ANSWER KEYS ielts

READING PRACTICE FOR GIFTED STUDENTS

CHAPTER 1: IELTS READING

Ex 1

27 D 28 A 29 G
30 B 31 H 32 F
33 A 34 D 35 C
FALS TRU
36 37 NOT GIVEN 38
E E
39 TRUE 40 FALSE

27. D
Your treatment should involve physical contact, and each session with your patients should
last at least half an hour.
28. A
Describe your treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy
fields, energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like.
29. G
A good living if you are sufficiently convincing, or better still, really believe in your therapy.
30. B
Many illnesses get better on their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at
just the right time you will get the credit.
31. H
Some of the improvements really would be down to you... Placebos are treatments that have no
direct effect on the body, yet still work because the patient has faith in their power to heal.
32. F
The existence of the placebo effect implies that even quackery may confer real benefits, which is
why any mention of placebo is a touchy subject for many practitioners of complementary
and alternative medicine, who are likely to regard it as tantamount to a charge of
charlatanism.
33. A
At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our
physiology: anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands.
34. D
Most of the scant research done so far has focused on the control of pain, because it’s one of the
commonest complaints and lends itself to experimental study
35. C
But when he added naloxone to the saline the pain relief disappeared.
36. FALSE
Still, no one knows how belief triggers endorphin release, or why most people can’t achieve
placebo pain relief simply by willing it. Though scientists don’t know exactly how placebos
work, they have accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about how to trigger the effect
37. NOT GIVEN
38. TRUE
Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take for a
headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective.
39. TRUE
Decades ago, when the major tranquillizer chlorpromazine was being introduced, a doctor in
Kansas categorized his colleagues according to whether they were keen on it, openly
skeptical of its benefits or took a “let’s try and see” attitude.
40. FALSE
It’s hardly surprising, then, that complementary practitioners are generally best at
mobilizing the placebo effect, says Arthur Kleinman, professor of social anthropology at
Harvard University

Ex 2

2 2
Bad cough 28 Blood pressure Families and friends
7 9

3 3
Practitioner 31 Diagnosis Background
0 2

3 E 34 F 3 H
3 5

3 3
H 37 I G
6 8

3
D 40 B
9

27. You have a bad cough and always seem to be tired.

28. You visit the doctor who listens to your chest and heart, takes your temperature and blood
pressure, and then finally prescribes antibiotics lor your cough.
29. These experiences are mediated by other forms of knowledge such as the words we have
available to describe our experience and the common sense of our families and friends as well
as that drown from popular culture.
30. Perhaps the most influential and authoritative source of knowledge is the medical
knowledge provided by the general practitioner.
31. We need an expert medical diagnosis in order to obtain the necessary certificate it we need
to be off work for more than the statutory self-certificaion period
32. Given the doctor's medical training and background, she may hypothesize ....
33. This scenario shows many different sources of knowledge. For example, you decide to
consult the doctor in the first place because you feel unwell - this is personal knowledge about
your own body. However, the doctor's expert diagnosis is based on experience and training...
34. Over the post decade, for example, Western culture has seen a significant emphasis on stress-
related illness in the media.
35. We need an expert medical diagnosis in order to obtain the necessary certificate it we need to
be off work for more than the statutory self-certificaion period.
36. The knowledge of the medical sciences is privileged in this respect in contemporary Western
culture.
37. However, there is more than existing knowledge in this little story; new knowledge is
constructed within it.
38. We might also rely on the observations of others who know us. Comments from friends
and family such as ‘you do look ill' or 'that's a bad cough' might be another source of knowledge.
Complementary health practices, such as holistic medicine, produce their own sets of
knowledge upon which we might also draw in deciding the nature and degree of our ill health
and about possible treatments.
39. This is the result of the combination of your own subjective experience and the diagnosis
of someone who has the status of a medical expert.
40. At other limes, people may be suffering from a disease and fail to be aware of the illness
until it has reached a late stage in its development.

