation materials, fire resistant protect from dust and noise
walls/partitions, cement sheets, Install barriers and fences
flooring materials Mark off hazardous areas
PCBs – stones, bricks and concrete Engineering Control
aggregates Install safe working
Dangerous Goods platforms (scaffolds
Flammable liquids/vapors and and elevating work
sludge from industrial process and platforms)
confined space Install edge protection to open edges
Noise and Vibration of landings, stairways and fixed
Equipment platforms
Falling debris Use shoring and bracing to support
Explosives loads Modify tools or equipment
Electric Shocks Provide guarding to machinery or
Live wires from structures equipment
Fires and Explosions Provide shatterproof/guarded
Flammable materials windscreens on equipment
Welding or cutting Engineering Control
Leaks of explosives gases from Install anchor points
accidental damage of pipes for fall arrest systems
Arson especially when the site is Spray water to
unattended suppress dust
Equipment Use chutes for dropping debris
Electrocution Use cranes for lowering loads Install
Plant failure vehicle buffers where equipment is
Dropping material exposed to an open edge
Equipment striking persons Provide flash arresters on gauges
Noise and vibration and hoses of welding equipment
Flying particles Administrative Control
Dust and other airborne hazards Limit the amount of time a person is
Falling objects onto operators exposed to a particular hazard
Structural collapse of floors
Welding and cutting hazards
 Implement and document safe
working procedures for all
hazardous tasks
Train and instruct all personnel
Identify hazardous substances prior
to work
Implement safe procedures for
handling hazardous substances
Implement procedures for
disconnecting services to the site
Use lookouts at the site
Implement confined space entry MODULE 9
procedures
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Ensure all loads to be lifted are
accurately calculated
Personal Protective Equipment PPE
Safety Helmets
Harnesses and Lanyards
Boots
Gloves
Respirators SECTION 3, PAR. Q OF D.O. 198-
Hearing Protectors 18 DEFINE PPE AS:
Demolition
Preparation
- Barricading of property (distance
equal to 1 1/2 times of height of
structure)
- Protection of adjoining property
- Disconnect existing gas, electric and
other services GUIDELINES IN SELECTING
- Removal of glass PPE
During Demolition Work - Identify the hazard
- Floor by floor in descending order - Understand the effect
- Provision of chute for disposal of - Recommend the proper
debris equipment
- Special structures - Train workers on proper usage
Chimney and maintenance
Trusses and girders
Pre-stressed members
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
“If we Fail to Plan, we Plan to Fail” EQUIPMENT
- Head protection
- Hearing protection
- Hand and arm protection
- Torso protection
- Eye & face protection
- Respiratory protection
- Foot protection
- Fall protection

OCCUPATIONAL HEAD
HAZARDS AND EFFECTS
 striking objects, glare and injurious
radiation hazards.
2. Eye googles – are primary
protective devices intended to fit the
face immediately surrounding the
eyes
HEAD PROTECTION 3. Face shields – is a protective device
intended to shield the wearers face,
or portions thereof from striking
objects or chemical, hear and glare
hazards.

USE OF EYE AND FACE

PROTECTIONS
“A general rule, face shields should
be worn over suitable basic eye
CHARACTERISTICS OF A protection” – NSC
GOOD QUALITY HARD HAT
WHEN SHOULD YOU WEAR A
HEARING PROTECTION
DEVICE?

PERMISSIBLE NOISE
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION EXPOSURES

EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL
EYE AND FACE HAZARDS
EFFECTS
- Permanent loss of vision
APPROXIMATE DECIBEL
- Temporary loss of vision LEVEL
- Inflamed eyes
- Skin burns
- Lacerations
- Fractures
- Broken teeth
EYE AMD FACE PROTECTION
(ANSI Z87.1 – 1989)
1. Safety spectacles – are primary
protective devices intended to shield
the wearers eyes from flying and
ARM’S LENGTH RULE
“if two people (with no hearing
impairment) have to raise their voices or
shout to be heard in a distance of less than
an arm’s length from each other, the sound
level is potentially hazardous”
TYPES OF HEARING
PROTECTORS
EARPLUGS – hearing
protectors placed inside the
ear to block out noise. To
work efficiently, they
should fit snugly into the
ear canal.

EARMUFFS – a device
composed of a headband
DIFFERENT KINDS OF
with two cushioned ear GLOVES
cups that form a seal
around the outer ear,
covering it completely and
blocking out the noise.

HOW DO YOU USE NOISE

REDUCTION RATING (NRR)
VALUES TO DETERMINE THE
PROTECTION PROVIDED BY A
HEARING PROTECTOR?

FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION

RESPIRATORY HAZARDS SAFETY SHOES

- Acids/Mists CLASSIFICATION
- Solvents/Vapors (ASTM F 2413)
- Gases/Smoke - HEAVY DUTY OR CLASS 75
- Dust/Particulates - MEDIUM DUTY OR CLASS 50
- Heavy Metals/Fumes

LIMITATIONS OF PPE
1. The hazard still exists
2. A defective PPE offers no protection
3. The PPE may introduce additional
hazard
4. Most PPE are not for continuous use
 5. Improper wearing may not give
maximum protection
6. It may transfer hazard to another
location
OSHS RULE 1080:
PERSONA; PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
AND DEVICES

1081 GENERAL PROVISIONS:

MODULE 10
1081.01 EVERY EMPLOYER: ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

1081.02

1081.03

1081.04
RECOGNITION OF HAZARDS

RECOGNITION

EVALUATION OF HAZARDS
CONTROL OF HAZARDS
 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE WITH
COVID-19 PREVENTION AND
CONTROL IN THE WORKPLACE

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
(ILO/WHO)
Promote and maintain the highest
degree of physical, mental & social
well-being of workers of all
occupations;
Prevent workers from departures
due to health caused by their
working conditions;
Protect workers in their working
environment from hazards and risks
usually causing adverse health
effects;
Place & maintain a worker in an
occupational environment adapted
to his/her physiological ability.

HAZARD AND RISK

HAZARD – any source of potential
damage, harm or adverse health effects on
something or someone under certain
conditions at work.

RISK – the chance or probability that a

person will be harmed or experience an
adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard.

WILL EXPOSURE TO HAZARDS

IN THE WORKPLACE ALWAYS
CAUSE INJURY, ILLNESS OR
MODULE 11
OTHER ADVERSE HEALTH or years to have recognizable
EFFECTS? clinical disease
NO Health Effects
 Renal Diseases
Factors that Determine Disease  Respiratory
Development Diseases
Workplace factors  Skin Diseases
+  Hematologic
Workers' susceptibility Diseases
__________________________________  Cardiovascular
Occupational and Work-Related Diseases Diseases
 Neurologic
Diseases
 Carcinogenic
 Teratogenic

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Routes of entry into the body

Routes of exertion

Chemical Hazard: Prevention

 Routes of entry can determine the
methods of prevention
Classification of Toxic Effects
 Practice proper personal hygiene
 Local toxicity-occurs at the site of
 Ensure access of workers to
chemical contact
washing facilities, food storage, and
 Systemic toxicity occurs distant provide eating areas away from
from point of contact. may involve workplaces
many organ systems
 Biological monitoring helps in early
 Acute toxicity: occurs almost determination of diseases cause by
immediately (hours/days) after an chemicals in the work environment
exposure
 Chronic toxicity represents
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
cumulative damage to specific
 Noise
organ systems; occurs many months
  Vibration Complaints that people do not speak
 Extreme Temperature clearly
 Illumination Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)
 Radiation
NOISE:
PREVENTION
- Baseline
and Periodic
Audiogram

