ORIGIN OF RELIGIONS
Before the establishment of organized religions, the role of
• Religions have their origin stories and are universal in
nature.
• Geography and culture affect the establishment and
development of religions.
A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Prehistoric humans, such as the Neanderthals and Cro-
Magnons, have practiced a set of belief systems like
burying their dead, painting on the walls of caves, and
carving images from stones.
• The existence of humankind for so long a time has
resulted in the formation of religion and belief systems.
Many religions may certainly have been unrecorded in the
past. Others may have gradually died down like
Zoroastrianism which once flourished in South Asia but is
now only confined in Iran, India, and Central Asia.
IMPORTANT DATES
THE PATRIARCH ABRAHAM
• Played a major role in the establishment of the three
monotheistic religions: namely, Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam, which account for more than half of the world's
total population. As such, these organized religions are
collectively known as ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS.
• The importance of Abraham in these three religions lies in
the fact that the patriarch appears as an elemental (primary)
figure for a monotheistic belief system and a paragon
(exemplar) for extreme devotion.
COMMONALITIES IN ABRAHAMIC
RELIGIONS
1. They all worship one supreme being.
• Ancient Hebrews - Elohim, Adonai, or Yahweh
• Present-day Judaism - "Lord" or "God"
• Muslims - Allah
2. Prophets and apostles play major roles
• Judaism has 48 prophets and 7 prophetesses
• Early prophets include Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses,
Aaron, and Joshua
• Christianity has 12 apostles, some of whom wrote parts
of the New Testament
• Islam believes that Muhammad is the final prophet or
the "Seal of the Prophets"
3.
divine revelation or intervention is associated with their
progenitors (ancestors).
• God instructed Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac at
Mount Moriah
God presented the 10 Commandments to Moses at Mount
Sinai
• God sacrificed His son Jesus Christ through crucifixion as
the plan of salvation
• God commanded Muhammad to establish a new religion
at a cave in Mount Hira.
*** Then and now, the followers of the three Abrahamic
religions are presented with a choice between good and
evil.
THE INDIAN MOSAIC
• India is one of the oldest surviving civilizations, with its
history dating back to at least 6500 BCE. The many
conquerors that came to India were gradually absorbed into
the native Indian religions.
• Four great religions originated in India - Hinduism.
Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism - and a myriad of minor
cults and local sects.
HINDUISM
• It perfectly reflects Indian heterogeneity with its eclectic
(diversified and assorted) ways of religious expressions that
are quite confusing to outsiders.
• It has no specific founder, no one sacred book, and
innumerable gods and goddesses that any Hindu can
venerate. As such, Hinduism can be considered a museum
of religions.
• It was during the Vedic Period that Hinduism or Sanatana
Dharma became systematized as a religion that preached
order and purpose to the cosmos and human life.
BUDDHISM
• It centers its attention on the figure of the Buddha, who
was not a god but a human being who came to discover
how to terminate suffering to escape the painful and
continuous cycle of rebirth.
• Buddhist followers revere Buddha in the same way that
the members of other world religions worship their gods.
• The Mahayana sect of Buddhism differs from the
Theravada school because of its rich array of Buddhas and
bodhisattvas who have attained spiritual enlightenment.
These beings are already eligible to enter nirvana but
choose to delay this glorious path to guide others to the path
of salvation.
• Born near the end of the 6th century BCE, Siddharta
Gautama's life is closely linked with the historical and
religious development of Buddhism in India. Gaining new
converts due to its mass appeal as compared to the
exclusivity of Hindu beliefs, Buddhism spread far and wide
from India to Sri Lanka and to Southeast Asia.
CONFUCIANISM
• Even during the olden days, the Chinese had already
endeavored to establish and attain good governance. China
adopted Confucius's ideals and ethics as the nation
developed meritocracy (power goes to those with superior
intellects) as a basis for government officials.
• Confucius is regarded as China's greatest philosopher
and teacher who lived at the same time as Siddharta
Gautama in India.
• Confucian ideals aspire to harmonize human relations
and serve as a guide to social behavior. An ideal human
society is of the utmost concern for the Confucian
followers.
• Confucius dwells upon the theme of the Dao as being the
truth or way things out to be done concordant with a
specific view of life, politics, and customs.
• Confucian Dao concerns human affairs.
DAOISM
• Mysteries abound about the birth and life of Laozi (Lao-
tzu) who may have written Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching or
The Book of the Way and its Power.
• Believed to be a contemporary (modern version) of
Confucius, he once worked as a record keeper at the time
of the Zhou Dynasty but soon left the service due to his
frustration with corruption.
