Dire Dawa University

Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering MSC

Simulation of AC-DC and DC-DC converter presentation

By Group-6 Name Id
Tesfaye Desalegn DDU1300824
Ased Zakir DDU1300812
Shimelis Teklu DDU1300814
1.INTRODUCTION
• Power electronics is the applications of solid-state electronics for the control and conversion of
electric power.

• The power conversion systems can be classified according to the type of the input and output
power

AC to DC (rectification)

DC to AC (inversion)

DC to DC (chopping)

AC to AC (cycloconvertion)
RECTIFIER

• A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current

(AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification.

• Rectifiers also called controlled converters. In Controlled

Rectifications, the generated d.c. power is controllable and variable.
APPLICATIONS OF POWER
ELECTRONICS
• There are basically three most important application areas-
distributed generation,
 flexible AC transmission systems and
power quality.
2.SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

o The POWERSIM simulating software applications that have been undertaken

by us for the evaluation of the power electronics circuits of AC-DC and DC-DC
SCR rectifiers are discussed as below.

o PSIM is a simulation software specifically designed for power electronics and

motor drives. With fast simulation and friendly user interface, PSIM provides a
powerful simulation environment for power electronics, analog and digital
control, magnetics, and motor drive system studies
Cont…
Circuit Structure

• A circuit is represented in PSIM in four blocks: power circuit, control

circuit, sensors, and switch controllers. The figure below shows the
relationship between these blocks.
3.CIRCUIT DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULT OF AC-DC CONVERTER

3.1 Single-phase half-wave half controlled rectifier with R-load

The following figure shows the basic circuit for a single-phase, half-wave, controlled
rectifier loaded with a resistive load.

The voltage across the thyristor collapses to almost zero and the full supply voltage
appears across the load

the thyristor will conduct only when triggered using gate pulses. The thyristor is fired at
ωt = α, and the input voltage appears across the load.
Cont..
 3.2 Single-phase half-wave half controlled rectifier with RL-load

• This circuit is the same as that of 1-phase with R-load except that the
load consists of a resistor and inductor connected in series. At ωt = α,
the voltage across the load will be the instantaneous value of the
supply voltage at this firing angle. At this instant, because of the
existence of the inductor, the current will increase slowly. The load
voltage and current waveforms are as shown below.
Cont…
3.3 1-phase half-wave half controlled rectifier with RL-
load and freewheeling diode.

• . If the FW-Diode is opened, i.e. the converter operates without FWD, then
the output voltage and current waveforms are as shown in Figure If FW
diode is closed, then the supply voltage is positive, from α to π, FWD is in
reverse and passes approximately no current (open circuited), so that source
and load current are equal (IS =IO).
Cont…
 3.4 1-phase full-wave full controlled rectifier with R-load

• In this circuit, two thyristors must be triggered simultaneously to permit current to flow.

• For example, with the instantaneous polarity of the sinusoidal supply voltage indicated T1
and T2 must be triggered, while in reverse, T3 and T4 must triggered at the same time.

• The output voltage and current waveforms are shown .

Cont…
3.5 1-phase full-wave full controlled rectifier with RL-load

• The following Figure shows the circuit connection for a single-phase, full
wave, controlled rectifier loaded with a highly inductive load.

• For one total period of operation of this circuit, the corresponding

waveforms are shown.
Cont..
 3.6 1-phase full-wave full controlled rectifier with RLE-loa

• In Case of resistive-inductive load in series with d.c. source (R-L-E)

firing angle 30 degree When the current is continuous, the output voltage
and current waveforms are similar to the case of inductive load with
large L/R ratio.

• This means that E has no effect on the waveforms as long as the current
remains continuous
Cont..
 3.7 THREE PHASE AC-DC SCR RECTIFIER

3.2.1 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier R-load

• For a purely resistive load where the load inductance ‘L = 0’ and the trigger angle the
load current appears as discontinuous load current and each thyristor is naturally
commutated when the polarity of the corresponding phase supply voltage reverses.

• The frequency of output ripple frequency for a three-phase half wave converter is 3 fs.

• where fs is the input supply frequency.

Cont..
• The waveforms for the supply voltage, output voltage, and load current are shown in Figure
below. for the case of resistive load. The average value of the output voltage Vdc can be found
as:

Let van= Vm sin ωt

vbn = Vm sin( ωt - 120)

vcn = Vm sin( ωt - 240)

• In case of resistive load, each thyristor ceases to conduct as soon as its anode voltage goes
negative. This causes discontinuous current flow in the rectifier circuit when the angle exceeds
Circuit diagram and wave form
3.8 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier RL-load

• In Case of series resistive-inductive (R-L) load.

• When the load is highly inductive it tends to maintain constant output

current even with large delay angles, and the thyristor current remains
rectangular as follows.
Cont..
3.9 Three-phase full-wave bridge controlled rectifier

• Three-phase, full-wave converter is a fully-controlled bridge rectifier using

six thyristors connected as shown in Figure below. All the six thyristors are
controlled switches which are turned on at an appropriate time by applying
suitable gate trigger signals.

