Txaza Ii] MEPBUYHAA KOHCTPYKOMA COrJADIEHHA 110 NMOBOAY BELA § 1. ®enomen usureceptio BsauMogeiictsue JOMOBAAALIK Mo MoBOAy res mancipi B aMoxy 3a- pou .eHHa HHAHBRAYaALHOYO BHTeEpeca B CTpyKTYpe AHUYHOCTH BHISbI- BaeT MpHuy/kBble NpaBOBble KOHCTPYKUHH, AHaM3 KOTOPEIX B HX pagBHTHH NOsBOAReT CYAUT> O ApeBHRx (POpMaX MpHHaANeHOCTH B B cibepe rpaxaacKoro OGopoTa, CyWecTBOBaBLIHX B YCHOBMAX CcTa~- TBYHOH MOABIACTHOCTH Belle ABTOHOMHLIM COlHaIbDHLIM eAqHHKLaM, OTAWHEIM OT HHAHBHAA. OLHUM 13 HaWGOsee SBPHCTRUHLIX PeHOMeHOB spanerca usureceptio, — o6paTHoe mpHoOperenie m0 ZaBHOCTH OT- ayXACHHOH BellH ee Mpexnum co6ctsenxHKoM. [ait paccMarpHBaetT usureceptio cpemu ocoGprx cayyaep ustcapio, Korma mo aBHOCTH CO- SHaTeIbHO npHoéperaetca ayKad Belilb. Gai., 2. 52: Rursus ex contrario accidit, ut qui sciat alienam rem se possi- dere, usticapiat, veluti si rem hereditariam, cuius possessio- nem heres nondum nactus est, aliquis possederi Gai., 2.59: Adhuc etiam ex aliis causis sciens quisque rem alienam usu- capit. Nam qui rem alicui fidu- ciae causa mancipio dederit vel in iure cesserit, si eandem ipse possederit, potest usucapere, an- no scilicet, soli si sit. Quae species usucapionis dici- tur usureceptio, quia id, quod aliquando habuimus, recipimus Per usucapionem. Hanpotus, HHorza cayaaerca, yTO MO JaBHOCTH mpHobperaert TOT, KTO 3HaeT, YTO BAAReeT 4Y- 2oil BeMlLIO, KaK, HaNpuMmep, ec- 4M KTO-TO BiageeT Hacmencr- BeHHOH Bebo, KOTOpOH elie He 3aBMA AON HACKHETHUK... Tlomumo storo, wyatam Ret co- SHAaTeIbHO =«mpuo6peTaetca 0 WaBuOCTH H NO ApyruM ocHoOBa- kiaM, Beab eCaH TOT, KTO MaH- MHTHPOBa WH wegupoBaa in iure Belllb ne PuLyMapHOMy J0- TOROpy, mpHoOpereT Baagenue 3TOH BeLLLIO, O MOKET cTaTb co6cTBeHHHKOM 10 aBHOCTH, pasyMeeTcad 3a TOA, eCaH 3TO HeABHxKHMOCTH. ror BH Usucapio Ha3HIBaeTCA usit- receptio, mockoubKy MBL npHod- peraemM No ZaBuocTH OGpatHo TO, ¥TO KorAa-TO OHIO 8 Haluelt co6cTBeHHOCTH. Usureceptio ex causa fiduciae apromaTuyecku caeqoBaada 3a me- PexoAOM BAaATeHHA K Mpexnemy co6OcTBeHHAKy Ben (uayuHAHTy), H€3@BHCHMO OT TOTO, MO KaKOMY OCHOBARHIO Bells Oba nepezana u- Ayuuapuio. OGparHoe mpwo6petextue no AaBHOCTH ROMycKatoch naKe 6989 atB TOM Cay¥ae, CCAM PUAYHNAPHAA MaHMMDANA MpOHSBOAHAACh C Ue- abl0 ycTaHORAeHHA 3aslora, IpHtem HaMepeHHOe saBnageHHe Taxol BeLIbIO BONPeKH Bone UAYUMAPHOrO KpeaUTOPa He KBaAMUUNpOBA- OCh KAK BOPOBCTBO H, COOTBETCTBCHHO, He cOsqaBasO MpenaTcTBAli Aa NapHoctuoro npHobpetenua! (Gai., 3, 201): Rursus ex diverso interdum alienas res occupare et usuca- pere concessum est, nee credi- tur furtum fieri, veluti res here- ditarias, quarum heres non est nactus possessionem, nisineces- sarius heres extet; nam neces- sario herede extante placuit ni- hil pro herede usucapi