VIBRATION
Physical factor which affects man by
transmission of mechanical energy from
oscillating sources
Types
- Segmental vibration
- Whole body vibration

SEGMENT VIBRATION:

NOISE FACTORS
Intensity
Duration
Type

NOISE
Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
- Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory
fatigue)
temporary loss of hearing acuity WHOLE BODY VIBRATION:
after exposure to loud noise - Health effects:
recovery within 16-48 hrs. Disorders of spine
- Permanent Threshold Shift Low back pain
irreversible loss of hearing

Other Harmful Effects of Noise

Hypertension VIBRATION: PREVENTION
Hyperacidity
Administrative Measures
Palpitations
- Adequate information and training to
Stress-related disorder
operators of vibrating machinery on
(Sleep disturbance & irritability)
correct and safe work practices
- Arrange work schedules to include rest
Early Signs of Hearing Loss
periods
Difficulty in understanding spoken
Technical Measures
words in a noisy environment
- Choice of tools with lowest vibration
Need to be near or look at the
and ergonomic designs
person speaking to help understand
Medical Procedures
words
Familiar sounds are muffled
- Pre-employment medical screening and - to assist in the performance of
subsequent clinical examination at visual tasks
regular interval - to develop an appropriate visual
environment
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
Sources of heat stress: Health Effects of Poorly Lighted
Natural Conditions Workplace
Hot work processes related to furnaces, Visual Fatigue
kilns, boilers and smelting Double Vision
Headaches
Painful irritation
Lacrimation
Conjunctivitis

Inadequate Illumination. Prevention

Adequate lightning
Both the quantity and quality of
light is important for optimum
vision

HEAT STRESS: PREVENTION

Acclimatization – Adapting the worker
to a very hot environment by exposing Baseline and periodic eye examination
to the area progressively (3-4 hours in
the first working days and the duration
increases afterwards)
Hydration – Frequent drinking of small
amounts of water

RADIATION BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION
Illumination
Lighting is provided in order to satisfy the
following requirements:
- to assist in providing a safe working
environment
HIV AND AIDS
H-HUMAN
I-IMMUNODEFICIENCY
V-VIRUS
HIV- VIRUS CAUSES
AIDS

A-ACQUIRED
I-IMMUNE
D-DEFOCINCY
S-SYNDROME
AIDS- SERIOUS AND USUALLY
FATAL CONDITION IN WHICH THE
BODY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM IS
SEVERLY WEAKENED AND
CANNOT FIGHT OFF INFECTION

HIV is NOT transmitted....

through casual contact in any
setting-schools, homes, hospitals
through insect, food, water, clothes,
toilets, swimming pools, and
drinking and eating utensils

PREVENTION OF HIV INFECTION

REMEMBER ABCDE!
Abstinence
Be Faithful
Condom
 Do not inject Drugs/no sharing of
needles
Education
VIRAL HEPATITIS
Immunization to hepatitis provides
protection specially to those working in the
health care setting.
COVID-19
(CORONAVIRUS DISEAS 2019)
What is COVID-19?
Covid 19 is the term
used to describe the
infectious disease caused by a
new Corona virus otherwise
known as SARS-CoV2, a
new strain of virus first detected in Wuhan,
China, Dec. 2019.
It known to target the respiratory system
Signs and symptoms:
Fever
Cough
Difficulty of breathing
Diarrhea
But in some may be without
symptoms
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Covid 19 is diagnosed by RT-PCR
testing that may or may not be
preceded by a rapid IgG-IgM test
There is no exact treatment for this
disease
Like other viral infections it helps to
provide symptomatic relief of fever,
cough, or even Diarrhea when it
happens
There have been attempts to
prescribe and use some drugs
however to date it has not been
proven 100 %effective.
Many have succumbed to death.
PREVENTION
Covid 19 is a highly contagious
disease
Once diagnosed, isolation is
required to prevent the spread of
this disease
Preventive measures include
frequent washing of hands with soap
and water or use of hand sanitizers
is advised
Avoid touching your mouth eyes
and nose (MEN)
Practice respiratory etiquette, cover
your mouth when sneezing or
coughing
Today, in the Philippines, it is the
law to wear face masks when you
go out of your homes
Social distancing is also required.
The distance between 2 persons
must at least be 6 ft from each other.
No vaccine has been developed for
this disease
Wearing of PPE is required for
health care workers and other "front
liners" Working in the field of
COVID infection.
THE PANDEMIC
A Pandemic: the Who defines this
as a w$154 spread of a new disease.
On March 11, 2020, the WHO
officially declared the Covid 19
outbreak as a Pandemic due to the
global spread and severity of the
disease
On March 16,2020, the Philippines
was placed under a state of calamity
by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
due to the threats of COVID 19.
The Island of Luzon and parts of the
Visayas were placed under
enhanced community quarantine
until May 15, 2020.
CONTACT TRACING
Standard procedure for all known
COVID cases This is a way of
finding out possible persons who
may have been in contact with the
patient
Once identified, these contacts are
isolated and may be tested or
observed for symptoms.
Another strategy of prevention and
control of the spread of covid
ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL FOR
EXPOSURE TO COVID-19 IN THE
WORKPLACE
Key exposure factors in the workplace
 Does the work setting require close
contact with people potentially
infected with the COVID-19 virus?
Do specific job duties require close,
repeated or extended contact with
people with known or suspected
COVID-197
Has the community spread of the
virus included cases in the
workplace?
METHODS TO PREVENT COVID-19
IN THE WORKPLACE
Key steps for preparing for and
managing epidemics in the workplace
Preparing for the threat.
Implementing preventive measures.
Implementing the continuity of
operations plan.
Managing business recovery post-
epidemic.
BASIC HYGIENE AND SOCIAL
DISTANCING
Stay home when sick.
Wash hands or use sanitizer
frequently and after coughing,
sneezing, blowing nose, and using
the restroom.
Avoid touching your nose, mouth,
and eyes.
Cover coughs and sneezes with
tissues or do it in your sleeve.
Dispose of tissues in no-touch bins.
Avoid close contact with coworkers
and customers (1 meter).
Avoid shaking hands/wash hands
after physical contact with others.
Guidelines if The Workplace Had A PUI,
The Management of Institutions Shall:
1. Remind all employees and
personnel to:
Practice good personal hygiene
Practice social distancing
Monitor their health including
temperature checks at least
twice daily
If unwell, do not go to work
and/or go on sick leave.
In addition, visit a healthcare professional
immediately and inform their supervisors or
the HR department/administrators
immediately, if unwell
2. Explore alternative work
arrangements.
3. Perform enhanced disinfection of
workplace premises.
GUIDELINES IF A CONFIRMED
CASE IS DETECTED IN THE
WORKPLACE
The DOH shall reach out to the
employer first and it is the joint DOH and
LGUS contact tracing team which shall
assess who among such persons should be
placed on quarantine and advise which area
to vacate & cordon-off.
Employers should cooperate and
provide the necessary assistance and
support to the joint DOH and LGUs contact
tracing team by helping identify any
persons at the workplace who may have had
close contacts with the confirmed case. For
those who are not placed under quarantine,
follow instructions above
Employers should immediately
vacate and cordon-off the prescribed
section of the workplace premises where
the confirmed case worked. There is no
need to vacate the building or the whole
floor if there had been no sustained and
close contact with the confirmed case
Carry out a thorough cleaning and
disinfecting of that section of the workplace
premises particularly those that come in
frequent contact, using 0.1% bleach.
For employees who may not be able
to remain physically at their workplaces if
they have been asked to vacate their work
stations or are pending assessment by the
joint DOH and LGU's contact tracing
officers, employers are urged to enable
flexible work arrangements or treat such
absences in accordance with Department of
Labor and Employment/Civil Service
Commission guidelines.
Employers shall provide timely
information to employees on latest
developments and reassure employees and
other relevant persons, e.g. customers, of with the engineering sciences to achieve
the measures being taken to ensure their optimum mutual adjustment of human to
well-being at the workplace. the work, the benefits being measured in
Employers should regularly keep in terms of efficiency and well-being
touch with an employee who is a suspect or Three main goals:
confirmed case or was placed on - to make work safe and humane
quarantine. - to increase human efficiency
Carry out a thorough cleaning and - to create human well-being
disinfecting of that section of the workplace
premises particularly those that come in
frequent contact, using 0.1% bleach.
For employees who may not be able
to remain physically at their workplaces if
they have been asked to vacate their work
stations or are pending assessment by the
joint DOH and LGL's contact tracing
officers, employers are urged to enable
flexible work arrangements or treat such
absences in accordance with Department of
Labor and Employment/ Civil Service
Commission guidelines.
Employers shall provide timely
information to employees on latest
developments and reassure employees and
other relevant persons, eg customers, of the
measures being taken to ensure their well-
being at the workplace
Employers should regularly keep in
touch with an employee who is a suspect or Health Effects
confirmed case or was placed on quarantine Painful joints
Pain, tingling, numbness in hands,
FAQs wrists, forearms, shoulders, knees
DTI and DOLE Interim Guidelines on and feet
Workplace Prevention and Control of Shooting or stubbing pains
COVID-19 Swelling or inflammation
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Fingers or toes turning white
Back or neck pain
Stiffness