Ex 3
27. B
Definitions range from discrete descriptions of various types of play such as physical,
construction, language, or symbolic play (Miler & Almon 2009)
28. G
The adult’s role in play varies as a function of their educational goals and the child’s
developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009).
29. F
Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid forms of work and play are not a
detriment to learning; rather, they can provide optimal contexts for learning.
30. E
Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determining
playfulness; however, other researchers have suggested that process orientation and a lack
of obvious functional purpose may be the most important aspects of play (e.g. Pellegrini
2009).
31. C
Often, play is defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the following set of
behavioral and dispositional criteria (e.g. Rubin et al. 1983).
32. NO
The drive to play is so intense that children will do so in any circumstances, for instance when
they have no real toys, or when parents do not actively encourage the behavior.
33. YES
Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning
34. NOT GIVEN
35. NO
Full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude the researchers and theorists
who study it.
36. YES
Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable and it is extrinsically motivated (i.e. it is
goal oriented).
37. encouraging
In the more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can support children’s play by
joining in the fun as a co-player, raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children’s
discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new facets to the child’s activity.
38. desire
Play should stem from the child’s own desire.
39. autonomy
Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided play is
an avenue through which parents and educators can provide more targeted learning experiences.
40. targeted
Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided play is an
avenue through which parents and educators can provide more targeted learning experiences.
Ex 4
1. ix
An international protest this week aims to demonstrate the truth about homeopathy-that there’s
literally nothing in it, says Martin Robbins AT 10.23 am on 30 January, more than 300 activities
in the UK, Canada, Australia and the US will take part in a mass homeopathic “overdose”.
2. v
That such a protest is even necessary in 2010 is remarkable, but somehow the homeopathic
industry has not only survived into the 21st century, but prosperered.
3. i
The discipline is based on three “laws”: The law of similar, the law of infinitesimals and the law
of succession.
4. vii
“homeopathic remedies have consistently been shown to be no better than a placebo. Of course,
the placebo effect is quite powerful”
5. iv
He defended Boot’s decision to sell homeopathic remedies on the grounds of consumer choice.
6. viii
You might also argue that homeopathy is harmless: If people want to part with their money for
sugar pills and nobody is breaking the law, why not let them? To some extent that’s true-there’s
only so much damage you can do with sugar pills short of feeding them to a diabetic or dropping
a large crate of them on some’s head.
7. iii
Homeopathy has many ways to sidestep awkward questions, such as rejecting the validity of
randomized controlled trails, or claiming that homeopathic remedies only work if you have
symptoms of the malady they purport to cure.
8-14 TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN
8. TRUE
The aim of the “10:23” campaign, led by Merseyside Skeptics Society, based in Liverpool, UK,
is to raise public awareness of just exactly what homeopathy is, and to put pressure on the UK’s
leading pharmacist, Boots, to remove the remedies from sale. The campaign is called 10:23 in
honor of the Avogadro constant, of which more later.
9. FALSE
In the UK alone more than 40 million is spent annually on homeopathic treatments with 4
million of this being sucked from the National Health Service budget.
10. TRUE
The law of similar states that something which causes your symptoms will cure your symptoms,
so that, for example, as caffeine keeps you awake, it can also be a cure for insomnia... that makes
little sense
11. TRUE
However, we believe here is a risk in perpetuating the notion that homeopathy is equivalent to
modern medicine.
12. FALSE
“I have no evidence before me to suggest that they are efficacious,” Bennet replied.
13. FALSE
People may delay seeking appropriate treatment for themselves or their children.
14. NOT GIVEN

Ex 5
96. D
Sleep scientist Matthew Walker used MRI scans to visualise activity in the brains of people who
were learning a series of finger movements.
97. F
it seems more and more likely that benefits for memory and learning, the cleanup of the brain
and the repair of the body can all be attributed to a good night’s sleep
98. B
Tiny worms, with only a few neurons, spend time in a sleep-like state and die more quickly when
exposed to stress if this state is prevented.
99. A
It was not until 1953 that Nathaniel Kleitman and his colleagues identified two different kinds of
sleep; REM and non-REM sleep. Many say that this breakthrough paved the way for modern
sleep research.
100. C
If there were times when it was difficult or hazardous for an animal to move around, then it
might make sense for them to simply enter a sleep state when all of their physical systems slow
down. That way, they would require less food, and could hide away from danger
101. E
Research has shown that the cellular structure of the brain is altered during sleep, and more space
forms between cells. This allows fluid to move between the cells and flush out toxic waste
products.
102. E
This result allowed him to specify that sleep regulates memory in a specific part of the brain, the
hippocampus, which is responsible for memories related to spatial and contextual information.
103. D
Sleep scientist Matthew Walker used MRI scans to visualise activity in the brains of people who
were learning a series of finger movements. One group was allowed to sleep and the other was
not. He found differences in the areas of the brain that were activated when they recalled the
movements; the group that had slept showed less activity in the brain, and better recollection of
the task. In other words, the way the memory was stored had become more efficient. Walker
believes that this could explain why toddlers, who are constantly learning new motor skills,
require so much more sleep than adults.
104. A
The possibility of a ‘sleep toxin’ – a substance that built up during the day, causing drowsiness,
and was subsequently relieved by sleep – was put forward by Henri Pieron in the early 1900s
105-106. C/D
The question of why we sleep has been on people’s minds at least since the time of Aristotle,
who believed that the warming and cooling of the body as a result of digestion caused sleep.
Though we know this is incorrect today, other early theories have held up better.
The observation that animals with few natural predators, lions, for example, sleep up to 15 hours
a day, while small prey animals seldom sleep more than 5 hours a day, seems to contradict this,
however. In addition, the objection has been raised that sleep only lowers the metabolism by 10-
15 per cent, so not much energy is, in fact, saved.
107-108: B/D
Walker used MRI scans to visualise activity in the brains of people who were learning a series of
finger movements. One group was allowed to sleep and the other was not. He found differences
in the areas of the brain that were activated when they recalled the movements; the group that
had slept showed less activity in the brain, and better recollection of the task. In other words, the
way the memory was stored had become more efficient.
This result allowed him to specify that sleep regulates memory in a specific part of the brain, the
hippocampus, which is responsible for memories related to spatial and contextual information.