posse. Item debitor rem, quam fiduciae causa credilori mancipaverit aut in ture cesserit, secundum ea quae in superiore commentario rettulimus, sine furto possidere et usucapere potest. Hanporus, unorga joaponeno 3aXBaTbIBaTh H NpHOOpeTath No HaBHOCTH YyKHe BeLIH 7 He CHH- TaeTcH, TO 3TO BOPOBCTBO, Ha- IpuMep HacleacTseHubte Belly, Hache HHK KOTOPRIX He BCTYNHA BO BuafeHhe, ecHH TOMDKO HeT HeOOXOAUMOrO HacaCANHKa; BED yeTavopjeHo, WTO Up HaanuHH HeOOXOAMMOTO =HaCeAHMKa HH- uero) He/Ib3h mpHo6perath 10 HaBHOCTH BMECTO HacJeqHuKa, TakKe OAKHUK MOMKET OBJa- Fete Tol pembio, KOTOpyi0 OF uayunapHo ManuMAHpoRaa wan WeAHpOBaa KpeAuTOpy, H 3TO He 6ynzeT CYHTaTDCA BOpoBCTBOM, H — B COOTBETCTBHH C TeM, YTO Mbl cKa3ann =B «MpeAbIayLeM KOMMeHTaphu — mpHoGpecTn ee nO AaBHOCTH. Tlogpo6uee o cxeaxe fiducia nudopmupyer cregyiouni TeKcT, KO- TOP TaKKe NOKASHIBAeT, HACKOALKO aBTOMATHYeCKHH adipext obpar- Horo MpHoOpeteHua no ZaBHOcTH B Ciydae Mepexoga BAageHHA K u- aynuanry Gp HesaBucuM oT pynkuwH cyemkH (Gai., 2.60): Sed fiducia contrahitur aut cum ereditore pignoris iure, aut cum amico, quo tutius mnostrae res apud eum sint; et si quidem cum amico contracta sit fiducia, sane omni modo conpetit usus- Teceptio; si vero cum creditore, soluta quidem pecunia omni modo conpetit, nondum vero soluta ita demum conpetit, si neque conduxerit eam rem a creditore debitor, neque precario Bupoyem, oropop fiducia 3a- KaouaeTcA «HH C KpeqHTOpoM lo Wpasy 3asora, WH ¢ ApyroM, uTOOh Hal Belly npe6hBamH y Hero B Gonbmeh HanexKnoctH; nu ecau fiducia saxmouena c¢ ApyroM, To paso (puayuna- pus) Ha usureceptio npasnaerca B JI060M cayuae; ecm 2Ke Cc Kpe- ‘MHTOPOM, TO m0 ynuaTe oara— B m1060M eayyae, ecw me AO yllatbl, TO 1paBo (Ha usurecep- tio) IpusHaerca, TOABKO ecaAH AODKHHK HE apeHOBad Beilib Y KpeZnTopa, He HCTpocul mnpe- ' TIpuoGperenme wo gapHoctu BopoBaHHom Bem (usucapio res furtivae} 6um0 RegonycTumemM, Floapo6uee cm. § 3 ra. IV. 82rogaveril, uf eam rem possidere KapHo, yroGn emy Guo 103B0- liceret; quo casu [ucrativa usus- MeHO BUaReTh STOt Bebo; B capio conpetit. 3TOM cnyyae = flonyekaetca G6e3- BO3Me3qHad HaxKUBa mocpercr- BOM AABHOCTHOrO npHOGpeTennaA. Tlepexoad Belin K QHAYUMAaHTY-sanoroxaremio Ha OCHOBAHHH = 70- ropopa apeHAbl HAW B NpeKapHoe Blasenve cosqaeT MpenATCTBHe AAA usureceptio, Ho cleaKa liducia cama no ceGe — fame saKiouenHad C yeablo yCTaHOBACHHA 3aqora — OCTaBAReT aA npemueTO co6cTBen- HHKA OTKPLITOH BOSMOXKNOCTL GGpaTHOrO NpHcRoenHA. PopMa 3aKsMo- yenua Cleakn (nocpezcrsom mancipatio nam in iure cessio, KoTopple CuHTalOTCA aGcrpakTHBIMH cmocoGamMH MepeHoca co6crBeHHocTH), @ TAaKKe CAOBA Taa o «res aliena> TIPOTHBOpeyaT Kak AONYWIEHHIO AaB- HOCTHOrO HPHOGpereHuA BeMIH 1O2KHHKOM (BO BCAKOM cay4yae TO