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

ERGONOMICS
ILO Definition:
The application
of human biological
science in conjunction

BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
MONITORING
Systematic, continuous, repetitive
health-related activities that should
lead to corrective action
Types of monitoring
1. Ambient/Environmental
2. Biological
3. Medical Surveillance
PURPOSE OF BIOLOGICAL
MONITORING
Measurement of a substance, its
metabolites or its effects in body
tissues, fluids or exhaled air of
exposed person
Assess exposure and health risk of
workers
Complements exposure assessment
by air sampling
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
Purpose of Medical Surveillance
Identify cases
Analyze Trends and Patterns in the
Workforce to Guide Prevention
Efforts
Meet Regulatory Requirements
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
- Know the hazard
- Characterize the hazard
- Know the worker
- Obtain information on medical
examinations
- Analyze medical data
- How worker is exposed
- How worker is affected
- Exposure levels
- Exposure duration
- Susceptibilities
- Directed towards specific organ
system
- Disease, recovery, rehab
- Effectiveness or failure of control
measures
Standards, Policies and Guidelines
Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Rule 1050
Notification and Keeping of
Records of Accidents and/or
Occupational illnesses
Rule 1070
Occupational Health and
Environmental Control
Rule 1960
Occupational Health Services
RA 11058 and its RR (0.0198-18)
Occupational Health Services
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
Health Examinations:
  Entrance Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention and
 Periodic Control in the Workplace
 Special examination HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control
 Transfer examination RA 8504 Philippine AIDS
 Separation examination Prevention and Control Act of 1998
National Workplace Policy on
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH STD/HIV/AIDS initiated by DOLE-
PROGRAMS 1997
Key Elements of the Occupational Health Department Order 102-10:
Program Guidelines for the Implementation
Health Protection of HIV and AIDS Prevention and
Health Promotion Control in the Workplace
Health Rehabilitation Hepatitis B Prevention and Control
Department Advisory No. 05: Guidelines
HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAMS for the Implementation of Workplace Policy
and Program on Hepatitis B

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 56-03

RATIONALIZING THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FAMILY
WELFARE PROGRAM (FWP) IN DOLE
SECTION 2. New Priorities of the Family
Welfare Program
a) Reproductive Health and
Responsible Parenthood
b) Education/Gender Equality
c) Spirituality or Value Formation
d) Income
Generation/Livelihood/Cooperative
e) Medical Health Care
f) Nutrition
g) Environmental Protection, Hygiene
Health Promotion and Sanitation
Physical activity, Nutrition, Weight h) Sports and Leisure
reduction i) Housing
Immunization – OSHS, RULE 1960 j) Transportation
Smoking cessation – RA 9211
Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003

Drug Abuse Prevention and Control

RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act
of 2002
Department Order No. 53-03:
Guidelines for the Implementation
of a Drug-Free Workplace Policy
and Program for the Private Sector
Tuberculosis Prevention and Control
Executive Order No. 187, Instituting
a Comprehensive and Unified PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
Policy for Tuberculosis Control in Participation and involvement from
the Philippines (CUP) (March 2003) stakeholders
Department Order No. 73-05: Coordinated intervention
Guidelines for the Implementation Learning from
of Policy and Program on specifications/guidelines,
scientific data
best practice
BENEFITS TO THE WORKERS
Enhanced worker motivation and
job satisfaction
Added problem-solving capacity
Greater acceptance of change
Greater knowledge of work and
organization
Reduces the extent and severity of
work-related injuries and illnesses
Improves employee morale and 1. HEAVY EQUIPMENT –
productivity WHAT DO THEY DO?
Reduces workers' compensation
costs DUMP
TRUCK –
SUMMARY: Hauls materials
Exposure to workplace hazards have and
ill- effects to the workers' health. debris away;
Monitoring prevents the occurrence delivers sand
of work-related and occupational or other
diseases. materials
Establishing workplace policies and to a site.
programs will 2. FORKLIFT – Moves materials,
definitely around a site; unloads trucks.
benefit 3. GRADER – Makes a roadbed
everyone. smooth by dragging a blade over it.

"I still need more

healthy rest in 4. COMPACTOR OR ROLLER –
order to work at Smoothed and compacts the road
my best. My health with a heavy roller
is the main capital I
have and I want to administer it
intelligently." 5. BULLDOZER – Moves dirt,
Ernest Hemmingway stones, or
Nobel Prize winner for literature other
materials.
6.
CONCRETE
MODULE 12 MIXER –
SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION HEAVY Mixes
EQUIPMENT water, sand,
(Stationary, Mobile and Crane) gravel,
and
cement to
CONCERNED
make
PERSONNEL concrete.
Equipment 7. CRANE –
Operator Lifts
Workers On Foot heavy things
Spotters
Management People and
Supervisors
Other Construction Site Personnel
 14. CHERRY PICKER – Lifts a
worker in a bucket

8. TOWER CRANE – Lifts beams,

pipes, batches of concrete or other
materials to high places

15. OUTRIGGERS
OR
9. MOBILE CRANE – Crane that STABILIZERS – Keep equipment
moves on wheels stable so it does not tip over
10.