• Around 142 CE, Daoism began as an organized religion
with the establishment of the Way of the Celestial Masters
sect by Zhang Daoling during the Han Dynasty.
• The writings of Daoism centers on the concept of Dao, as
a way or path signifying appropriateness of one's behavior
to lead other people.
• Dao in Daoism means road, path or way in which one
does something.
• Daoist Dao means the way the universe works
SHINTOISM
• It is a loosely organized local belief in Japan, somewhat
an ardent (dedicated) religious form of Japanese patriotism.
Its mythology highlights the superiority of Japan over other
lands.
• Japanese people believed that their emperors descended
from the sun goddess Amaterasu.
• The term 'Shinto' was coined around the 16th century CE
to distinguish native belief systems from the imported
religions of China and Korea,
• The term came from the Chinese words 'shen' and 'tao'
roughly translated as the 'way of the gods'
• Of primal importance were the kami that were often
defined as the gods but could also refer to deities of heaven
and earth, or even spirits in human beings, animals, trees,
seas and mountains
B. Geography of Faith
1. THE WESTERN FRONTIER
• West Asia is the home of three great religions (J, C, I).
• Religions have increasingly become involved in the
domestic politics of West Asia, resulting in prolonged
conflicts among countries that have claimed thousands of
lives.
• Israel remains the only country in the world with a
Jewish-majority population comprising almost 75% of its
citizens.
• The Arabian Peninsula, the world's largest peninsula,
consists of countries that are predominantly Islamic in
character. (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, United
Arab Emirates, Yemen and Oman). Most West Asian
countries follow Shi'a and Sunni denominations of Islam,
Iran and Iraq associate themselves with the Shi'a sect while
Muslims in Saudi Arabia belong to the Sunni branch.
• One of the most sacred sites in the world revered by JCI.
Three structures are found in the present site: Al-Aqsa
Mosque, the Dome of the Rock, and the Dome of the
Chain. The Jewish people consider the Temple Mount as
their holiest shrine. Mount Moriah is also believed to be
the site of sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham.
• Vast expanse of deserts and bodies of water also played
important roles in biblical history
• There are more than a thousand synagogues, more than a
hundred churches and more than 70 mosques.
• Jerusalem has been sacred for the Jews for almost three
thousand years now with the city being the site of the First
Temple (King Solomon's Temple) and the Second
Temple.
• The Western Wall (Wailing Wall or Kortel), one of the
four remaining walls that surrounded Temple Mount, is the
second holiest shrine for the Jews.
• Jerusalem has been sacred for the Christians for almost
two thousand years now. Important sites include Mount
Zion and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which is the
site of the Golgotha (or the place of crucifixion) and the
empty tomb of Jesus Christ.
• Located at the Temple Mount, the Islamic Dome of the
Rock is the most recognizable structure in Jerusalem. It is
believed that the rock is the spot from which Muhammad
ascended to heaven.
• Another Islamic structure is the Al-Aqsa Mosque
associated with the night journey undertaken by
Muhammad.
2. THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
• The subcontinent of South Asia covers an area more than
one and a half million square miles stretching from the
Hindu Kush and Baluchi Hills on the west and the Great
Himalayan mountain range on the north, to the Burmese
mountain on the east and the Indian Ocean on the south.
• More than 4000 years ago, a civilization emerged along
the Indus River that developed a unique culture long before
the dawn of the Christian era.
• Because sweltering heat is one major feature of India's
ecological setting, it is no wonder that Hindus revere the
sun (Surya) and fire (Agni).
• Water also plays a major role as evidenced by Hindus
venerating a god of water and celestial oceans (Varuna).
• The South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, and
Bangladesh depend on the rivers of Indus, Ganga-
Yamuna, and Brahmaputra. Traversing the great plains
of north India, the Ganga (Ganges) is the holiest river for
the Hindus. From its point of origin to its confluence with
the ocean, many ancient pilgrimage sites and cities line up
along the Ganga including Rishikesh, Haridwar, Prayag,
and Varanasi.
• Even Buddhists consider Varanasi an important religious
site. During the olden days, there was once a deer park in
Samath which is now a residential area in Varanasi. In this
park, Siddhartha Gautama gave his first sermon about the
principles of Buddhism. It is presently marked by the
Dhamek Stupa shrine.
• The Buddha also met his first disciples at this place which
is now commemorated by the Chau Khandi Stupa
monument.
3. THE EASTERN END
• At the eastern end of the great Asian continent one finds
the cultural and political dominance of China.
• The location of China proper in the valleys of two great
bodies of water, the Huang He and Yangtze, is quite
favorable because of the support these streams provide to
the Chinese people that made historic China the center of
culture.