yuaTbl oura), Tak MH HEMpH3HaHHO BOpPOBCTBA B CAy4ae, KOTLa Of HaMepeHHO 3aBJlaneBaeT 3aoroM, C hopMaabHo TouKH apeHHA 3TH ponpocel oTHocaTcA x K fiducia cum amico, [peanonaraempi nepexon cOOCTBCHHOCTH K KPeCAHTOPY-PHAYUHAPHIO Kak peabuolit sfpexT man- cipatio aan in iure cessio q0mxKeH 6bIn CONpoBOmAaTLCA ycTaHoBTe- HHEM OON3QTCIDCTBA BEpHYTb B3ATYIO B 3aNOF Belib ACAMKHHKY NO yraaTe AZoara. OanuaKo COGCTBEHHOCTh He MOET GHITL nepenecena NO PeSOMIOTHBHEIM ycuORHeM (Kak H Ha CpOK): aTO OTpHUato 6p caMO NpaBo cobeTrBenHocrH. Hakoneu, TOARYRDIA CpOK AaBHOCTH JAD HeABMKUMOCTH TORE HeOGHyEH. Coppemennbe pomanucT, yGexjenHble B HeoOxoguMoctu reman- cipatio a4 BOCCTaHOBJeHHA BEL Ha Ccropoxe PuAyunaHra?, cunTaIOT usureceptio aHOMANbHLIM CNOCO6OM mpexKpalenua usyunapHoro oT- HOWCHHA, ITO 2akpbipaer NYTh K reweTHyeckoH epynKyHONaADEOR HHTepnpetaunn uncTHTyTa. Nocryaupyembiii a6crpaKTHhii xapakrep mancipatio u in iure cessio npeanonaraer BO3HNKHOBeHMe Ha CTOpOHe uayunapua KeupurcKoii coGcrsennoctu (dominium ex iure Quiriti- um), T. &. peambHblt spexr cAeIKH, KOTOpLI HecopMecTaM c O6A- SaHHOCTbIO BOCCTAHOBHTh Bellb NO TpeGosaHHio Tpemnero co6cTBeH- Haka, JOMOMHHTenbHbI OGs3aTeNDCTRCHHA §«addekT MaHLANalAH (uau in iure cessio) ne MoT NMeTb CBONM HcTOUNHKOM HH lex mancipi, conposomaaolinh cxeaky*, HH AOMOMHHTeApHOe coraamenwe (pac- ? Xotd Hit B ORROM PUMCKOM FOPHAMYECKOM TeKCTe He ynOMBNaeTCH Temancipa- to ex causa fiduciae, yacto npezmozaraetcs, Yo 6 He TOROpHZOcD B KORTE Formu- Ja Baetica — aoxymenta I B. H. 9., Cosepxattero aoronop mancipatio fiduciae cau- Sa (FIRA, Vol 3. P. 296—297), rae cefttac umeercy o6ulupHan lakyHa CM., Ham Roby H. J. Roman Private Law in the Times of Cicera and the Antonines, Cam- bridge, 1902 Vol. 2. P. 102. * Kax sro mpeanonaran A. Yorcon (cu.: Watson A. The origins of fiducia// ZSS. 1969. N 79. S. 329 “ag; Idem. The Law of Obligations in the Later Roman Republic Oxford, 1965. P. 172 sqq: xpuTury cm.: Belloct N. La tuteta della fiducia nelPepoca repubblicana. Milano, 1974. P. 6 sqq. Nt. 3). H, Bexxoun nocestuaa cne- WambHyio MOHOrpaduio pOKasaTemeTRY Toro @aKTa, wo nimcupatio npH Maxuyna- ‘QKH HH WeccHH COBepttaeT TONLKO NpHOSpetaTer (B Halen cayyae — (pAAyUNAHT), @ duxynnapuii He Aeaaer HMKaKoro saasnenun, Ca.: Belloct N. La strutlura del ne- Gozo della fiducia nell'epoca repubblicana, Vol. 1: Le nuncupationes. Napoli, 1979. 