CONCERN

EXCAVATOR OR DIGGER – Digs

deep holes

11. CRAWLER TRUCKS – Prevent

the machine from sinking into the
ground

12. FRONT- CONSTRUCTION HEAVY

END EQUIPMENT ACCIDENTS
LOADER
- Lifts and
transport
heavy
materials

13.
BACKHOE
LOADER
– Uses a
bucket on
the back
for digging
and has a
loader on
front for lifting
 ALL OF THESE THINGS
MAY HAPPEN AT YOUR
SITE!
PERSONS AT RISK ASIDE FROM
THE OPERATOR
PERSONS PUT AT RISK BY
WORKING AROUND, OR BEING
NEAR, HEAVY EQUIPMENT WHILE IT
IS OPERATING
NEED TO BE ON SITE ON
REGULAR BASIS
- Signal persons, spotters/flaggers
- Grade checkers, dump persons
- Equipment operators
- Laborers, steel workers and
carpenters.
- Foremen, supervisors, and other
related
contractor staff.
- Surveyors, layout crews
- Any other crafts and/or trades
working on the project, or passing
through the work areas.

HAZARDS PRESENT IN
CONSTRUCTION HEAVY
EQUIPMENT OPERATION
- Moving parts of the equipment
- Uneven terrain
- Energized electrical lines
- Fall
- Dust
- Overloaded equipment
- Noise
- Vibration
- Unsecured loads
- Improvised attachments
- Blind spot.

BLIND SPOTS
- Small heavy mobile equipment have
small blind spots and heavy mobile
equipment have large blind spots,
both can cause serious injury or
death
- The taller and wider the machine,
the bigger the blind spot area
- Operators, spotters and workers on
foot need to be aware were the blind
spots are.
-

RESPONSIBILITIES OF WORKERS
ON FOOT
- Wearing of high visibility vests or
equivalent and other appropriate
PPE's.
- Keep a safe distance from heavy
equipment’s
- Know the equipment's blind spots.
Never assume that the equipment
operator sees you
- Never ride on the steps or drawbars
of any equipment.
- Watch out for swinging parts.
SPOTTER RESPONSIBILITIES
- Wearing of high visibility vests or
equivalent and other appropriate
PPE's.
- Spotters should use clearly
understood hand signals or traffic
control devices, (i.e. signs, etc.)
- Spotters should know operator
visibility limitations, always remain
visible to the operator and be sure
eye contact is made before any
signals are given.
5 BASIC GUIDELINES ON HEAVY
EQUIPMENT OPERATION
When using heavy equipment, there
are 5 basic guidelines that the operators
must always follow to ensure safety:
1. Know how to properly operate the
equipment you are using
2. Do not use heavy machinery when
you are drowsy, intoxicated, or
taking prescription medication that
may affect your performance
3. Use only equipment that is
appropriate for the work to be done
4. Inspect your equipment to ensure
that it is in good working condition
before beginning a job. In addition,
ensure that regular inspections and
maintenance are conducted as
appropriate
5. Do not stress or overload your
equipment.
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILITIES
Learn and follow Safe Work
Practices!
Review manufacturer's operating
manual
Conduct pre-operational inspection
of equipment.
Know how to operate and use safety
features on equipment properly
Allow NO ONE to ride outside the
cab for any reason! Keep all lights,
back-up alarm, seat belts, mirrors,
shields and safety guards in place
and in good condition.
Keep all lights, back-up alarm, seat
belts, mirrors, shields and safety
guards in place and in good
condition.
 Be aware of people on foot around
you and other machines operating in
the area.
Know where your blind spots are
and always check the mirror on the
blind side.
Avoid underground utilities and
overhead power lines.
Must understand signals and always
obey the spotter.
Stop! When signaled; when waived
at violently; or if you are in doubt
Maintain a safe operating speed.
Operate within the equipment's
rated capacity.
Report any abnormalities, defects
and unsafe condition. Take Machine
"Out of Service", if it is unsafe to
operate
Do Not Attempt Repairs or
Maintenance that You Do Not
Understand
Never get on or off moving
equipment. Park in a safe place,
apply parking brakes, turn off
engine and remove the key before
dismounting.
Turn the engine off before refueling
EQUIPMENT MOUNTING AND
DISMOUNTING
Park in an area that provides
maximum protection for operator
and passengers and which provides
a solid landing during mounting and
dismounting.
When mounting or dismounting, use
all steps and all handholds provided.
Do not jump from equipment!
Use the three-point-contact method.
KEY ELEMENTS IN HEAVY
EQUIPMENT SAFETY PROGRAM
Management Commitment
Employee Involvement
Pre-construction Work-Site Analysis
Hazard Prevention and Controls
Equipment Maintenance
Employee Awareness Training
Periodically Review Policies and
Procedures
MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
Promote culture of Safety and
Health
Provide fundamental site rules and
training to all persons at risk
Restrict entry onto site of non-
essential personnel. Establish
controlled entry points to site
Coordinate operations of various
trades working in the same areas
Efficient and effective procurement
system.
EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT
Attend relevant trainings.
Employees must learn, follow, and
obey safety and other established
rules
Discuss safety concerns and issues
(e.g. through Toolbox Safety
Meetings or by reporting to the
supervisor or safety officer).
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS
Application of Engineering &
Administrative Controls and use of
PPE's.
- Install perimeter fencing and
enclosures
- Install/post signs
- Install temporary barricades around
hazards
- Spotters (with appropriate PPE)
provided for in-the-blind, backing
machines and/or equipment
- Choosing and using the appropriate
type of equipment.
PROPER EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE
Pre-operational inspection
conducted by operator.
Maintain equipment in safe and
proper condition
Maintain safety features such as
back-up alarm, horn, lights, limit
switches, overload protection and
mirrors intact and good condition
Cab glass or guard not cracked or
broken
Clean machine windows and
mirrors
Periodic preventive maintenance as
per manufacturer recommendation
Prompt repair of any noted
deficiencies
No modifications
 Refresh labels, signs, instructions,
charts, etc.

OPERATOR AUTHORIZATION
Operating a heavy equipment is a
great responsibility. Operation is
reserved only for safe and
responsible operators
A policy and procedure on
authorization of heavy equipment
operators must be in place. The
operator must be competent, trained
and in good health.

BASICS OF CRANE SAFETY

Safe Practices for Operators:
 Test all hoist controls and brakes at Leaving or Parking Hoists or Cranes
the beginning of each shift. Raise all hooks to - but not through
Never attempt to operate a crane or - limit switches.
hoist that is suspected to be unsafe. Place all controls in the "off"
Always test brakes by a short lift to position.
ensure control. Place main power switch in the
Move loads only after being "off" position.
signaled by the designated, qualified Make a visual check for any
signaler. dangerous condition.
Never carry loads over workers. Report any defects immediately.
Never carry loads past workers Tag out defective equipment
(they must yield right of way). immediately.
Signalers must keep line-of-sight Report all cranes that are not in
with the operator. operation immediately.
Never allow riders on loads or Follow the manufacturer's
hooks. recommendations.
Never allow unauthorized persons
to operate cranes. STANDARD HAND SIGNALS
Always lockout before maintenance
or repairing cranes.
Frequently inspect cranes exposed
to adverse conditions.
Always position the hook directly
over the load before lifting the load
off of the floor.
Document and maintain inspection
records. Check warning devices and
signals before use.
Signalers must watch the load.
Operators must watch the signalers.
Know your travel path in advance of
the lift!
Know where you're going to set the
load down!
Will the new location support the
weight?

Safe Practices for Signalers:

Only one person is the designated
signaler.
Maintain line-of-sight with the
operator.
Ensure the operator acknowledges
every signal.
Stop the operation if comprehension
is lost.
Operators must watch the signalers.
Plan in advance where the load is
going!
Know the new location will support
the weight.

