POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH

BAHIYAH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
DJM40103 POWER ELECTRONICS
LAB REPORT
SESSION 2: 2023/2024

TITLE SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE

CONTROLLED RECTIFIER REPORT
NAME MUHAMMAD AIMAN HAZIQ BIN MOHD
ELMAMY
MATRIX NUMBER 16DEM22F1002

CLASS DEM4A

LECTURER’S NAME PN. NOR AFIFAH BINTI MUHAMAD

RAMZI
SUBMISSION 10/03/2024
 DJM40103 – POWER ELECTRONICS
PRACTICAL WORK (SIMULATION) - SINGLE-PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

1. THEORY

1.1 SINGLE-PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

1.1.1 SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Figure 1 shows a single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with an R load. In this circuit, a
siliconcontrolled rectifier (SCR) is used as a rectifying element, which will not begin to conduct
as soon as the source becomes positive. Conduction is delayed until a gate current is applied
and the SCR remains on until the current becomes zero.

Figure 1: Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with R load (a) circuit diagram (b)
waveforms

During the positive half-cycle of the input voltage, the SCR is forward biased and will conduct
after the gate is triggered with a positive voltage at a. Once the SCR is turned on, current will
flow through the load R and positive output voltage is produced. During the negative half-cycle
of the input voltage, the SCR is reverse biased and blocks the flow of current to load R.
Therefore, no output voltage appears across the load. The waveforms for the input voltage and
output voltage are shown in Figure 1(b). A gate signal is applied to the SCR at ωt = α which is
known as the firing angle. The SCR conducts from α to π. Hence, the conduction angle θ = π -
α. The DC component of the output voltage is determined as follows:
The DC component of the output current is:

The rms output voltage Vo(rms) and rms output current Io(rms) are:

Figure 2: Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with RL load (a) circuit diagram (b)
waveforms
A circuit diagram and waveforms of a single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with an RL load
is shown in Figure 2. During the positive half-cycle of supply voltage, the SCR is forward biased
and will be on after the gate is triggered with positive voltage at α. Then current flows through
the SCR and the load. The voltage across the load is positive and the inductor is storing energy
in its magnetic field. The presence of the inductance will delay the current change and the
current is still flowing at the end of the cycle while the SCR remains on. During the negative half
cycle, the current starts decreasing gradually to zero when all energy stored by the inductor is
released to the circuit. The load current therefore continues to flow until the extinction angle β.
So, a small negative output voltage is produced at the negative half-cycle. As soon as the
current is zero, the SCR is reverse biased. The SCR then remains off for the rest of the
negative cycle until it is fired again at ωt = 2π + α. Therefore, the conduction angle θ = β - α.
The DC component of output voltage can be determined as follows:

where the extinction angle β = (π + ϕ).

The DC output current is

The rms component of the output voltage Vo(rms) and output current Io(rms) are
Figure 2: Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with RL load with FWD (a) circuit (b)
waveforms

Figure 2 shows a single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with an RL load and a freewheeling
diode connected parallel to the load. A freewheeling diode is used to cut off the negative portion
of the instantaneous output voltage and smooth the output current ripple. When the source
voltage tends to reverse, the SCR turns off. Due to the energy stored in the inductor, the FWD
becomes forward biased and turns on. Therefore, it produces continuous output current flow
through the load and the FWD. The average output voltage waveform is the same as a
singlephase half-wave controlled rectifier with an R load.

A single-phase half-wave rectifier is not practical due to its low average output voltage, poor
efficiency and high ripple factor. These limitations can be overcome by full-wave rectification.
Fullwave rectifiers are more commonly used than half-wave rectifiers, due to their higher
average voltages and currents, higher efficiency and reduced ripple factor. Two types of single-
phase fullwave rectifiers include bridge rectifiers and centre-tapped rectifiers. Centre-tapped
rectifier consists of two diodes which are connected to the centre-tapped secondary winding of
the transformer as well as the load resistor. Bridge rectifiers comprise four thyristors which are
connected in the form of a Wheatstone bridge. The advantage of using a bridge rectifier is that
no centre tapping is required. Thus, the transformer can be eliminated from the circuit if the step
down voltage is not required. Bridge rectifiers also have some drawbacks, which is the voltage
drop across four thyristors is two times more than the voltage drop in a centre-tapped rectifier.
This is because a centre-tapped rectifier includes only two diodes in its circuit.

1.1.2 SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Figure 3 shows a single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with an R load.

 Figure 3: Bridge rectifier with R load (a) circuit diagram (b) waveforms

During the positive half-cycle of the source voltage, SCR1 and SCR2 are forward biased but will
not conduct until gate signals are applied. After the gate is triggered at wt = α, current will flow
through SCR1, load and SCR2. A positive output voltage is produced across the load. During
the negative half-cycle of the source voltage, SCR3 and SCR4 are forward biased but will not
conduct until they receive a gate signal. After the gate is triggered at wt = π + α, current will flow
in the same direction as in the positive half-cycle through SCR3, SCR4 and the R load. A
positive output voltage is produced. If the delay angle is zero, the rectifiers behave exactly like
uncontrolled rectifiers with resistive loads and provide maximum positive output.