83tum)‘, Koropoe nporuBopernao Onl bakry salute @uzyunanTa HCKOM 43 peadbioro KoHTpakta (aclio fiduciae), a He H3 BepOaaLHoro (actio ex stipulatu nan exceptio pacti conventi). Haesx 9. Ppennt o ToM, uro KAaccHuecku KONTpaKT fiducia aB- AKeTCH TPOLYKTOM cHuTeaa abcrpakTHOH MaHUMMalaK WH MpeTopcKoro pactum®, ucxogHT H3 OTPHUAHHA iopHAMYeCKOTO XapakTepa @usyuuap- WOro coraallenug B APeBHOCTH, KorAa HtTepecht qugyynanta GLH Gyno Gbl SaliKUeHE! MHLIb MOpadIbHOH OTBETCTBeHHOCTHIO KOHTparen- ta (fides)*. OcHosaHna Aula nocaeqHero 3aksoGeHuA S6yzyt paccmorT- PeHb! HHKe, 3fech 2Ke CTMETHM, ¥TO NpeqnosaraeMHi HepopMaabubli Xapaxtep cbuayunapuoro coraawenua oTBeyaeT MOZAADHOCTH Usure- ceptio, OTBOAA STOMY HCCTAHAApTHOMY HECTHTYTY POA HOPMaAbHOrO, oTBeyaollero TpeSosanuam fides cpeacTBa npexpalieHnA oTHOUieHHa H BOCCTAaHOBAeHHA BelHOro mpapa duAyuuanta, CoppemenHan poma- HHCTHKA, OTpHiad Bceg 3a Taem cnpaseaMMBocth u HoruKy usurecep- tio, HrHOpupyeT cylecTBeHHoe pasmHane Mexay DHAYWMAPHBIM cora- IeHHeM € HeNbIO Samora HW CReAKOH MOKAAKH HAM CCyA C ApyroM, Korda MpoOusBodbHoe 2aBAagenve BellbO PHAYUMAaRTOM BNowne ecTe- cTBCHHO. OcTaNOBHBWHCh Ha KOHCTATAHM TOTO, YTO AMA STOrO BHzAa RaBnocrHoro npHoGperenua, Kak H aaa usucapio pro herede, recyure- crBeHub! TpeGopanua JobpocosectHocTe (bona fides) m 3aKoHHoro ocnopatax (iusta causa), CoppeMeHHax AOKTpHHa’ OKasasach Hecno- coGHOl OObACHHTL HrHOpHpoBaHHe cocTaBa Kpaxu (furtum) npu ta- KOM COSHATeABHOM 3aBsaeHun 4y KOH BellDIO BONPeKH BONE cobcTREH- HuKa. OreyteTsne peksu3uToB bona fides u iusia catsa mpm ustucapio lucrativa HHorga YBA3bIBaeTCH C TOAMYHBIM CPOKOM aBHOCTH JWIn HeABHXKUMOCTH Tak, ¥TO UsUreceptio H usucapio pro herede o6naB- AMOTCH PEAHKTAMH FHNOTETHYeCKOrO pexKHMa AABHOCTHOrG mpHobpe- yeuua, ycraHoBsenkoro moribus no XII ta6anuy (VI, 3), Koropte BBO- QUAN ABYXAeTHHA CPpOK AAA AaBHOcTHOTO MpHOSpeTenHA HeABHOKAMO- etn (Gai., 2, 24)%. OnuaKo umeHHo HecTangapTubiit cpox usureceptio H usucapio pro herede He o3sBoAReT CYAHTL TO HHM O ApeRHel ustica- pio, nopMuposanHon B XIL ra6anmax*. Ouvesuano, nonrupuKaapnaa 4 Tax mpeanogaran B. Sp6e. Cu.: Erbe W. Die Fiducia im rémischen Recht. Weimar, 1940. S105 sq 5 Frezza P. Le garanzie delle obbligazioni ino dicitto romano Vol. 2: Le garan- zie reali. Milano, 1962. P. 9 sqq; Belloc N. La tutela... P. 6 sqq * Cu. raxxe: Lombardi G. Dalla fides alla bona fides. Milano, 1961. P. 84; Imbert I. De Ia sociologie au droit: la fides romane//Mélanges H. Lévy-Bruhl. P., 1959. P, 407; Belloci N. La tutela.. P. 11 sq, 34 sqa; Robayé R. V’Obligation de garde: Essai sir la responsabilité contractuelle en droit romain. Bruxelles, 1987. P. 316 7 Cm. wanp.: Kaser M. Das rémische Privatrecht. Minchen, 1955. Bd. 1. S. 356; Mayer-Maly Th. Studien zue Friigeschichte der usucapio//ZSS. 1962. N 79, Pug- Hese G. (con la collaborazione di F. Sitzia e L, Vacca). Islituzioni di diritto roma- no. Torino, 1990. P. 134, 469; Talamanca M. Istituzioni di diritto romano. Milano, 1990. P. 424; Vacca L. «Usucapione (dir. rom}s//ED. Vol. 26. * Mayer-Maly Th, Studien zur Friigeschichte der usucapio// ZSS, 1960, N 77. S 34 sqq; /demt. Studien zur Elementarliteratur fiber die usucapio//Studi E. Betti. Milano, 1962. Vol. 3. P. 490. ° Talamanca M. Istituzioni... P. 554. 