Literature Summary

Key Themes/Topics
Author Date: 2019
Marc Eric S. Reyes, Kristine Cate A. Place of publication: North American
Ballesteros, Patricia Anne A. Bandol, Kaye Journal of Psychology
Angeline H. Jimenez Sean Derick R.
Malangen Date

Title
Religiosity, Gender Role Beliefs, and
Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gays in the
Philippines

What is the problem or issue Could it have been approached from

formulated? a different perspective? (suggest)

The problem of the study is whether or not Aside from religion, the study may also be
there is a correlation between religiosity, approached from different perspectives,
gender role beliefs, and the attitude and such as:
perception of a population toward the
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender ● Exposure to LGBTQ issues
(LGBT) community. ● Education
● Social class
● Political ideology

What is the author’s theoretical What has not been included or

framework?? discussed?

Religious Fundamentalism - The ● LGBT and gender rights

approach of religious groups that seek the ● Protection of the aforementioned
literal interpretation of the original religious sexual minority in the law
scriptures or books, believing that the
lessons learned from this form of reading
must be applied to all aspects of society
(Razaghi et al., 2020).
.
Masculinity and Social Theory -
According to this theory, men must
critically examine their experience and
power, which the prevailing traditions of
social theory have obscured. They have to
learn to speak more personally for
themselves instead of legislating for others
(Seidler, 1993).

A research study
What are the basic components of the Accuracy, relevance and validity
study design? What has not been included?

Numbers; selection; method; Other possible variables that were not

Measurements
Sample: Purposive sampling and
voluntary participation
Number of participants: 633 participants
in total (464 females and 169 males; 504
of whom are Catholics and 129 are
Evangelicals; 18–68 years old).
Selection: Participants were sourced from
religious organisations and referrals given
by the members, as well as from friends
and relatives.
included that may be correlated to the
perception and attitude of the populace
toward the LGBT community include: (1)
educational attainment and (2) cognitive
ability.
The study only included two major
religious groups in the country: Christians
and Evangelicals. No Muslim individuals
were included since they declined the
invitation, which may question the
accuracy of the results and also serves as
a limitation of the study.

Measurements:

● Centrality of Religiosity Scale

(CRSi-14 version) - measures the
importance of religion and its
corresponding teachings and beliefs
in the personality of an individual.
● Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay
Men Scale-Revised (ATLG-R) -
measures the attitudes of
heterosexuals toward lesbians and
gay men.
● Gender Role Beliefs Scale (GRBS) –
Short Version - measures the
prescriptive beliefs deemed
appropriate about the behavior for
men and women.
Argument Structure
Outline the logic of the argument Are there areas where the argument
breaks down?

Existing studies reveal a correlation Due to the nonparticipation of Muslims and

between religious fundamentalism and the sample size of religions being only 2,
homonegativity (Vincent, Parrott, & the study cannot be generalized, and its
Peterson, 2011). Furthermore, religious results extend beyond the sample studied.
fundamentalism is associated with and is a For this case, the argument “there is a
risk factor for sexual prejudice and hostility correlation between religiosity and
towards the LGBT community. Moreover, homonegativity" may only be true for
according to Klocke & Lamberty (2015), Christianity and Evangelicalism, as data
people who have more traditional views from other religious factions was not
tend to act more adversely toward those obtained and analyzed.
who deviate from accepted traditional
gender norms. Christianity and
Evangelicalism, as conservative religions,
hold conservative and traditional beliefs
regarding gender roles and stereotypes,
the belief systems of which are adapted by
the individuals who adhere to them. This
strongly suggests that there is a
correlation between religiosity and
homonegativity. Christianity and
Evangelicalism followers were
hypothesized to have negative attitudes
towards the LGBT community, which was
later supported by the results of the study.

Contribution
How does it contribute to my area?
How is it useful?
The study contributes to our area of
research by contributing to the already
existing field of knowledge regarding the
treatment of the LGBTQIA+ community in
the Philippine setting and correlating the
various underlying factors such as
religiosity and gender role beliefs to the
attitude and perception of the populace
toward the aforementioned sexual minority.
It is especially helpful as the results
showed a significant trend among these
What are the strengths?
The study establishes a correlation
between the religious participation as well
as the traditionality of the belief system of
an individual and their attitude towards the
LGBT community. This significant
correlation trend can help predict attitudes
toward lesbians and gay men.
What are the limitations?
Due to the small sample size (633
individuals), the inclusion of only 2
religious denominations (Christians and
variables and the homonegativity of an
individual, which can serve as a baseline
for our study.
Evangelicals), and the area from which the
participants were from (Metro Manila only;
other cities and places may have different
beliefs regarding the matter), the study
may have limited ability to generalize the
perception and attitude of the populace to
the LGBT community as well as extend the
results to other religions (e.g., Muslims).
Another limitation may be the nature of the
sampling method, which is purposive
sampling. This sampling method is a
nonprobability sampling approach that
may exclude important subgroups, may
not be effective on a large scale, and can
be extremely bias heavy.

Yumiko Olliver Student Learning Centre Massey University Turitea Campus ©2003
Adapted from: University of Toronto. (n.d). The Literature Review: A few tips on conducting it.
Retrieved 8/04/03 from the World Wide Web: http://www.utoronro.ca/writing/litrev.html

REFERENCES:

Razaghi, M., Chavoshian, H., Chanzanagh, H. E., & Rabiei, K. (2020). Religious fundamentalism,
individuality, and collective identity: A case study of two student organizations in Iran. Critical
Research on Religion, 8(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050303219900226

Seidler, V. (1993, December 16). Unreasonable Men Masculinity and Social Theory. Routledge.