MODULE 15
SAFETY INSPECTION
Provides a reliable way for
identifying correcting
eliminating conditions
behaviors that could cause or
contribute to injuries, illness and
damages.
Inspections are needed because
nothing is completely risk-free
- Things wear out
- Conditions change
- People are not perfect
Usually, a proactive approach
PURPOSE OF SAFETY
INSPECTION
PRIMARY PURPOSE
Detect and correct hazards
Assess effectiveness of OSH
program
Display visible management
commitment of OSH
Identify Training needs
Fulfill legal obligations
SECONDARY PURPOSE
to improve operations, increase
efficiency, effectiveness and
profitability
TYPES OF INSPECTION
CONTINUOUS INSPECTION
- An inspection conducted as part of
the workers job responsibility in
nothing and correcting potential
danger.
- It involves noting an apparently or
potentially hazardous conditions or
unsafe procedure and either
correcting it immediately or making
a report to initiative action
- Sometimes called informal
inspection because it does not
conform to a set schedule, plan or
checklist.
INTERVAL INSPECTION
- A systematic process with specific
intervals and widely regarded as
“real” safety and health inspection
- Sometimes called planned
inspections.
- Deliberate, thorough, and with
systematic procedure that permits
examination of specific items or
conditions.
TWO TYPES OF INTERVAL
and INSPECTION ARE:
and - REGULAR INSPECTIONS –
inspections at regular interval
which is conducted on a specific
area, a specific operation or a
specific type of equipment.
- GENERAL INSPECTION – is a
planned walk-through of an entire
area and includes places not usually
inspected.
 EMERGENCY INSPECTION CHECKLIST CATEGORIES
- An inspection focused on the Good Housekeeping
components of machinery, Construction premises
equipment, materials, structures or Fire Safety
areas likely to result in an Electrical Safety
immediate unwanted incident. Emergency Equipment
- An unscheduled inspection may be Storage Methods
needed to correct unsafe conditions.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR?
SAFETY INSPECTION Compliance with D.O. 198-18
PROGRAM Fire Code & Other Safety
An effective program begins with Compliances
analysis and planning. Before instituting an Construction work
inspection program, a number of questions activities/practices
should be answered: Construction Equipment operation
What is the purpose of inspections? and maintenance practices
What aspects of each item need to Unsafe conditions
be examined? Unsafe acts (practices)
How often/frequent must items be
inspected? TYPES OF INSPECTION
Who will conduct the inspections? FREQUENCY
Formal Inspections
ELEMENTS OF AN EFFECTIVE Daily/weekly Inspections
SAFETY INSPECTION
PROGRAM
The inspector must:
Have sound knowledge of the
facility/workplace;
Be knowledgeable of the relevant
standards, codes and regulations;
Be familiar with the organization’s
accident experience and potentials; Special function Inspections
Possess the ability to make
intelligent decisions for correctives WHO CAN CONDUCT
action; INSPECTIONS
Exercise diplomacy in handling Employees
personnel and situations. Supervisors
The inspection process must be Safety coordinators
systematic Management
There must be a method of Safety Committee Members
reporting, evaluating and using the Outside Vendor/insurance
gathered data. companies

WHAT & WHERE TO INSPECT? OSH RULE 1047 (5)

Physical condition One of the duties of Safety Man (Safety
- Equipment, apparatus. appliances Officer):
you are working with
- Your work area “CONDUCTS HEALTH SAFETY
- Areas surrounding your work area INSPECTION AS MEMBER OF THE
- High risk areas COMMITTEE”
Processes
Behavior (acts) INSPECTIONS TOOLS
Others items and areas COMMON INSPECTIONS TOOLS
 Inspection
forms/sheet/checklists
Clipboards
Pens/pencils
Lock-out/tag-out equipment
Measuring tape/ruler
Flashlight
Camera, Video cams and/or tape
recorder
Personal protective equipment
OTHER EQUIPMENT MAY ALSO BE
USED
Electric testing equipment
Sampling devices (air, noise,
light, temperature)
Sampling containers
Calipers, micrometers, feeler
gauges
Stop watch
Other equipment depending on
the need of the inspection
INSPECTION SHEET
INSPECTION CHECKLIST - Serve
as reminders of what to look for and
as records of what have been
covered. It is objective rather than
subjective.
INSPECTION CHECKLIST
The checklist is a widely used
instrument and is ideal as a starting
point in workplace inspections.
The important criteria when using
checklist is that they must be
flexible enough to allow items that
are not listed on the check sheet to
be considered.
Checklist are only a guide to assist
in the process of inspections; they
must not set the agenda, but rather
be part of it.
The checklist is beneficial in
providing a means of measuring
performances against a psychological process. It means to
predetermined standard. In order to
achieve some reliability, there must
be consistency.
ADVANTAGE OF USING
SAFETY INPECTION
CHECKLISTS
Prevent overlooking hazards during
and Inspections.
Ensure consistency of every
inspection.
Allow different people to conduct
equally thorough inspections.
Provide written documentation that
an inspection was done and which
hazards were discovered.
PLANNING & PREPARATION
Includes review of the following
Accident reports
Equipment inspection and
maintenance records
Procedures
Previous inspection reports
Other documents
Coordination
With affected persons (if not a
surprise inspection)
With inspection team (including
pre-inspection meeting)
Preparation of material needed.
INSPECTION PROPER
Remember: Inspections must not be
interrupting normal operations
- Identification of hazards
- Data gathering
- Interview of workers
- May or may not use checklists or
inspection sheets.
SEEING VS. ONSERVING
Seeing – limited to the sense of
sight. It is a physiological process
essentially.
Observing – is more of a
consider carefully, to regard with
attention so as to learn something. It
means seeing with sufficient care to
be able to give an account of
conditions and behaviour. It is not
limited to the sense of sight.
Observing includes noticing and
 noting, and understanding the
significance of what is seen.

INPECTION EXAMPLES:

AFTER COMPLETED THE

INSPECTION THE NEXT THING
TO DO IS:
- Correct unsafe conditions
- Correct unsafe acts
- Implement controls

For safe acts and conditions:

Praise the safe acts and conditions
you observed and compliment the
 employee. Give personal praise and Include in operational safety
thanks. plan/manual
Engage the employee in a Include procedures to identify &
conversation about the job and its correct hazards
safety aspects, including any safety Cover “good” housekeeping
concerns. Be specific; consistent, THE “INSPECTION EFFECT”
match recognition to the Measures employee’s safety
accomplishment performace
Listen to reactions Reinforces importance to safety &
Thank or reward the employee for management’s commitment
his/her commitment to working Encourages employees
safely.
Personalize the feedback INSPECTION
DOCUMENTATION
For Unsafe Conditions:
Checklist recommended
Ask questions to explore or clarify
Systematic
what you observe.
Site-specific
Discuss the possible consequences
Revise as needed
of the unsafe condition
Written inspection report
Identify safer ways to improve or
Should include:
repair the condition
Person & date
Call Action line to have it fixed
Concerns identified
immediately.
Corrective Action
Building/Area inspected
For Unsafe Acts:
When it is safe to do so, stop the
work immediately. Give it one-on-
one.
Identify the observed at-risk
behavior(s)
Ask questions to explore or clarify
what you have observed
Discuss possible consequences,
express concern for individual
welfare.
Identify safe behavior. Help the
observe identify a new method or
solution. Offer suggestions, if
needed, and get agreement.