84jOPHCHPYACHLAA HE CMOraa NocpeACTBOM HuTepHpetaumn XL Tabane (Vi, 3) yuubauupoBate Bce BHA ZABHOCTHOrO NpuObperenna. Hecnpaseaaupoctp usucapio lucrativa ue nosBOnAeT CUHTaTb 3TH gpesteiiime Bab Mpwobperena no AagnocTH MpoayKTOM ere- yanpasazennoro =KONcTpyHpopannsa’?, Yaosaersopenve, Cc KOTOPHIM fait (2, 57) rosoput o6 ormene usucapio pro herede pecxpuntom Ag- nana, H ero GecnomMoulnoe HesOyMeHNHe No nopony usureceptio ex cau- sa fiduciae BbinBamwr caabbie peopMaropcKHe BOSMO2XKHOCTH PHM- cKkol }opucnpyszenunu B 9ToM Bonpoce, OcobeuHocrh usureceptio, xe NOSBOSHBWAT NOSAHeHWHM HHTepmperaTopaM YCMOTpeTD cocTaB Kpa- 3K B gelcTBUAX QuAyuMaHTa, 3aXBaTMBalolero res fiduciae data, w BOSMOXKUOCTH OGpaTHOro NpuoGperenia mo RaBnocTH 3anora we3aBH- CHMO OT YHAATHI AOMTa ABHINCh IAA PAMCKHX JOPHCTOB AaHROCTHIO ApeBHeroO NOpAAKa, ONpaBLanHoro cnewNpHKol oTHOWeHHA. Su avo- MaHHH, TAKHM OGpa3OM, CYLLECTBEHD! AIK KONCTPYKUNN QuAyHHap- HOTO OTHOWEHHA 4 OTpaKaloT ocoSennocTy peBHehusMx cxem MpaBo- Boro B3dEMOMeHCTBHSL. Tlo ananorua ¢ usucapio pro herede!! Moxuo Ono 6H OO DACHTD BOSMOXKHOCTL usureceptio aTcyreTaHemM BaageHHA Ha cTOpoHe dpHAy- uwapua, NONOGHO TOMY Kak HeMpHHATOe, Tak Ha3blBaemoe aAexauee, vacseacrao («hereditas iacens» — Gai., 2, 52; 3, 201) ue naxognTca HH BO SLeM BaReNHH. Ontako, ecan Takoe MpeanoaowKenne HW onpaB- Aauo B oTHoweuHn fiducia cum amico, NockoALKy B COOTBeTCTBYIO- IMAX KOHTpaktTax Kaaccnueckoro PHMCKOrO TpaBa — MoKMaxKe H CCy- fe (depositum u commodatum) — noxsaike- m CcygonpuMHMaTerb He TpusHalorca BAALeMbUAaMH, TO B OTHOWEHHE fiducia cum creditore sto AOTYULENNe MAAOREPOATHO, Pas APN CXOAHOM KaAccHYecKOM kKOHTpaKre (pignus) sanoropbiit KpegquTop HMeeT Bvlagenie ad interdicta n aK- THBHO YpaBoMo¥eH Ha HCK H3 BopoBCTsa (actio furti) axe npoTHB sasorogaTeaa, coscrsennuKka seutn (D. 47, 2, 19, 5). Gai., 3, 203: Furli autem actio ei conpetit, ck #3 Boposcrsa npunaazae- euius interest rem salvam esse, licet dominus non si Tiaque nec domino aliter conpetit, qu- am si eius intersit rem non pe- Tire. 204. Unde constat creditorem de pignore subrepto furli agere posse; adeo quidem, ut quamvis ipse dominus, id est ipse debi- JKMT, BIPONeM, TOMY, B Yel HH- Tepec BXOAHT, YTOGHI Belly Guia B COXPAHHOCTH, RaKe ECM OH He S#BAAeTCA cOOCTREHHHKOM. Caeaosateabuo, 4 coGcraennuKy STOT HUCK MPMHaAIERUT TOKO B TOM CAYdde, eCHH ON 3aHATepe- COBaH B TOM, YTOOLI BElb HE FO- rHu6sta. © Tax GPHARTO CHMTaTA B OTHOWIeHMN Usttcapio pro herede, KOTOpofi seaex 2a Tacy (Gai. 2, 55) apnnacuBaor dye OGecncunTs cKopefiuee Bo300;0ReHNe