Ex 6
96. C
On the other, a host of progressives protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple
technical mastery of reading and writing. This second position is supported by most of the
relevant academic work over the past 20 years. These studies argue that literacy can only be
understood in its social and technical context.
97. A
The first two sentences present two contrasting views. The rest of the paragraph expands on
these.
98. B
How should these new technologies be introduced into the schools? It isn't enough to call for
computers, camcorders and edit suites in every classroom; unless they are properly integrated
into the educational culture, they will stand unused.
99. D
The new media now point not only to a futuristic cyber-economy, they also make our cultural
past available to the whole nation.
But the new media joined to the old, through the public service tradition of British broadcasting,
now makes our literary tradition available to all.
100. YES
But the picture is not uniform and doesn't readily demonstrate the simple distinction between
literate and illiterate which had been considered adequate since the middle of the 19th century.
101. NO
While reading a certain amount of writing is as crucial as it has ever been in industrial societies,
it is doubtful whether a fully extended grasp of either is as necessary as it was 30 or 40 years
ago.
102. NOT GIVEN
103. YES
On the other hand, it is also the case that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out
of writing, which is better rewarded than ever before.
104. YES
While you may not need to read and write to watch television, you certainly need to be able to
read and write in order to make programmes.
105. NO
The computer has re-established a central place for the written word on the screen, which used to
be entirely devoted to the image. There is even anecdotal evidence that children are mastering
reading and writing in order to get on to the Internet.
106. manuscript
In Renaissance England, for example, many more people could read than could write, and within
reading there was a distinction between those who could read print and those who could manage
the more difficult task of reading manuscript.
107. (tabloid) newspapers
There does seem to be evidence that there has been an overall decline in some aspects of reading
and writing — you only need to compare the tabloid newspapers of today with those of 50 years
ago to see a clear decrease in vocabulary and simplification of syntax.
108. shopping lists
The ability to write fluent letters has been undermined by the telephone and research suggests
that for many people the only use for writing, outside formal education, is the compilation of
shopping lists.
Ex 7

27. E
Israeli researcher Peretz Lavie has been observing a patient named Yuval Chamtzani, who was
injured by a fragment of shrapnel that penetrated his brain when he was 19. As a result, he gets
no REM sleep and doesn‘t remember any dreams. But Lavie says that Chamtzani, now 55, “is
probably the most normal person I know and one of the most successful ones”. (He‘s a lawyer, a
painter and the editor of a puzzle column in a popular Israeli newspaper.)
28. F
The mystery of REM sleep is that even though it may not be essential, it is ubiquitous – at least
in mammals and birds
29. G
Cartwright has been studying depression in divorced men and women, and she is finding that
“good dreamers”, people who have vivid dreams with strong story lines, are less likely to
remain depressed. She thinks that dreaming helps diffuse strong emotions. “Dreaming is a
mental-health activity”, she says.
30. D
Scientists using PET and fMRI technology to watch the dreaming brain have found that one of
the most active areas during REM is the limbic system, which controls our emotions
31. C
That put a crimp in dream research; if dreams were meaningless nocturnal firings, what was
the point of studying them?
32. B
Thousands of years ago, dreams were seen as messages from the gods, and in many cultures,
they are still considered prophetic.
33. D
Much less active is the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with logical thinking
34. A
REM sleep heats up the brain and non-REM cools it off, Siegel says, and that could mean that
the changing sleep cycles allow the brain to repair itself.
35. E
“It seems likely that REM sleep is filling a basic physiological function and that dreams are a
kind of epiphenomenon”, Siegel says – an extraneous byproduct, like foam on beer.
36. F
The University of Maryland‘s Clara Hill, who has studied the use of dreams in therapy, says
that dreams are a “back door” into a patient‘s thinking. “Dreams reveal stuff about you that
you didn‘t know was there”, she says.
37. D
Eric Nofzinger, director of the Sleep Neuroimaging Program at the University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center, thinks that could be why people often figure out thorny problems in their
dreams. “It‘s as if the brain surveys the internal milieu and tries to figure out what it should be
doing, and whether our actions conflict with who we are”, he says.
38. A
Modern dream science really begins at the end of the 19th century with Sigmund Freud, who
theorized that dreams were the expression of unconscious desires often stemming from
childhood.
39. G
Cartwright has been studying depression in divorced men and women, and she is finding that
“good dreamers”, people who have vivid dreams with strong story lines, are less likely to remain
depressed. She thinks that dreaming helps diffuse strong emotions. “Dreaming is a mental-
health activity”, she says.
40. B
On one side are scientists like Harvard‘s Allan Hobson, who believes that dreams are
essentially random.