IMPLEMENTING CONTROLS
Engineering Controls HAZARD CONTROL LOGS OR
Administrative Controls OTHER ACCEPTABLE METHOD
Protective Equipment Location:
DOCUMENT YOUR FINDINGS Posted in the workplace, accessible
Document your corrective action to ALL employees
Document your controls Purpose:
THE INSPECTION REPORT For employees to “report” unsafe
1. Write clearly or, when possible, conditions
have the report type written. Implementation:
2. Coding of item is of benefit. Train employees
3. Additional contacts frequently. Review routinely
4. Simply follow-up reports. Maintain on file at least three years.
5. File report properly.
WRITTEN COMPONENTS
HAZARD CONTROL LOG
RESPONSIBILITIES
Supervisor or loss prevention Rep:
Checks HCL
Takes temporary control
Reports to next level, if
uncontrolled

CORRECTIVE ACTION
Appropriate
Effective
Expeditious
Immediate (if possible)
- If longer than 30 days.
Forward Hazard Control Log to:
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY &
- Department Head HEALTH PROGRAM (CSHP) –
- Concerned Person Refers to a set of detailed rules to cover the
processes and practices that shall be utilized
RECORD-KEEPING in a specific construction project site in
Inspection Checklist conformity with the OSHS including the
Hazard Control Logs personnel responsible and the penalties for
DOLE’s EWAIR, AMR, etc. violations thereof.
Keep all for 3 years minimum Every construction project shall
have a suitable Construction Safety and
Health Program

COVERAGE
Shall apply to all operations and
MODULE 19 undertakings in the construction industry
DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION
and its subdivisions, namely general
SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
building construction, general engineering
(CSHP)
construction, and specialty trade
construction, based on the classification
code of the PCAB of the Construction
Industry Authority of the Philippines
(CIAP); demolition works, and as may be
determined by DOLE Secretary.

DPWH - DEPARTMENT ORDER

NO. 56,S. 2005
All projects regardless of amount,
funding source and mode of
implementation shall comply with the Safety Training
minimum safety and health requirements. Accident Investigations
Motivation
DPWH - DEPARTMENT ORDER
NO. 39,S. 2020 MANAGEMENT/
Revised Construction Safety LEADERSHIP/
Guidelines for the implementation of EMPLOYEEINVOLVEMENT
Infrastructure Projects During the COVID- We must promote the goal of ZERO
19 Public Health Crisis, repealing INCIDENT PERFORMANCE
Department Order No. 35, Series of 2020 through planning.
Safety Goals must be
FOUR ELEMENTS OF A Communicated- They must be
WORKPLACE SAFETY Realistic and they need to reflect the
PROGRAM Safety Culture of your organization.
Element #1 - Management, Your Safety Culture requires strong
Leadership and Employee commitment from the top and
Involvement. Safety must truly be the #1 priority.
Elements #2 & 3-Worksite Analysis It must become an integral part of
and Hazard Prevention and Control. your business and Safety must
Element #4 - Safety and Health become EVERYONE's
Training and Education. responsibility.