CeMCHHLIX esaittetnometiersni B orcvTcTRie HacaeauuKos (cu.: Coppola G, Siudi sul- ia pro herede gestio. Vol. | 1987, P.137 so). Kpwsnxy Roe npano. Ai., 1993. C. TIT. La situttura originaria del gerere pro kerede. Milano, Jlowdes Jf, B. Pameckoe apxanseckoe nace reTsen- 1” Bry napaaieay axuenrapyer Iu. Ppanyosu. Cm. Franciosi G. Usucapio pro herede. Contributo allo studio delVantica hereditas. Napoli, 1965. P. 8 sqq: 25. 8tor, eam rem subriquerit, nihilo 204. Tlostomy = mpHsnaHo, 4To minus creditori conpetat actio KP€QHTOP MOXRET BYHHATS ACK U3 furti. BoposcTBa O06 yKpagyeuHoM 3a- wore, H 20 Tako cTeneHH, ¥TO xoTa 6b cam COGCTBeHHHK, T. e@. AOWKUNK, YB STY BLD, Kpe- AHTOP Tem He MeHee yIpaBoMo- yeH Ha HCK H3 BOpOBCTBa. C TOUKH 3peHHA MaTepHambHoro acnekTa OTHOWeHHA oTpnanue kakoro-ld60 BeLAMOTO MpaBa Ha cTOpoOHe AHA, MpHHABWeETO Belltb nocpesctsom mancipatio umn in iure cessio, HemonycTHMo, caenzoBa- TEAbHO, OTPaHW4cHHe HYXHO HCKATb B CYOBeKTe, Kak GYATO STH aKTDI He cosqalT HOVE ynpaBOMOYeHHOe Ha Beh anuo Hecmorpa Ha oT- uyxgeune res fiduciae data unBHAbHDIM cnocoGOM, MuAYUMAaHT ocTa- eTcH B HENOCPeACTBEHHOM IOPHANYECKH 3HA4HMOM OTHOLUEHHH K BELLU. Takad HTepmperamHa uueTHTyTa usureceptio, npeaaomenHaa ©. By66e B paMkax KOHICHYHH passeteHHoi co6crBeuHoctu (geteil- tes Eigentum), octraerca ayumam n3 cyllecrpyrolnx pellienni'?. Sro pellenwe cormacospano co cnopamn Tas (2, 59): «...quia id, quod ali- quando habuimus, recipimus per usucapionem». Tonnynpi cpox xaB- HOCTH Mpu usureceptio, KoTopsIi GespasmuyeH K BelllecTREHHOMY CO- crapy oObeKTa KoNTpaKxta, ©. By66e TpakToRay Kak yKa3anHe Ha TO, NTO (PuAyUNAHT MpHOSpetaer no TaBHOCTH He CaMY BeMllb, a ANUIb BOC- CTaHaBNMBaeT B NONHOM OGDeMe CBOe TpaBo Ha Hee — res incorpora- lis! Sror noxxon, ofHako, He OGbaACHAeT HEMPH3HaHHe BOpoBerBa B caydae HaMepeHHoro 3aBMajenHa BellbIO ugyunMantom Octaetca He- SCHBIM, MOWeMY, MaKe PaCNAaTHBUIMCy H NOTYIHR BAAMeHHe BeLLLIO, HOMKHUK He BOCCTAHaBAMBaeT CBOe MpaBO B NOMHOM oGbeMe, a TO- NpexkeMy wYKAaeTcA B rogqMANoi AaBHOCTH (ecaH, JoMyeTHM, THnO- reraueckaa remancipatio we Gpija nponssezena) Ta xe npobsema cTouT ele ocrpee npu rumorese fiducia cum amico: BaaB o6paTHo Belllb, AAHHYWO Apyry Ha xpanedue (HH B ccyly), uAyuHaHT ue cpa- sy ycrpanaer PHAYUMAPHA 43 HEMOcpeACTBEHHOrO OTHOMEHHA K BeLLH, HO AOMKeH MpHOSperaTh Bells MO AapHocTH!4, HauGonee HpoAyKTHBHbIM TOAXOAOM K Tpo6seMe, KOTOPHI MOET Halitk OGmjee OOnACHeHHE AIA Bcex ocoGeHHocTel UNCcTHTYTAa, Tpet- craBaserca rederuueckHi. Cneunduka BeWHMX OTHOIUCHHM B anovy, Korga HHCTHTYT YaCTHOM COGCTBEHHOCTH elle OLN] HepasBHT, AOMnHa HPpOABAATLCA HE TObKO B XAPakTepe NPUTH3aRHA MW €TO 3aNiH1 bl, HO HW B TOM, 4TO HENMOCPEACTBEHHO CBASAHHBIM C BelILIO MpHsnaBamca