ex 8

27. TRUE
As a title for a supposedly unprejudiced debate on scientific progress, “Panic attack:
interrogating our obsession with risk” did not bode well.
28. NOT GIVEN
29. FALSE
Their message was: no risk, no gain.
30. NOT GIVEN
31. TRUE
Of course antibiotics were a priority. Of course, the risks, such as they could be perceived, were
worth taking.

32. NOT GIVEN

33. consumer’s right / consumer’s choice

34. risk and benefit

A crucial issue is the consumer’s choice. In deciding whether to pursue the development of new
technology, the consumer’s right to choose should be considered alongside considerations of risk
and benefit.

35. Skiing

Clearly, skiing is more dangerous than genetically modified tomatoes. But people who ski
choose to do so; they do not have skiing thrust upon them by portentous experts of the kind who
now feel they have the right to reconstruct our crops.

36. GM crops

Promoters of GM crops believe that the future population of the world cannot be fed without
them.

37. wheat and rice

The crops that really matter are wheat and rice, and there is no GM research in the pipeline that
will seriously affect the yield of either.

38. production

GM is used to make production cheaper

39. mistrust
People at large continue to mistrust science and the high technologies it produces partly because
they doubt the wisdom of scientists.
40. A
Ex 9

27.C
28. A
When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout their
primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They
have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both.
29. B
Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger
literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e.g. grandparents)
are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way
that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school
language and succeed educationally.
30. D
Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because
they worry that they take time away from the majority language.
31. I
Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to “pick up” conversational
skills in the majority language at school
32. D
However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to
use their mother tongue, even in the home context.
33. J
The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families
from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood.
34.F
They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language, in
speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents.
35. C
Pupils frequently become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable
results.
36. YES
In the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is
not the usual language of communication.

37. NOT GIVEN

38. NO
Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, which develops children’s speaking and literacy
abilities in three languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French)
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES
Similarly, at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills such as
knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or
story, and distinguishing fact from opinion.

Ex 10

27. C
It is like studying the movements of car without taking out the engine.
28. A
Motivation is what drives people to succeed and plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational
development. It is important to study the motivation of employees because it is related to the
emotion and behavior of employees.
29. D
But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand dollar
check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement. Successful
organizations and leaders not only need to focus on the optimization of physical reward but also
on moving other levers within the organization that can drive motivation.
30. B
Employees don’t want to do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the job didn’t provide
them with personal meaning and fulfillment, they will leave the company.
31. C
This drive manifests itself as a quest to create and promote justice, fairness, and the ability to
express ourselves freely.
32. A
Employees will be motivated if they find personal belonging to the company.
33. E
Organizations need to ensure that the various job roles provide employees with simulation that
challenges them or allow them to grow. Employees don’t want to do meaningless things or
monotonous job.
34. F
If their companies are merged with another, they will show worries.
35. NO
But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand dollar
check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement.
36. NOT GIVEN
37. NO
The studies show that the drive to bond is most related to fulfilling commitment
38. YES
For drive to defend, a study on the merging of P company and H company shows that employees
in former company show an unusual cooperating attitude.
39. NO
Two studies have been done to find the relations between the four drives and motivation.
40. NOT GIVEN
Ex 11
27.D
In short, 95 percent of the world’s languages are spoken by only five percent of its population.
28. J
Mark Turin, a university professor, has launched WOLP (World Oral Language Project) to
prevent the language from the brink of extinction.
29. C
He is trying to encourage indigenous communities to collaborate with anthropologists around the
world to record what he calls “oral literature” through video cameras, voice recorders and other
multimedia tools by awarding grants from a £30,000 pot that the project has secured this year.
30. B
For many of these communities, the oral tradition is at the heart of their culture.
31.F
Unlike the languages with celebrated written traditions, such as Sanskrit, Hebrew and Ancient
Greek, few indigenous communities have recorded their own languages or ever had them
recorded until now.
32. FALSE
. “Many of the choices anthropologists and linguists who work on these traditional field-work
projects are quite random,” he admits.