• Confucius, the main person behind the social philosophy,
did not intend to start a new religion but rather expound on
the nature of order and stability in the society. With the
growth of Confucianism and the development of urban
Chinese culture, shamanism began to decline in China.
• It was only during the second millennium after the death
of Confucius in 479 BCE that the teachings and ideals
identified with his philosophy spread in China. By the time
of the Han dynasty, Confucian teachings had become the
state religion. In Korea, it began to be disseminated
extensively around the 15th century. In Japan, it was
accepted by the majority during the 18th and 19th centuries.
•Daoism emerged in response to the widespread warfare
and social turmoil that besieged the Zhou dynasty. It served
as the guiding principle to abandon and withdraw from the
disorder brought about by the incessant struggle for power,
wealth, and prestige.
• As the three kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje
were being influenced by China, Korea also adopted
Buddhism and Confucianism from the mainland.
• Japanese representatives to China picked the useful
aspects of Chinese culture, and imported and adopted these
elements to their own needs. The Japanese feudal (old)
system embraced the ideals of Confucianism. Ancestor
worship complemented elements of Confucianism and
Daoism that underscored the concept of filial piety
(devotion to family).
• The entry of Buddhism in Japan between the 4th and 8th
centuries had a direct effect in their religious traditions.
a. Shinto was introduced (to distinguish native from foreign
religions)
b. Shinto followers acknowledged that the numerous
buddhas and bodhisattvas were revelations of the kami.
c. Fusion between Shintoism and Buddhism
d. Japan developed a unique form of Buddhism taking its
fullest meditative form under Zen.
C. CULTURAL MILIEU
• World religions can be regarded along the lines of their
exclusivity or non-exclusivity.
• Exclusive religions are oftentimes monotheistic with
Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Meanwhile, non-exclusive
religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism
and Shintoism.
ON MONOTHEISM AND UNIVERSALITY
• While Judaism and Islam affirm the presence of one god
(unitarian creed) Christianity acknowledges one God in
three persons (trinitarian
creed): the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.
• The basic principles of the Muslim faith are reflected in
the "Five Pillars of Islam".
• Both Christianity and Islam are considered
universalizing religions because they both attempt to
operate on a global scale. Universalizing religions have a
variety of means to transmit their principles and their
followers believe that what they think is appropriate for
humankind.
• On the other hand, Judaism can be considered an ethnic
religion because it draws members from a specific group of
people from a definite locality with most of its practices and
rituals performed continuously throughout generations.
ON THE CONCEPT OF DHARMA
• The concept of dharma is integral in religions that
emerged in India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism,
and Sikhism.
• In Hinduism, dharma could mean duty, righteousness,
and ethics. In all humanity, this is common and evident in
virtues such as peacefulness, empathy, and kindness.
• For Buddhism, it means cosmic law and order, or the
teachings of Buddha and the truth of the way things are.
• For the Theravada sect, dharma is sometimes used to
indicate all the factors of existence.
arch
• Dharmic religions do not compel their adherents to
profess their devotion to be a believer or a practitioner.
Meditational and yoga rituals lead to the right behavior
and ultimate understanding of the universe.
• While the Hindus and Buddhists share similarities in
their ideas concerning enlightenment and liberation, they
differ in:
• Hindus believe in Trimurti or the three forms of god
• Buddhists do not believe in the existence of any god
therefore intermediaries for humans and gods are not
necessary along with the many rituals that go with
venerating them.
ON NATURE AND ANCESTORS
• The elements of the cult of heaven and ancestor worship
are features of ancient Chinese culture integrated into the
Confucian philosophy and belief. Confucius had a firm
conviction in a natural order that was moral order.
• Apart from having a harmonious relationship between
humans and heaven, the establishment of an ideal human
society is also key to Confucian followers. The five basic
social relationships are:
1. Ruler and subjects
2. Father and son
3. Husband and wife
4. Older and younger brothers
5. Friends or members of the community

• Lesser deities are apparent in Daoism with the presence of

atmospheric gods, gods of locality, and functional gods.
It also promotes a harmonious relationship between
humankind and nature. Appropriateness of one's behavior is
also integral in the Daoist teachings.
• In Shintoism, divinities are closely linked to nature and
natural forces. The sacred Mount Fuji, an abode of
Japanese gods, is surrounded by temples and shrines. It is
one of the three holy mountains along with Mount Tate
and Mount Haku.
• Shrines are erected to venerate or remember ancestors,
an occurrence, and natural phenomena, such as mountains,
rivers, rocks, and trees. Shinto followers carry out ritualistic
practices diligently to establish a union with the present
society and the nation's past. The majority of its followers
also practice Buddhism.