Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

Experiment No.1
Aim:- Single phase & three phase controlled rectifier simulation using
Matlab software.

Software Required:- Matlab software

Theory:-
Full Wave Controlled Rectifier:- A type of rectifier that converts both positive and negative half cycle
of the AC into DC as well as controls the output amplitude is known as a full wave controlled rectifier.
Controlled Bridge Rectifier:- In this rectifier, the diode bridge is replaced by an SCR (Thyristor) bridge
with the same configuration as shown in the figure below.

Positive Half Cycle:

During the positive cycle, the SCR (thyristor) T1 & T2 will conduct when the gate pulse is applied.
T3 & T4 will be reversed bias, so they will block the current. The output voltage will be established
across the load resistor RL as shown below.

Negative Half Cycle:

During the negative half cycle, the thyristor T3 & T4 will become forward bias considering the gate
input pulse & the T1 & T2 will become reverse bias. The output voltage will appear across the load
resistor RL.
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

At the end of the output, a capacitor is used to remove the ripples and makes the output steady &
smooth.

Controlled Center-Tap Rectifier:
Just like center-tap uncontrolled rectifier, this design uses two SCR replacing the two diodes.
Both of these SCR switchings will be timed differently according to the input AC frequency.
Its operation is the same as the uncontrolled rectifier & its schematic design is given below.

 Related Post: Types of Latches – SR & D Latches

Single Phase and Three Phase Rectifiers
This classification is based on the type of input a rectifier works on. The naming is pretty
straightforward. When the input is single phase, the rectifier is called a single phase rectifier and
when the input is three phase, it is called a three phase rectifier.
The single phase bridge rectifier consists of four diodes, whereas a three phase rectifier uses six
diodes arranged in a particular fashion to get the desired output. These can be controlled or
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

uncontrolled rectifiers depending on the switching components used in each rectifier such as
diodes, Thyristors, and so on.
Comparison Of Rectifiers
The following table shows the compassion between different types of rectifiers such as half wave
rectifier, full wave rectifier and center tapped rectifier.

Simulation:-
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

Concusion:- Hence the simulation of three phase and single phase rectifier
perform successfully.
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

Experiment No.2
Aim:- To design and simulate Buck Converter using matlab software.

Software Required:- Matlab software

Theory:-
A buck converter (step-down converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter which
steps down voltage (while stepping up current) from its input (supply) to its output
(load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) typically containing at
least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor, although modern buck
converters frequently replace the diode with a second transistor used for
synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage element, a capacitor,
inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of
capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to such
a converter's output (load-side filter) and input (supply-side filter).
Switching converters (such as buck converters) provide much greater power
efficiency as DC-to-DC converters than linear regulators, which are simpler
circuits that lower voltages by dissipating power as heat, but do not step up output
current.
Buck converters can be highly efficient (often higher than 90%), making them
useful for tasks such as converting a computer's main (bulk) supply voltage (often
12 V) down to lower voltages needed by USB, DRAM and the CPU (1.8 V or
less).
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

The basic operation of the buck converter has the current in an inductor controlled
by two switches (usually a transistor and a diode). In the idealised converter, all
the components are considered to be perfect. Specifically, the switch and the diode
have zero voltage drop when on and zero current flow when off, and the inductor
has zero series resistance. Further, it is assumed that the input and output voltages
do not change over the course of a cycle (this would imply the output capacitance
as being infinite).

Buck converter operates in continuous mode if the current through the inductor
(never falls to zero during the commutation cycle. When the switch pictured above
is closed (top of figure 2), the voltage across the inductor is . The current through
the inductor rises linearly (in approximation, so long as the voltage drop is almost
constant). As the diode is reverse-biased by the voltage source V, no current flows
through it; When the switch is opened (bottom of figure 2), the diode is for biased
The voltage across the inductor is (neglecting diode drop). Current decreases.
Therefore, it can be seen that the energy stored in L increases during on-time as
increases and then decreases during the off-state. L is used to transfer energy from
the input to the outpt the converter.The rate of change of can be calculated from:

With equal to during the on-state and to during the off-state. Therefore, the
increase in current during the on-state is given by:

where is a scalar called the duty cycle with a value between 0 and 1. Conversely,
the decrease in current during the off-state is given by:
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

If we assume that the converter operates in the steady state, the energy stored in
each component at the end commutation cycle T is equal to that at the beginning
of the cycle. That means that the current is theame at and at (figure 4). So we can
write from the above equations:
The above integrations can be done graphically. In figure 4, is proportional to the
area of the yellow surface, and to the area of the orange surface, as these surfaces
are defined by the inductor voltage (red lines). As these surfaces are simple
rectangles, their areas can be found easily: for the yellow rectangle and for the
orange one. For steady state operation, these areas must be equal. As can be seen
in figure 4, and .
From this equation, it can be seen that the output voltage of the converter varies
linearly with the duty cycle for a given input voltage. As the duty cycle is equal to
the ratio between and the period , it cannot be more than 1. Therefore, . This is
why this converter is referred to as step-down converter.

So, for example, stepping 12 V down to 3 V (output voltage equal to one quarter
of the input voltage) would require a duty cycle of 25%, in our theoretically ideal
circuit.

D=Vo/Vi
Where D= duty cycle

Simulation:-

Result:- Vo=5.571

Conclusion:- Hence the simulation of buck converter performed and o/p get
sucessfully.
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

Experiment No.3
Aim:- To design and simulate Boost Converter using matlab software.