33. NOT GIVEN

34. TRUE
“I wrote 1,000 pages of grammar in English that nobody could use—but I realised that wasn’t
enough. It wasn’t enough for me, it wasn’t enough for them. It simply wasn’t going to work as
something for the community.

35. NOT GIVEN

36. A
There are more linguists in universities around the world than there are spoken languages—but
most of them aren’t working on this issue. To me it’s amazing that in this day and age, we still
have an entirely incomplete image of the world’s linguistic diversity. People do PhDs on the
apostrophe in French, yet we still don’t know how many languages are spoken.

37. A

38. D
Yet, despite the struggles facing initiatives such as the World Oral Literature Project, there are
historical examples that point to the possibility that language restoration is no mere academic
pipe dream

39. B
on the one hand globalisation and rapid socio-economic change are the things that are eroding
and challenging diversity But on the other, globalisation is providing us with new and very
exciting tools and facilities to get to places to document those things that globalisation is eroding.

40. C

They need to be reminded that it’s good to speak their own language and I think we can help
them do that—becoming modern doesn’t mean you have to lose your language.”

Ex 12
28. i
E-learning is the unifying term to describe the fields of online learning, web-based training, and
technology-delivered instruction, which can be a great benefit to corporate e-learning.
29. ix
In addition to generally positive economic benefits, other advantages such as convenience,
standardized delivery, self-paced learning, and variety of available content, have made e-learning
a high priority for many corporations.
30. iv
E-training promises more effective teaching techniques by integrating audio, video,
animation, text and interactive materials
Nelson reported a significant difference between the mean grades of 406 university students
earned in traditional and distance education classes, where the distance learners outperformed
the traditional learners.
31. vii
On the other hand, nobody said E-training technology would be cheap.
32. v
E-learning isn’t expected to replace the classroom entirely. bandwidth limitations are still an
issue in presenting multimedia over the Internet. Furthermore, e-training isn’t suited to every
mode of instruction or topic. For instance, it’s rather ineffective imparting cultural values or
building teams.
33. iii
a go-between style of the Blended learning, which refers to a mixing of different learning
environments, is gaining popularity.
34.A
IBM, for instance, claims that the institution of its e-training program, Basic Blue, whose
purpose is to train new managers, saved the company in the range of $200 million in 1999.
35.B
other advantages such as convenience, standardized delivery, self-paced learning, and variety of
available content, have made e-learning a high priority for many corporations.
36.F
a go-between style of the Blended learning, which refers to a mixing of different learning
environments, is gaining popularity.
37. D
Today, over half of the 400-plus courses that Rockwell Collins offers are delivered instantly to
its clients in an e-leaming format, a change that has reduced its annual training costs by 40%.
38. B
For one thing, bandwidth limitations are still an issue in presenting multimedia over the Internet.
39. C
If your company has a unique corporate culture it would be difficult to convey that to first-time
employees through a computer monitor.
40. E
In addition, there is a perceived loss of research time because of the work involved in developing
and teaching online classes.

Ex 13
14. B
In the old days, a traditional wall phone would ring, and then the housewife would have to
stop her activities to answer it. When it rang, the housewife will sit down with her legs up. and
chat, with no laundry or sweeping or answering the door.
15. E
He found that doing different jobs at the same time may actually save time.
16. F
However, certain common workplace tasks, such as group meetings, would be more efficient if
we banned cell-phones, a common distraction. A person can also apply these tips to prevent self-
distraction.
17. C
He found that for humans, the size of this part constitutes one-third of the brain, while it is only 4
to 5 percent in dogs, and about 15% in monkeys. Given that this cortex is larger on a
human, it allows a human to be more flexible and accurate in his or her multitasking.
18. D
Even though the people tried to do the tasks at the same time, and both tasks were eventually
accomplished, overall, the task took more time than if the person focused on a single task
one at a time.
19. B
Miller then attached sensors to the patients " heads to pick up the electric patterns of the brain.
This sensor would show if " the brain particles, called neurons, were truly processing two
different tasks. What he found is that the brain neurons only lit up in singular areas one at a
time, and never simultaneously.
20. D
Gloria Mark set office workers as his subjects. He found that they were constantly multitasking.
He observed that nearly every 11 minutes people at work were disrupted. He found that doing
different jobs at the same time may actually save time. However, despite the fact that they are
faster, it does not mean they are more efficient.
21. A
Thomas Lehman, a researcher in Psychology, believes people never really do multiple things
simultaneously. Maybe a person is reading while listening to music, but in reality, the brain can
only focus on one task. Reading the words in a book will cause you to ignore some of the words
of the music. When people think they are accomplishing two different tasks efficiently, what
they are really doing is dividing their focus.
22. E
Edward Hallowell said that people are losing a lot of efficiency in the workplace due to
multitasking, outside distractions and self distractions.
23. E
Instead of arriving to your office and checking all of your e-mails for new tasks, a common
workplace ritual, a person could dedicate an hour to a single task first thing in the morning.
Self-timing is a great way to reduce distraction and efficiently finish tasks one by one, instead of
slowing ourselves down with multi-tasking.
24. Email voice
Maybe they are listening to someone else talk, or maybe they are reading a text on their smart
phone and don't hear what you are saying. Lehman called this phenomenon “email voice".
25. prefrontal cortex
Earl Miller, an expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studied the prefrontal
cortex, which controls the brain while a person is multitasking.
26. group meetings
However, certain common workplace tasks, such as group meetings, would be more efficient if
we banned cell-phones, a common distraction.