cyOb- ekT, OTANUHLIf OT HHAHBHga TlosTOMy @akT HenpH3naniaA arasenua Ha cTopone @vAyUNapHa KaK OCHOBAHMA Ala UTMOpMpoBatMa KpATKH Wabbe F Usurecepiio und relatives Eigentum//TR 1960 N 28 P 13 sq Kak moxktlo cyan no pewen3un By6Ge a aucceptaunio T Hopapasena (ZSS 1991 N 108 519), ero Konuenuua «functionell geleilt Eigentum> p npanoxweume K @uAyUnapHbim chenkaM ocfamacb C TEX TOP es u3MeHeHHTT 13 Wubbe F Usureceptio S$ 18 “4B grow paccyaknenan x HTHOpHpyi0 BOsMOXKHOCTH remancipatio He moTOWY, NTO OTPHILaIO ee COREPUIEHHO, HO c MeO ocrath¢n B paMKA\ amaxssipyemoro aB- Jenux — usureceptio 86.fo3BONCT HageaTbes Ha TO, UTO aHaaus HHCTHTYTAa usureceptio GyaeT NPOLYKTABHBIM Ji PeKOHCTPYKUHH APeBHERWHX CXEM NPHHAANEKHO- cru B Cepe rpaxkgancKoro OOopoTa. Furtum he npH3vapasca HB TOM caytae, ecld Kpaxky copepmasa cynpyra B OTHOWeHHH myxa. Yurepd , Mor 6OLITh BOSMELCH TOKO B enydae pasBona, Korda HOcTpadaBuiun NOMyuas TpaBo Ha chellhadb- HB HCK 06 H3bSATHX ObIBUHM CYMpyroM Belllax — actio rerum amo- tarum O6vlsnufi ucx H3 BoposeTBa -— actio furti — Gua B stom cay- yae HENPUMeHHM, YTO AOPOLAMO NOMITKH HafiTH oObaAcHenve cnenH- guxu, Kourponepsa no stomy Bonpocy, 8 KoTOpyi0 ObaH BOBTCICHEL JOPHCTHI HECKONDKNX TOKONeHHH, AaeT NpuMevaTemHbI oOpasey, npH- MeHeHHA HPARYHOB pasBHro# UpaBOBoli HaYKH, OCHOBaHHOH Ha BHDH- BUAYAIMCTHMeCKOH TpakTOBKe HOPMATHBHOH peasbHOCTH, K HecTaH- gaptromy uucraryty ius civile (D. 25, 2, 1: Paul. 7 ad Sab.): Rerum amotarum iudicium sin- OcoGplt KCK O TOXHILCHEDIX Be- gulare introductum est adver- bun, Guefen mporss Tol, so : Bila cyMpyrof, nockomeKy ne sus eam quae uxor fuit, quia CYHTAMOCh BOSMORKHHM BAKHATH non placuit cum ea furti agete — nporap nee wCK U3 BOpOBCTBa: posse. quibusdam existimanti- HEKOTOpble CYHTANN, YTO Ona HE bus ne quidem furtum eam fa- conepuiaer Kpa2ku, Kak Heppa cere, ut Nerva Cassia, quia so- u Kaccnfi, nockoapky Tosapmute- CTBO COBMCCTHOH OKH3HH Zesaer cietas vitae quodammodo domi- ee HeKOTOpHM 06pa30M coGcT- mam eam faceret; aliis, ut Sabi- Beunuuell, apyrne, Kax Ca6un # no et Proculo, furto quidem eam Tipoxya, nonarata, 4To xoTs facere, sicuti filia patri faciat, OHa H COBEpMaeT BOPOBCTBO, T16- sed furii non esse actionem con- AoGHO TOMY aK cosepulaeT HOY Y oTla, HO TO yCTaHOByen- HOMY HpaBy McK H3 ROpoRCTRA He BOSHRKaeT, H COBEPLIeHHO NpaBHIbHO. lOnuan TIpHMbIKaeT K 3TOMY MHCHHEO . stituto ture, in qua sententia et Iulianus rectissime est... Otkas pHa ;wpHcros cue_OBATS MHeHHIO OcHOBaTeNcH Kylaccuue- CKUX WKOM COOTBETCTBYeT HecTaHAapTHocTH aagaua. [laccusHoe yKa- 3aHve Ha HaAHUMe YCTAaHOBACHHOTO NOpsAAKa, Npeswoxeuvoe Cabu- HOM, YAoBTeTBOpHAG HeMHOrHx. Tlovck wornyecKkoro o6pacHeHHA Crpannoro sBAeHYA HoTpeOopan MOOHAN3AKHH KOHUCNTYaIbHEIX pe- 