Software Required:- Matlab software

Theory:-
A boost converter is one of the simplest types of switch mode converter. As the
name suggests, it takes an input voltage and boosts or increases it. All it consists
of is an inductor, a semiconductor switch (these days it’s a MOSFET, since you
can get really nice ones these days), a diode and a capacitor. Also needed is a
source of a periodic square wave. This can be something as simple as a 555 timer
or even a dedicated SMPS IC like the famous MC34063A IC.
As you can see, there are only a few parts required to make a boost converter. It is
less cumbersome than an AC transformer or inductor.
They’re so simple because they were originally developed in the 1960s to power
the electronics systems on aircraft. It was a requirement that these converters be as
compact and as efficient as possible.
The biggest advantage boost converters offer is their high efficiency – some of
them can even go up to 99%! In other words, 99% of the input energy is converted
to useful output energy, only 1% is wasted.
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

It’s time to take a really deep breath, we’re about to plunge into the depths of
power electronics. I’ll say at the outset that it is a very rewarding field.
To understand the working of a boost converter, it is mandatory that you know
how inductors, MOSFETs, diodes and capacitors work.
With that knowledge, we can go through the working of the boost converter step
by step.
Boost Converter Design
STEP – 1
To begin with, we need a thorough understanding of what our load requires. It is
highly recommended (from experience) that if you attempt to build a boost
converter at the beginning it is very important to know the output voltage and
current independently, the product of which is our output power.
STEP – 2
Once we have the output power, we can divide that by the input voltage (which
should also be decided) to get the average input current needed.
We increase the input current by 40% to account for ripple. This new value is the
peak input current.
Also the minimum input current is 0.8 times the average input current, so multiply
the average input current by 0.8.
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

Now that we have peak and minimum current, we can calculate the total change in
current by subtracting the peak and minimum current.
STEP – 3
Now we calculate the duty cycle of the converter, i.e. the ratio of the on and off
times of the oscillator.
Duty cycle is given by this textbook formula:
D.C. = (Vout – Vin)/(Vout)
This should give us a reasonable decimal value, above 0 but below 0.999.
STEP – 4
Now it is time to decide upon the frequency of the oscillator. This has been
included as a separate step because the signal source can be anything from a 555
timer (where the frequency and duty cycle are completely under your control) or a
fixed frequency PWM controller.
Once the frequency is determined, we can find out the total time period by taking
an inverse.
Now the time period is multiplied by the duty cycle value to get the on time.
STEP – 5
Since we have determined the on time, input voltage and change in current, we can
plug those values into the inductor formula which has been rearranged a little:
L = (V*dt)/dI
Where V is the input voltage, dt is the on time and dI is the change in current.
Boost Converter Operation
There is yet another way of thinking about the operation of a boost converter.
We know that the energy stored in an inductor is given by:
½ x L x I2
Where L is the inductance of the coil and I is the maximum peak current.
So we store some energy in the inductor from the input and transfer that same
energy to the output though at a higher voltage (power is conserved, obviously).
This happens many thousands of times a second (depending on the oscillator
frequency) and so the energy adds up in every cycle so you get a nice measurable
and useful energy output, for example 10 Joules every second, i.e. 10 watts.
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

As the equation tells us, the energy stored in the inductor is proportional to the
inductance and also to the square of the peak current.
To increase output power our first thoughts might be to increase the size of the
inductor. Of course, this will help, but not as much as we think! If we make the
inductance larger, the maximum peak current that can be achieved in a given time
decreases, or the time taken to reach that current increases (remember the basic
equation V/L = dI/dt), so the overall output energy does not increase by a
significant amount!
However, since energy is proportional to the square of the maximum current,
increasing the current will lead to a larger increase in output energy!
So we understand that choosing the inductor is a fine balance between inductance
and peak current.

Simulation:-
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

Result:- Vo=15.75

Conclusion:- Hence the simulation of boost converter performed and o/p get
sucessfully.

Experiment No.4
Aim:- To design and simulate given circuit for thevenin’s theorem matlab
software.

Software Required:- Matlab software

Theory:-
Thevenin’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network or circuit can be
represented with an equivalent network or circuit, which consists of a voltage
source in series with a resistor. It is known as Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. A
linear circuit may contain independent sources, dependent sources, and resistors.
If the circuit contains multiple independent sources, dependent sources, and
resistors, then the response in an element can be easily found by replacing the
entire network to the left of that element with a Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

The response in an element can be the voltage across that element, current flowing
through that element, or power dissipated across that element.

Methods of Finding Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

There are three methods for finding a Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. Based
on the type of sources that are present in the network, we can choose one of
these three methods. Now, let us discuss two methods one by one. We will
discuss the third method in the next chapter.
Method 1
Follow these steps in order to find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, when
only the sources of independent type are present.
 Step 1 − Consider the circuit diagram by opening the terminals with
respect to which the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is to be found.
 Step 2 − Find Thevenin’s voltage VTh across the open terminals of the
above circuit.
 Step 3 − Find Thevenin’s resistance RTh across the open terminals of
the above circuit by eliminating the independent sources present in it.
 Step 4 − Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit by connecting a
Thevenin’s voltage VTh in series with a Thevenin’s resistance RT
Simulation:-
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12
Name: Deepak Das Roll No : 12

Result:- Vth=7.742V
Rth= 4.3871 ohm
I(load)= 0.5384A

Conclusion:- Hence design and simulation of given circuit for thevenin’s theorem
Performed sucessfully