ex 14

27. iv
Three general approaches have been tried.
28. i
However, many linguists and psychologists objected strongly to the abandonment of phonics in
American schools.
29. vii
In order to evaluate different approaches to teaching reading, a number of experiments have
been carried out, firstly with college students, then with school pupils.
30. ii
If researchers are so convinced about the need for phonics instruction, why does the debate
continue?
31. iii
Indeed, recent work has indicated that the combination of literature-based instruction and
phonics is more powerful than either method used alone.

32. FALSE

Many schools have adopted a different approach: the whole-language method. The strategy here
relies on the child’s experience with the language. For example, students are offered engaging
books and are encouraged to guess the words that they do not know by considering the
context of the sentence or by looking for clues in the storyline and illustrations, rather than
trying to sound them out.

33. TRUE

Many teachers adopted the whole-language approach because of its intuitive appeal. Making
reading fun promises to keep children motivated, and learning to read depends more on what the
student does than on what the teacher does.
34. FALSE
However, many linguists and psychologists objected strongly to the abandonment of phonics
in American schools.
35. NOT GIVEN
36. TRUE
Classroom studies comparing phonics with either whole-word or whole-language instruction are
also quite illuminating.
37. E
The progressives challenge the results of laboratory tests and classroom studies on the basis of a
broad philosophical skepticism about the values of such research.
38. A
They champion student-centred learned and teacher empowerment. Sadly, they fail to realise that
these very admirable educational values are equally consistent with the teaching of phonics.

39. G
If schools of education insisted that would-be reading teachers learned something about the
vast research in linguistics and psychology that bears on reading, their graduates would be
more eager to use phonics and would be prepared to do so effectively.
40. C
Using whole-language activities to supplement phonics instruction certainly helps to make
reading fun and meaningful for children, so no one would want to see such tools discarded.

Ex 15
28. YES
America has long held “talent searches”, using test results and teacher recommendations to
select children for advanced school courses, summer schools, and other extra tuition.
29. NO
In Britain, there is a broadly similar belief in the existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian
sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming
intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provisions for the best-performing
children, saying any extra help should go to strugglers.
30. YES
In 2002, in a bid to help the able while leaving intact the ban on most selection by ability in state
schools, the government set up the National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit
runs summer schools and master classes for children nominated by their schools. To date,
though, only seven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all
schools were told they must supply the names of their top 10%.
31. NOT GIVEN
32. NO
For what it’s worth, the data suggest that some countries – like Japan and Finland, see table – can
eschew selection and still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection
and do as well.
33. YES
Most state education in Britain is nominally non-selective, but middle-class parents try to live
near the best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out-of-school tuition
a thriving business.
34. C
Mr Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start, and
enough practice.
35. A
Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she was the only one who did not
achieve the status of grandmaster. “Everything came easiest to her,” said her older sister. “But
she was lazy.”
36. B
in Japan, there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the same innate abilities –
and should, therefore, be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the
same rate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who learn quickest are expected then
to teach their classmates.
37. D
In China, extra teaching is provided
38. A
In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues like modesty and social solidarity makes people flinch from
the idea of treating brainy children differently.
39. C
In Britain, there is a broadly similar belief in the existence of innate talent, but also an
egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in
grooming intelligence.
40. E
In America, bright children are ranked as “moderately”, “highly”, “exceptionally” and
“profoundly” gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb
or the first couple of years of life.

