IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY - quantitative method for measurement of Ag

and Ab based on change in

Immunology- the study of the body’s immune system
electrochemiluminescence signal before and
and its function and disorder
after immunoreaction.
Serology- study of blood serum
LIAISON XL
Antigen
- Principle: chemiluminescence
- is the foreign substance that enters your body - For Transfusion Transmissible Infections
and induces immune response - Tests for: HIV, Syphilis, Malaria, Hepatitis B and
- It causes your immune system to produce Hepatitis C
antibodies against it
Chemiluminescence
Antibody
- Emissions of light occur from excitation of
- protect you when an unwanted substance chemical or electrical compounds.
enters your body
Tumor Markers

1. Troponin I
- Cardiac panel
- Acute myocardial infarction
- Thin filament- associated regulatory proteins of
the muscle

2. CK-MB
- Creatinine kinase myocardial band
- Marker for AMI
- Found in blood within 6 hrs and peaked 13-15
hrs

Creatinine Kinase
Immunoglobulins
- CK BB - Brain
- Glycoprotein molecules produced by the plasma
- CK-MM – skeletal
cells for immune response
- CK-MB – hybrid type for heart
- IgG: predominant Ig
- IgM: large and first Ig produced in the primary
3. CRP (C-reactive protein)
immune response
- Produce by liver during Acute Inflammation
- IgG: primary protective antibody in secretions
- The synthesis is initiated by Antigen-immune
Machine in IS complexes, bacteria, fungi and trauma
- Marker for bacterial infections and
Cobas e 411
inflammatory disorders
- Principle: Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) o Acute rheumatic fever
- 3 test principles are used for the estimation of o Rheumatoid Arthritis
analytes and antibodies in the sample
- For hepatitis profile 4. AFP (Alpha feto protein)
- Produce in yolk sac and proximal structures of
Electrochemiluminescence liver and gastrointestinal tract
- Combination of chemiluminescence and - Liver cancer (liver disease or injury)
electrochemical techniques - Testicles/ovaries cancer
- Rely on light emissions from luminophores - Used for pregnancy to avoid genetic defects/
problems in baby (Neural Tube defect)
 13. T3
5. PSA ( Prostate Specific Antigen) - Increased in hyperthyroidism
- Prostate cancer - More sensitive than t4

6. B-HCG 14. T4
- Pregnancy or malignant tumor - Hyperthyroidism
- Rapid, quantitative assay for human chorionic
gonadotropin chain either free or from intact
HCG in plasma, serum/urine Syphilis

7. D-Dimer - Sexually transmitted infection caused by

- Coagulation disorder Treponema Pallidum
- Deep vein thrombosis Dilution and drops
- Atherosclerosis
Test Serum/plasma Diluent Incubation
8. CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) No. of drops No. of time
- Oncofetal protein produced by gastrointestinal drops
tissue during fetal development Ultra-TSH 4 (Serum) 0 20 mins
- After birth, the production of CEA stops, and B-HCG 4 0 20 mins
remain undetectable in healthy adults Trop I 1 4 20 mins
- >10 ng/mL in CA Syphilis 10 uL (serum) 4 20 mins
o Uterine / 20 uL (WB)
o Lung CEA 1 4 15 mins
o Breast CK-MB 1 4 15 mins
o Colorectal T3/T4 1 4 15 mins
o Tobacco smokers AFP 1 4 15 mins
- Highest level can be found on metastasis CA 125 1 4 15 mins
disease CA 19-9 1 4 15 mins
- Colorectal, colon, rectum, Large intestine cancer PSA 1 4 10 mins
- Indicator whether cancer is growing and AFP 1 4 10 mins
spreading/ diminishing with treatment D-Dimer 1 4 10 mins
CRP 1 4 10 mins
9. CA 19-9 10 drops
- Pancreatic cancer diluent and 5
ul serum
10. CA 15-3 PSA- Down Syndrome
- Breast cancer
Procalcitonin – sepsis
11. CA 125 Trisomy
- Ovarian cancer
- 21 (Down Syndrome)
12. TSH - 18 ( Edward Syndrome)
- 13 (Patau Syndrome)
- Secreted by thyrotroph cells in the anterior
pituitary CRP if >100
- Thyroid cancer
- Important in regulation of weight, energy levels, 1. 3 drops diluent, 5 uL mixed sample
internal temperature, skin and hair 2. 1 drops of Number 1 and 4 drops diluent
3. Result multiply by 20
Serological Markers

Antigens

HBsAg

- 1st detectable marker

- Marker of acute or chronic infection

HBeAg

- Active viral replication

- High degree of infectivity

HBc Ag

- Not in serum but in liver cell

- Recovery phase

Antibody

Anti-HBs

- Marker for recovery and immunity (vaccine)

Anti-HBe

- Convalescent (recovery) phase

- Chronic hepatitis

Anti-HBC

- High in acute and chronic hepatitis B

Anti- HBc IgM

- Window phase
- Acute hepatitis B

Anti-HBc IgG

- Past infection