BASIC SAFETY PHILOSOPHY

MANAGEMENT/
Every Incident can be avoided.
LEADERSHIP/EMPLOYEE No Job is worth getting hurt for.
INVOLVEMENT Every job will be done safely.
Employer and employee Incidents can be managed.
involvement and communication on Safety is Everyone's Responsibility.
workplace-safety and health issues Safety/Best manufacturing practices
are essential. Safety standards, procedures and
Post the company's written safety practices must be developed.
and health policy for all to see. Training- Everyone must understand
Involve all employees in policy AND meet the requirements.
making on safety and health issues. Working Safely is a Condition of
Everyone must take an active part in Employment
Safety Activities
KEY SAFETY PRINCIPLES
Working safely is a condition of
employment.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GOOD Each employee is expected to give
SAFETY MANAGEMENT consideration to the prevention of
Management Commitment injury to self and co-workers.
Documented Safety Philosophy Involvement and thinking of all
Safety Goals and Objectives people in the safety process is
Line Responsibility for Safety valued and expected.
Committee Organization for Safety Continual improvement is the goal.
Supportive Safety Staff Individuals and teams must be
Rules and Procedures recognized for their adherence to
Audits and advancement of safety.
Safety Communications
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY &
HEALTH PROGRAM
Purpose – To prevent or reduce
work-related injury & illness
Content – The program should
include any policy, procedure,
training that protects workers from
work-related injury and illness
while on the job.
Concerns – Promote & reward safe
practices at work, reducing injuries
& illnesses at work and eliminating
fatalities at work.
CO-WORKERS AFFECT EACH
OTHER'S SAFETY
Employees' health and safety are
affected not only by their own
actions but by those of their co-
workers.
Senior management must:
- Help employees manage hazards
associated with their work (tasks
or responsibilities). They must
determine that employees are fit
for work. Fitness involves: drug
and alcohol issues, physical and
emotional well-being, and
fatigue and stress.
CREATE OWNERSHIP OF THE
PROGRAM
Workers need to be involved in the
creation and use of the workplace
safety program for it to succeed.
For Example:
- Your company is responsible for
supplying appropriate safety
equipment, but employees are
responsible for wearing personal
protective equipment at the
appropriate time and place.
- Your company should provide
training to help employees carry out
their assignments, but workers are
responsible for attending this
training, asking questions and
telling supervisors if they do not
understand what is being explained.
CSHP EXECUTION
The CSHP Shall be executed and
verified by the Construction Project
Manager or Project Manager and shall be
submitted to the Nearest DOLE Field
Office, which may approve, disapprove or
modify the same according to existing laws,
rules and regulations and other issuances by
the DOLE.
COST OF CSHP
The cost of implementing the CSHP
shall be integrated into the project's
construction cost, provided, that said cost
shall be a separate pay item, duly quantified
and stated in the project's tender documents
and construction contract documents.
ELEMENTS OF CSHP
A. GENERAL INFORMATION –
General statement on the
importance of CSHP
Project information
- Project name
- Location
- Invitation to bid
Project classification
Name and address of project owner
Name and address of main
contractor and subcontractors
Estimated start of execution of
project and the estimated project
duration
Estimated number of workers to be
deployed and regular work
schedule/ rest periods
B. MANAGEMENT
COMMITMENT
The Company is committed to the
protection of its resources, including
employees and properties against
human suffering and financial loss
resulting from accidents.
In fulfilling this commitment, which
ranks equally with other business, we
will provide and maintain a safe and
healthful working condition, maintain a
vigorous accident program and ensure
that all our activities pose no threat to
the environment, safety and health of
 those who may be affected directly or
indirectly. We shall fully comply with
all applicable laws, requirements and
while loss prevention and
environmental protection are direct
responsibilities of line management, it
is the duty of all employees to work
safely in line with these policies and
standards
C. SAFETY AND HEALTH
COMMITTE
Plan, develop and oversee the
implementation of accident
prevention programs
Direct accident prevention efforts in
accordance with rules/program
Conducts toolbox meetings
everyday
Review inspections and accident
investigation reports
Prepare and submit to DOLE
minutes of committee meetings,
work accidents and illnesses, and
other reporting requirements
Assist government inspectors
Initiate/supervise safety and health
training for employees
Develop and maintain a disaster
contingency plan
DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
- Project Manager
- Field Supervisor / Engineer
- Equipment/ Transport Supervisor
- General Foreman/ Foreman
- Project Nurse/ First – Aider
- Safety Officer/ Engineer
- Workers/ Employees
D. SPECIFIC SAFETY AND
HEALTH POLICIES /
PROGRAMS
- Site Planning
- Excavation/ Confined space entry
- Pile driving
- Hoisting and Rigging
- Scaffolding/Temporary structures
- Signages and barricades
- Accident reporting
- Hand and power tools
- Materials handling/ Heavy
equipment/ TESDA requirements
- Electrical and Lock-out Tag-out
(LOTO)
- Training/Orientation/Tool box
meeting
- Safety promotion/ Incentive
program
- Safe work procedures/ Work permit
system Hot works/ Compressed gas/
Welding/Grinding
- Industrial Hygiene/ Threshold Limit
Values (TLVS) Physical agents/
PNEL/ Ventilation
- Good housekeeping/5S
- Fire prevention and protection
- Personal protective equipment
- First-aid and occupational health
facilities
- Protection of the general public
- Offenses and sanctions/ penalties
- Workers' welfare facilities
- Waste disposal
- Emergency response and evacuation
procedure
MONITORING
Safety and Health Policy
OSH Program Objectives
Examples:
- 100% compliance on helmet and
safety shoes
- Signage and directional signs
- Zero unprotected wall and floor
openings.
Tools for Monitoring
- Safety Inspection
- Work Environment Measurement
- Annual Medical Check-up
WHY EVALUATE A PROGRAM?
Improve the performance of the
program
 Know if changes or revisions are
necessary
Check areas that have to be
prioritized
MEASURING PERFORMANCE
Performance can be measured by:
- Reduction in frequency of lost-time
injury
- Reduction in frequency of medical
treatment (beyond first-aid care)
injury.
- Reduction in number of sick days
used
- Lower workers compensation costs
- Lower medical benefits payments
(doctor's visits, prescription drugs)
PROGRAM EVALUATION
Program effectiveness
- Number of accidents and injuries
are trending downward
- Cost of accidents and injuries is
trending downward
- Time lost due to work-related
injuries or illnesses is reduced
ALLOW FOR CONTINUOUS
IMPROVEMENT
In workplace safety and health,
continuous improvement is about:
- Seeking better ways to work
- Measuring performance
- Reporting against set targets
- Evaluating compliance with
procedures, standards
regulations
- Understanding the causes of
incidents and injuries and
- Openly acknowledging
promptly correcting deficiencies.
E. PENALTIES AND
SANCTIONS FOR
VIOLATIONS OF THE
CSHP
F. SAFETY AND HEALTH
TRAINING
G. WASTE DISPOSAL
H. OTHER REQUIREMENTS
OF D.O. NO. SERIES OF
1998
"Unless an organization has a
written, well-defined, systematic safety plan
in which everyone in the organization
logically understands their roles and
responsibilities, all of the hard work, all of
the expense, and all of the hopes for a
successful program will be for nothing."
MODULE 20
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
WHAT IS A JOB HAZARD
ANALYSIS?
A job hazard analysis (JHA), also
called a job safety analysis (JSA), is a
technique to identify the dangers of specific
tasks in order to reduce the risk of injury to
workers.
WHY IS A JHA IMPORTANT?
A. Once you know what the hazards
are, you can reduce or eliminate
them before anyone gets hurt.
B. The JHA can also be used to
investigate accidents and
C. To train workers how to do their
jobs safely.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR
CONDUCTING A JOB HAZARD
ANALYSIS
HOW TO START?
and 1. Involve employees
A. Discuss what you are going to
do and why
B. Explain that you are studying
and the task, not employee
performance
C. Involve the employees in the
entire process
2. SET PRIORITIES
Consider giving priority to:
A. Jobs with the highest injury or
illness rates;
B. Jobs where there have been
“near misses” – where an
 incident occurred but no one got caught.
Place finished Strike hand
hurt; casting in box against metal
C. Jobs where you have identified to the left of box or casting.
violations of OSH standards; the machine.
D. Jobs with the potential to cause
serious injuries or illness, even if F. Review the list of hazards with
there is no history of such employees who do the job.
problems; G. Discuss what could eliminate or
E. Jobs in which one simple human reduce them.
mistake could lead to severe
injury; 5. ELIMINATE OR REDUCE
F. Jobs that are new to your HAZARDS
operation or have been changed; A. Safer way to do the job
and B. Describe each step
G. Jobs complex enough to require C. Be specific – don’t use
written instructions. generalizations like “Be
Careful”
3. HOW TO DO IT D. Changes in equipment
Break the job task into steps. E. Equipment changes, or
EXAMPLE: engineering controls, are the
JOBS STEPS POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE first choice because they can
HAZARDS MEASURES eliminate the hazard
Reach into
box to the EX. machine guards,
right of the improved lighting, better
machine, ventilation
grasp casting
and carry to F. Changes in work processes
wheel. G. Administrative controls, or
Push casting changes in how the task is done,
against wheel
to grind off can be used if engineering
burr. controls aren’t possible
Place finished EX. rotating jobs, changing
casting in box
to the left of
the steps, training
the machine. H. Changes in personal protective
equipment
4. HOW TO DO IT I. When engineering and
Identify the hazards of each step. administrative controls aren’t
For each hazard, ask: possible or don’t adequately
A. What can go wrong? protect the workers, use personal
B. What are the consequences? protective equipment
C. How could it happen? EX. gloves, hearing
D. What are other contributing protection
factors? EXAMPLE:
E. How likely is it that the hazard JOBS STEPS POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE
HAZARDS MEASURES
will occur? Reach into Strike hand on Provide gloves
EXAMPLE: box to the edge of metal and safety shoes.
JOBS STEPS POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE right of the box or casting;
HAZARDS MEASURES machine, cut hand on burr.
Reach into Strike hand on grasp casting Drop casting on
box to the edge of metal and carry to toes.
right of the box or casting; wheel.
machine, cut hand on burr. Push casting Strike hand Provide larger
grasp casting Drop casting on against wheel against wheel, guard over wheel.
and carry to toes. to grind off sparks in eyes. Install exhaust
wheel. burr. Wheel breakage, system. Provide
Push casting Strike hand dust, sleeves get safety goggles.
against wheel against wheel, caught. Instruct employee
to grind off sparks in eyes. to wear short
burr. Wheel breakage, sleeved shirts.
dust, sleeves get Place finished Strike hand Provide tool for
 casting in box against metal removal of  Should a JHA be completed each
to the left of box or casting. completed stock.
the machine.
work shift on the routine task with
the most hazards involved?
ASSIGN ACTIONS  Should a JHA be completed on all
Accountability for carrying out non-routine tasks.
actions should be clearly assigned,
understood, and initialed by the respective
person indicating their personal
commitment and accountability for that
action.
It is important to assure that all
members of the work team understand the
actions that must be put in place to assure
safety and protect the environment while
the job is performed. This will assure
personal accountability and allow everyone
to be clear who will implement the action

6. WHAT DO I DO NEXT?
A. Correct the unsafe conditions
and processes.
 Train all employees who
do the job on the changes
 Make sure they
understand the changes
B. Review the JHAs.
You may find hazards you missed
before
 When the task or process
is changed
 When injuries or close
calls occur when doing
the task
C. Use the JHAs
 Training
 Accident investigation