Ex 16
27. vii
It is tempting to think that the conservation of coral reefs and rainforests is a separate issue from
traffic and air pollution. But it is not.
28. iv
causing forest fires and dieback on land and coral bleaching in the ocean.
Few species, if any, will be immune from the changes in temperature, rainfall and sea levels.
The panel believes that …
29. vi
The technology that shows the most potential to make cars climate-friendly is fuel-cell
technology.
30. v
31. viii
32. iii
Even now, fuel-cell buses are operating in the US, while in Germany a courier company is
planning to take delivery of fuel-cell-powered vans in the near future.
33. combustion engine
This was actually invented in the late nineteenth century, but because the world's motor industry
put its effort into developing the combustion engine, it was never refined for mass production.
34. silent
Ford engineers expect to be able to produce a virtually silent vehicle in the future.
35. battery
The fuel-cell is, in some ways similar to a battery, but unlike a battery it does not run down.
36. portable computers
Fuel-cells can be made in a huge range of size, small enough for portable computers or large
enough for power stations.
37. FALSE
But to exploit the abundant resource, electricity is needed, and if the electricity is produced by a
coal-fired power station or other fossil fuel, then the overall carbon reduction benefit of the
fuel-cell disappears.

38. NOT GIVEN

39. TRUE
Even now, fuel-cell buses are operating in the US, while in Germany a courier company is
planning to take delivery of fuel-cell-powered vans in the near future.
Public transport and delivery firms are logical places to start, since their vehicles are
operated from central depots.

40. TRUE
This technology could have a major impact in slowing down climate change, but further
investment is needed if the industry – and the world's wildlife – is to have a long-term future.
ex 17
27. D
Despite good education, these children did not follow the words from their parents on several
occasion ‘especially boys in certain ages.
28. C
A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked their
children’s noncompliance.
29. B
Henry Porter, scholar working in Psychology Institute of UK. He indicated that noncompliance
means growth in some way, may have benefit for children.
30. B
During the period that children is getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced
approaches for their noncompliance. They are more skillful to negotiate or give reasons for
refusal rather than show their opposite idea to parents directly.
31. C
Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say no directly as they were younger.
32. B
Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say no directly as they were younger
33.E
His collaborator Wallace Freisen believed that Organizing child’s daily activities so that they
occur in the same order each day as much as possible.
34. D
Doctor Steven Walson addressed that organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused
activities.
35. F
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children to comply with’
36. NOT GIVEN
37. YES
A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked their
children’s noncompliance
38. YES
39. NO
Many experts held different viewpoints in recent years, they tried drilling compliance into
children.
40. NO
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children to comply with.

ex 18
28. FALSE
Creative people are intelligent, in terms of IQ tests at least, but only averagely or just above.
While it depends on the discipline, in general beyond a certain level IQ does not help boost
creativity; it is necessary but not sufficient to make someone creative.

29. NOT GIVEN

30. TRUE

the “creative personality” tends to place a high value on aesthetic qualities and to have broad
interests, providing lots of resources to draw on and knowledge to recombine into novel
solutions.

31. TRUE

The downside of extremely low latent inhibition may be a confused thought style that
predisposes people to mental illness. So for Peterson, mental illness is not a prerequisite for
creativity, but it shares some cognitive traits.

32. A

Psychiatrist Jamison of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, found that

established artists are significantly more likely to have mood disorders. But she also suggests
that a change of mood state might be the key to triggering a creative event, rather than the
negative mood itself.

33. E
according to Teresa Amabile of Harvard Business School. Though there is a slight association
between solitary writing or painting and negative moods or emotional disturbances, scientific
creativity and workplace creativity seem much more likely to occur when people are
positive and buoyant.
34. F
Vera John-Steiner of the University of New Mexico says that to be really creative you need
strong social networks and trusting relationships, not just active neural networks.
35. C
“It’s as if the less creative person can’t shift gear,” says Guy Claxton, a psychologist at the
University of Bristol, UK. “Creativity requires different kinds of thinking. Very creative
people move between these states intuitively.”
36. D
Paul Howard-Jones, who works with Claxton at Bristol, believes he has found another aspect of
creativity. He asked people to make up a story based on three words and scanned their brains
using functional magnetic resonance imaging (…) So part of creativity is a conscious process
of evaluating and analysing ideas. The test also shows that the more we try and are
stretched, the more creative our minds can be.

37. scalpel electrodes

Back in 1978, he used a network of scalp electrodes to record an electroencephalogram, a record

of the pattern of brain waves, as people made up stories.

38. inspiration and elaboration

Creativity has two stages: inspiration and elaboration, each characterised by very different
states of mind.

39. alpha wave activities/alpha waves

The dominant activity was alpha waves, indicating a very low level of cortical arousal
40. difference / differences
Strikingly, it was the people who showed the biggest difference in brain activity between the
inspiration and development stages who produced the most creative storylines.

ex 19
14. B
Inside the hull were a number of bronze and marble statues. From the look of things, the ship
seemed to be carrying luxury items, probably made in various Greek islands and bound for
wealthy patrons in the growing Roman Empire.
15. H
Building it would have been expensive and required the interaction of astronomers, engineers,
intellectuals and craftspeople.
16.C
The device is so famous that an international conference organized in Athens a couple of weeks
ago had only one subject: the Antikythera Mechanism.