2.0 PROCEDURE:

A. SINGLE-PHASE HALFWAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD AND

R-L LOAD

1. Construct a single phase half wave rectifier as shown in Figure 1.

2. Set the input volatge to 110V,50Hz and resistive load R=1k Ω.
3. Set the time step as 1E-005 and total time as 0.06s at simulation control.
4. Simulate the circuit and capture the waveform of input voltage, output voltage and output
current.
5. Repeat step 4 for α=60° and α=90°.
 Figure 4: Controlled Half Wave Rectifier with resistive load

6. Add the an inductive to the load as shown in figure 5.

7. Simulate the circuit for α=30°,α=60° and α=90°.
8. Capture the waveform of input voltage, output voltage and output current.

Figure 5: Controlled Half Wave Rectifier with resistive and inductive load

B. SINGLE-PHASE HALFWAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH FREE-WHEELING DIODE

1. Add a diode anti parallel with the load as shown in figure 6.

2. Simulate the circuit and capture the waveform of input voltage, output voltage and output
current.
Figure 6: Controlled Half Wave Rectifier with resistive and inductive load with free-wheeling
diode.

C. SINGLE-PHASE FULLWAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

Figure 7: Controlled Full Wave Rectifier with resistive load

1. Construct a single phase half wave rectifier as shown in Figure 7.

2. Set the input voltage to 110V, 50Hz and resistive load R=1k Ω.
3. Set the time step as 1E-005 and total time as 0.06s at simulation control.
4. Simulate the circuit.
5. Capture the waveform of input voltage, output voltage and output current.
6. Repeat step 4 & 5 for α=60° and α=90°.

D. SINGLE-PHASE FULLWAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH INDUCTIVE LOAD

 Figure 8: Controlled Full Wave Rectifier with resistive load and inductive load

1. Add the inductive to the load as shown in figure 8.

2. Simulate the circuit and capture the waveform of input voltage, output voltage and output
current.
3. Repert step 4 for α=60° and α=90°.
RESULT:
R LOAD

SCR
1. FIRING ANGLE 30
2. FIRING ANGLE 60
 3. FIRING ANGLE 90

COMPARISON

In the Vout cycle, the SCR with a firing angle setting of 30 degrees will conduct current
and allow voltage flow when the gate pulse is opened at 30 degrees. Similarly, the SCR
set with firing angles of 60 and 90 degrees will conduct current and allow voltage flow
when the gate pulses are opened at 60 and 90 degrees respectively. Additionally, the
conduction angle of the SCR with a firing angle of 30 degrees is longer than those with
firing angles of 60 and 90 degrees. Consequently, the gate of the SCR with a firing angle
of 30 degrees will open and receive voltage earlier compared to the SCRs with firing
angles of 60 and 90 degrees.
For Iout, the comparison remains the same as with Vout. The only difference lies in the
magnitude of the Iout cycle, which is lower than that of Vout.
FIRING ANGLE 30 WITH GROUND

COMPARISON

This circuit has the same value as the cycle of the SCR firing angle of 30 without
the grounding added.
DIODE WITH GROUND

COMPARISON

The waveform of the SCR demonstrates a rapid increase in current or voltage upon
its triggering (turning on), succeeded by a relatively stable current flow until the
SCR is turned off. In contrast, in a diode circuit, the waveform across the diode
during forward bias (when the diode is conducting) typically exhibits a voltage drop
equal to the forward voltage of the diode
DIODE WITHOUT GROUND

COMPARISON

The circuit with the diode with ground and without ground have the same cycle
flow.
RL CIRCUIT

SCR

1. FIRING ANGLE 30
2. FIRING ANGLE 60
3. FIRING ANGLE 90
COMPARISON

At a firing angle of 30 degrees, the SCR turns on relatively early in each AC cycle,
resulting in a shorter delay before current begins to flow through the load. The
waveform exhibits a shorter conduction period compared to higher firing angles,
leading to a smaller portion of the waveform being utilized for power delivery.
Consequently, the output waveform would have less distortion since the conduction
period is closer to the beginning of the cycle.

With a firing angle of 60 degrees, the SCR turns on later in each AC cycle
compared to 30 degrees, resulting in a moderate delay before current starts flowing
through the load. The conduction period is longer compared to 30 degrees but
shorter compared to 90 degrees. Consequently, the output waveform would exhibit
moderate distortion, with a significant portion of the waveform being utilized for
power delivery.

At a firing angle of 90 degrees, the SCR turns on relatively late in each AC cycle,
resulting in a significant delay before current begins to flow through the load. The
conduction period is longest among the three angles, utilizing a larger portion of the
waveform for power delivery. Consequently, the output waveform would have
higher distortion, as the SCR turns on closer to the peak of the AC cycle, resulting
in a more abrupt change in current.
FIRING ANGLE 30 WITH GROUND

COMPARISON

This circuit has the same value as the cycle flow of the SCR firing angle at 30
without the ground.
DIOD WITH GROUND

COMPARISON

The waveform of the SCR exhibits a sudden rise in current or voltage when the
SCR is triggered (turned on), followed by a relatively constant current flow until the
SCR is turned off. In contrast, in a diode circuit, the waveform across the diode
during forward bias (when the diode is conducting) typically displays a voltage drop
equal to the forward voltage of the diode.
DIOD WITHOUT GROUND

COMPARISON

This circuit has the same value as the cycle flow of the SCR firing angle of 30 with
grounding added