• This circuit is also known as three-phase full wave bridge or as a six-pulse

converter. The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6 fs and the filtering
requirement is less than that of three-phase half-wave converters.
Cont..
3.10 Effect of source impedance and overlap

• Overlap is the phenomenon due to the effect of source inductance on the a.c. side. The
current commutation is delayed due to the source inductance which is normally the
leakage reactance of a transformer (as X >> R for a transformer, the source resistance is
usually neglected).

• Current commutation with diodes starts when the voltage of the incoming diode exceeds
that of the outgoing diode. With thyristors, the commutation process starts by triggering
the incoming thyristor while its voltage is higher than that of the outgoing one.
3.10.1. Effect of source inductance in single-phase half-controlled converters

• first consider the general case when two thyristors T1 and T2 encountering commutation
process as depicted in Figure. If we assume that the load is highly inductive such that the
loads current is continuous and ripple free,

Then

Initial condition: i1=I, i2=0

Final condition: i1=0, i2=I

During overlap period: i1+i2=I

Cont…
 3.10.1. 1-PHASE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
BRIDGE

• It is assumed that the thyristors T3 and T4 were conducting at t = 0. T1 and T2 are fired at ωt =
α If there were no source inductance T3 and T4 would have commutated as soon as T1 and T2
are turned ON.

• The input current polarity would have changed instantaneously. However, if a source inductanc
is present the commutation and change of input current polarity cannot be instantaneous.

• Therefore, when T1 and T2 are turned ON T3 T4 does not commutate immediately. Instead, for
some interval all four thyristors continue to conduct as shown in Figure.

• This interval is called “overlap” interval.

Cont…
 3.11. Ripple reduction techniques

• When ac power is converted to dc power using rectifiers, dc output contains undesirable ac

components called ripple.

• A circuit that minimizes or eliminates the ripple component from the rectified output is called a
filter.

• Filter systems in general are composed of a capacitor, an inductor, or both.

• Capacitor filters are used for lower power applications.

• On the other hand, inductor filters are used in high-power applications.

CAPACITOR FILTER
A rectifier circuit without a filter produces pulses at the output. The fluctuations can be reduced if some of the energy can be stored in a capacitor while the rectifier
is producing pulses and is allowed to discharge from the capacitor between pulses.
CAPACITOR-INDUCTOR FILTER
• A capacitor-inductor filter is used to improve the filtering action of rectified voltage and

current. We saw in above sections that the capacitor alone or the inductor alone cannot perform

the filter action satisfactorily as former is suitable for low-power applications and the latter is

suitable for high-power applications.

• However, if both the capacitor and inductor are combined, they produce high quality dc voltage

and current.

• The function of the capacitor is to smooth out the variations in voltage while the inductor is

used to smooth out the variations in current. Because of the uniform flow of current, the
Multi-Pulse converter

• Multi-pulse methods involve multiple converters connected so that the harmonics generated
by one converter are cancelled by harmonics produced by other converters.

• By this means, certain harmonics related to number of converters are eliminated from the
power source.

• In multi-pulse converters, reduction of AC input line current harmonics is important as

regards to the impact the converter has on the power system.

• Multi-pulse methods are characterized by the use of multiple converters or multiple

semiconductor devices with a common load.
 4.DC to DC Converter

• A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit or electromechanical device that

converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another.

• It is a type of electric power converter. Power levels range from very low (small
batteries) to very high (high-voltage power transmission).
4.1 Buck Converter(step-down converter)
4.2 Boost Converter  (or increase)
A buck-boost
converter can supply a regulated DC output from a power source
delivering a voltage either below or above the regulated output voltage.
CUK Converter
is a type of buck-boost converter with zero ripple current. Ćuk converter can be seen as a combination of boost converter
and buck converter, having one switching device and a mutual capacitor, to couple the energy.
Circuit of Series Resonant Converter
Circuit and simulation of Parallel Resonant Converter
Circuit of Septic non isolated Converter
Circuit of Septic Isolated Converter
Circuit of Zeta Isolated Converter
Circuit of Zeta non Isolated Converter
Circuit of Zero current switching quassing resonant
Converter
Simulation result of Zero Voltage Switch
Converter
 CONCLUSION

• Power Electronics is an enabling technology for all kinds of alternative energy utilization,
sustainable mobility, high productivity manufacturing and energy efficiency.

• PSIM is a simulation package specifically designed for Power Electronics and motor control.
PSIM provides fast simulation and friendly user interface.

• PSIM models of single and three-phase rectifiers, PWM choppers and inverters, AC choppers,
Resonant Converters and DC Drives are developed. With the aid of Simulation package a menu
has been prepared to classify the power electronic networks
Thank you!!