17. A
The ship that sank there was a giant cargo vessel measuring nearly 500 feet long. It came to rest
about 200 feet below the surface, where it stayed for more than 2,000 years until divers looking
for sponges discovered the wreck a little more than a century ago.

18. G

The mechanism was encased in a box with doors in front and back covered with inscriptions – a
sort of instruction manual. Inside the front door were pointers indicating the date and the
position of the sun, moon and zodiac, while opening the back door revealed the relationship
between calendar years and lunar months, and a mechanism to predict eclipses.

19. cargo vessel

The ship that sank there was a giant cargo vessel measuring nearly 500 feet long.

20. luxury items

From the look of things, the ship seemed to be carrying luxury items, probably made in various
Greek islands and bound for wealthy patrons in the growing Roman Empire.

21. gearwheel

Nine months later, an enterprising archaeologist cleared off a layer of organic material from one
of the pieces of junk and found that it looked like a gearwheel.

22. analog computer

Research has shown that the wheel was part of a device so sophisticated that its complexity
would not be matched for a thousand years – it was also the world’s first known analogue
computer.

23. C

“We have gear trains from the 9th century in Baghdad used for simpler displays of the solar and
lunar motions relative to one another – they use eight gears,” said François Charette, a historian
of science in Germany who wrote an editorial accompanying a new study of the mechanism two
weeks ago in the journal Nature. “In this case, we have more than 30 gears. To see it on a
computer animation makes it mind-boggling. There is no doubt it was a technological
masterpiece.”
24. B
Edmunds said. “There must have been a tradition of making them. We’re always hopeful a
better one will surface.” Indeed, he said, he hopes that his study and the renewed interest in
the Antikythera Mechanism will prompt second looks by both amateurs and professionals
around the world.
25. B
By turning the gear mechanism, which included what Edmunds called a beautiful system of
epicyclic gears that factored in the elliptical orbit of the moon, a person could check what the
sky would have looked like on a date in the past, or how it would appear in the future.
26. A
“If they needed to know when eclipses would occur, and this related to the rising and setting of
stars and related them to dates and religious experiences, the mechanism would directly
help,” said Yanis Bitsakis

ex 20
27. bad cough
Think about this example. You feel unwell. You have a bad cough and always seem to be tired.
28. blood pressure
You visit the doctor who listens to your chest and heart, takes your temperature and blood
pressure, and then finally prescribes antibiotics for your cough.
29. families and friends
These experiences are mediated by other forms of knowledge such as the words we have
available to describe our experience and the common sense of our families and friends as well
as that drawn from popular culture.
30. practitioner
Perhaps the most influential and authoritative source of knowledge is the medical knowledge
provided by the general practitioner.
31. diagnosis
We need an expert medical diagnosis in order to obtain the necessary certificate if we need to be
off work for more than the statutory self-certification period.
32. background
Given the doctors’ medical training and background, she may hypothesize ‘is this now
pneumonia’ and then proceed to look for evidence about it.
33. E
For example, you decide to consult the doctor in the first place because you feel unwell— this is
personal knowledge about your own body. However, the doctor’s expert diagnosis is based
on experience and training, with sources of knowledge as diverse as other experts, laboratory
reports, medical textbooks and years of experience.
34. F
Over the past decade, for example, Western culture has seen a significant emphasis on stress-
related illness in the media. Reference to being Stressed out has become a common response in
daily exchanges in the workplace and has become part of popular common-sense knowledge. It
is thus not surprising that we might seek such an explanation of physical symptoms of
discomfort.
35. H
We need an expert medical diagnosis in order to obtain the necessary certificate if we need
to be off work for more than the statutory self-certification period.
36. H
The knowledge of the medical sciences is privileged in this respect in contemporary Western
culture.
37. I
She will use observations and instruments to assess the evidence and—critically interpret it in the
light of her training and experience. This results in new knowledge and new experience both for
you and for the doctor. This will then be added to the doctor’s medical knowledge and may help
in future diagnosis of pneumonia.
38. G
Complementary health practices, such as holistic medicine, produce their own sets of
knowledge upon which we might also draw in deciding the nature and degree of our ill health
and about possible treatments.
39. D
This is the result of the combination of your own subjective experience and the diagnosis of
someone who has the status of a medical expert.
40. B
At other times, people may be suffering from a disease and fail to be aware of the illness until it has
reached a late stage in its development