SUMMARY – JSA TRAINING STEPS

1. Define meaning of JHA
2. Benefits and why JHAs are
important
3. Select the job to be analyzed
4. Prepare the JHA form
5. Break the job task into steps
6. Identify the hazards
7. Identify the controls
8. Correct unsafe conditions and
processes
9. Assign additional needed
actions/follow-ups
10. Review JHAs
11. Use JHAs for training and accident
investigation
 MODULE 21 A. Dust, fumes and sparks generated
by hand and power tools
HAND AND POWER TOOLS
B. Falling, flying, abrasive, and
splashing objects
TYPES OF HAND AND POWER
C. Lack of Personal Protective
TOOLS
Equipment (PPE)
1. Classified into two categories:
- EX. lack of eye protection
A. Hand (Manual) Tools
may result in foreign body in
B. Power Tools
the eye
Electric Tools
D. Untrained and/or unauthorized
Pneumatic Tools
person working with the tools
Hydraulic Tools
E. Keep all tools in good condition
Powder Actuated
with proper storage and regular
Tools
maintenance
F. Use the right tool for the job
A. Hand Tools – No external
G. Examine each tool for damage
power required. Broad
before use
range of tools from
- Do not use damaged tools
extremely simple to more
H. Operate tools according to the
complex, such as:
manufacturers’ instructions and
Hammers
recommendations
Saws
I. Provide and use appropriate PPE
Spades
Bullfloats
HAND TOOLS
B. Power Tools – Operated Hazards:
with external power. A. Misuse of tools or using tools for
Determined by their power wrong tasks
source (electric, pneumatic, B. Using damaged tools (poor
powder actuated, etc.) maintenance)
C. Poor housekeeping and improper
Some examples are: storage (tripping hazard)
Jackhammers Injury/Illness Prevention:
Power Saws A. Inspect and remove unsafe hand
Grinders tools
Power Drills, etc. B. Keep workspace as clean as possible
and don’t leave tools laying around
unattended
HAZARDS AND
C. When using saw blades and knives,
INJURY/ILLNESS PREVENTION direct the tools away from other
A. General Hazards and Injury workers working in close proximity
Prevention D. When using equipment with long
B. Hand Tools handles (e.g. bullfloat), keep it clear
C. Power Tools from the path of traffic or
General Safety Precautions construction equipment
Machine Guarding E. Stay away from flammable
Electric Tools substance while working with hand
Power Saws tools that may produce sparks
Abrasive Wheel Tools F. Keep wooden handles of tools free
Pneumatic Tools of splinters and cracks
Powder Actuated Tools G. Keep impact tools free of
mushroomed heads
H. Wear appropriate personal
protective equipment
GENERAL HAZARDS
POWER TOOL HAZARDS AND
INJURY/ILLNESS PREVENTION
A. General Safety Precautions
B. Machine Guarding
C. Electric Tools
D. Power Saws
E. Portable Abrasive Wheel Tools
F. Pneumatic Tools
GENERAL SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS FOR POWER
TOOLS
A. Disconnect tools when not in use
B. Never carry a tool by the cord or
hose
C. Keep cords and hoses away from
heat, oil, and sharp edges
D. Avoid accidental starting
- Do not hold fingers on the
switch button while carrying
a plugged-in tool
E. Secure work with clamps or a vise,
freeing both hands to operate the
tool
F. Keep all people not involved with
the work at a safe distance
G. Be sure to keep good footing and
maintain good balance when
operating power tools
H. Wear proper apparel for the task
MACHINE GUARDING
A. Guard exposed moving parts of
power tools
B. Machine guards must protect the
operator and others from:
- Point of operation
- In-running nip points
- Rotating parts
- Flying chips and sparks
C. Guards must be properly affixed to
the machine
D. Never remove safety guards when a
tool is still in use
ELECTRIC TOOLS
Hazards:
A. Electrical shock and fire hazards
due to:
B. Damage or internal defects
C. Improper or no grounding
D. Defective insulation and wiring
E. Damage to insulation
Due to overworking, overheating.
F. Defective insulation
G. Damaged cords
H. Reversal of polarity in wiring
I. Using tools in wet areas
Injury / Illness Prevention:
A. Connect tools only to outlets with
ground fault circuit interrupters
(GFCI)
B. Inspect tools and extension cords
before each use
C. Use durable and weather proof
extension cords
D. Use cords with three prong plugs
How Does GFCI Work?
Electric Tools
E. Operate electric tools within the
limits of their design
F. Do not use electrical tools in damp
and /or wet areas
G. Remove all damaged portable
electric tools from use
H. Ensure that electrical cords do not
present tripping hazards
I. Use gloves and appropriate safety
footwear when using electric tools
POWER SAWS
Hazards:
A. Lack of proper guarding
B. Sawing objects not adequately
supported
 C. Dust inhalation due to lack of
personal protective equipment
D. Operator distraction
Prevention:
A. Proper machine guarding
B. Use of respiratory protection and
safety goggles
C. Don’t keep saws and blades in
motion when not in use
PORTABLE ABRASIVE WHEEL
TOOLS
Hazards:
A. Flying fragments
B. Defective or cracked wheels
C. Wheel breakage during start-up
Injury/Illness Prevention:
A. Proper machine guarding
- Cover the spindle end, nut, and
flange projections
- Maintain proper alignment with
the wheel
- Do not exceed the strength of
the fastenings
B. Before mounting the wheel, inspect
for damage and perform “ring-
testing” (tap with a light instrument)
C. Ensure wheel fits freely on the
spindle
- Spindle speed should not exceed
the maximum operating speed
D. Never stand in the plane of rotation
as the wheel accelerates to full
operating speed
PNEUMATIC TOOLS
Hazards:
A. Getting hit by one of tool’s
attachments
B. Air hose (disconnection, tripping
hazard)
C. Flying fragments
D. Fatigue and strains while using
jackhammers
E. Noise
Injury/Illness Prevention:
A. Securely fasten the pneumatic tool
to the air hose
B. Install a safety clip or a retainer to
prevent attachments such as chisels
on a chipping hammer from being
ejected during tool operation
C. Set up screens to protect nearby
workers from being struck by flying
fragments
D. Use heavy rubber grips to reduce
fatigue and strain caused by
operating jackhammers
E. Use appropriate hearing protection
POWDER ACTUATED TOOL
HAZARDS
Hazards:
A. Using tools on unsuitable materials
B. Thorough penetration
C. Ricochet of fasteners
D. Spalling of material
E. Misfiring
F. Operating near explosive materials
Injury / Illness Prevention:
A. Only trained operators must use
powder actuated tools
B. An appropriate powder level must
be selected to perform the work
without using excessive force
C. If a powder actuated tool misfires,
the user must hold the tool in the
operating position for at least 30
seconds before trying to fire it again
D. Suitable ear, eye, and face
protection must be worn
POWDER ACTUATED TOOLS
Injury / Illness Prevention:
A. Do not use the tool in an explosive
or flammable atmosphere
B. Inspect the tool and the barrel
before using
C. Do not load the tool unless it is to be
used immediately
D. Do not leave a loaded tool
unattended
E. Keep hands clear of the barrel end
F. Never point the tool at anyone
G. Avoid improper fastening that may
lead to penetration, spalling, edge
failure, and ricochets
SUMMARY
A. Hand and power tools range from
simple to complex and are of
various types
B. Hand and power tools pose various
hazards
C. Injury prevention techniques include
- Use of safe operating practices
 - Maintaining safe working
conditions
D. Understanding the hazards
associated with hand and power
tools and their injury prevention
techniques are critical to improve
worker safety