3€PBOB H HOPOANA He Mevee NpHYYWIHBHe KOWCTPYKHH (Bpoze yro- AOGAeHHA cynpyrH cocoGcrsenHuNe Mya&ka), KOTOPHe pa BOCHpHATAH HX B ha4veCTBe TEXHHYCCKH TOUNOH XApPAKTePHCTHKA OTHOMEHNA TaKKe He MOran HaitH Muoro cropouHuKos. Tonbirka paunonanvaHpopath H CHHTE3HPOBATb AHOMAJIHIO B KaTeropHAX KMAaCcuYecKOH 1pycnpyazeH- UAW 3acdyKHBaeT NpHCTaALNOrO BHHMaHHA. PeKOUCTPYKRHA AOTHKH paccyxgeuua'> ToMOmeT BOCCOSAaTh CAMO ABMEHHE, KOTOPOe KACCH- ‘© Auvanna Tekcra, mpedaoxKennni MBOW paHee (cm. Joacdea JI. B Pumexoe ApKauuecnoe WacnegcTaexxe upano. C 101), wesocratoven aaa Keel Mactosmmero Necreazona Haat 87HCKHI MEICIHTeAb HMC BOSMOXKHOCTH BCeCTOpOHHe npoataaHnsupo- BaTb, HECMOTPA Ha CTAaAMA THY VLAeHHOCTS. Tlockoapky furtum we coaqanaa co6cTBenHocTH Ha CTOpoHe Bopa, QAa Toro ¥T06t OODACHNTh HegonyuweHve BoposcTBa (uM actio fur- ti) 3 caysae HegoGpocopecrHoro mepexoxa BAageunA K Cynpyre, He CTOHAO NPW3HaBaTb ee coysacTHNMeh B UMYWecTBe MOMORAaAHKM, Bul- paxenue «quodammodo domina» uMeet 6oxee OTBNCYCHEbI CMBICA He NOABepran COMHENINO HCKMOUNTeEMDHOCTS BelHOrO «MpaBa raphe CEMbH, OHO Tak KEAAMPHUNPOBANO MpaBOcyOBeKTHOCTS CYHPYTH, UTO Morao NocaAymuTS OObACHEHHeM HppesewanTHOCTA Tepexogza K Heit Baanenna. Keniwna, aa%Ke ecaM Ona TO OpaKka aBARAacy persona sub iuris, yrpayuBAcT AVUNYIO ABTOHOMUIO, CocTAaBHB c MyAeM «societas vitae®, H ee persona canpaerca c apuom dominus. Ynozo6nenne ee FOMOBMAALIKe BhIpaKaer He Hanuune y Hee dominium, a, nanpotus, TOMHy!O YTPaTy CHOCOGHOCTH rocHOACTBOBATH HW AAAe BMALeTD OT CBOe- ro auga. Meradopa o6pamiena kK BHemIHemMy Ha6siogatemo: furium HMeeT 3nayeHe HMeHHO B OGINeCCTHEHHOM HJlaHe, Tak 9K KAK MH TOHA- THe dominus cyulectByet TOALKO B Me>KCeMeHHOM COWMaabHOM ApocT- pauctse!®, Ota wATepmpeTaaus NOATBepARAereA cAeAYIOWINM TeKcTOM ITapaa, KOTOPEM TaKxKe oTHOcHTcA K actio rerum amotarum (D. 47, 2, 16: Paul., 7 ad Sab.): Ne cum filio familias pater furti Korga oMOBAaALIKa He MomKeT agere possit, non iuris constitu- BUWHHTh CK H3 BOpOBCTBA ROA- tio, sed natura rei impedimento BuacTHOMy CBIHY, 9TOMY Tpe- e t uod oi hi MATCTRYCT He = ycTaHOoRseHnHoe St, quod non magis cum his, mpaBo, a MpHpoma sBeuleh, Tak quos in potestate habemus, qu- Kak C TEM, KOTO MBI HM€eM BO am nobiscum ipsi agere possu- BaCTH, MBI MOMKEM CYAHTBCH He mus. 6onee yem c camuM co6oli. B xuure 7 ?!. Takum xe o6pasom Bulageneu pro herede, opnanenan uyxKoi fami- lia 4 gelicTByx B KavectBe €e riaBH’?, YTPadNBaer B OTHOIMeHHH BHELI- Hero Mpa CBOe COGCTBEHHOe AMMO (BO BCAKOM CAy¥Ae HACKONBKO 3TO KacaeTea 3axpayenHoh familia), mpHoGperax pob moKOfHoro jOMO- BaanelKH — pater familias, — Toro, KTo rocnogcTsyet B AOMe ( — D. 50, 16, 195, 2). Takum o6pa30M, HeMpH3HaHve KpaxkH Co CTOpPOHbI pMLYUNAaHTAa MO- XKET YKASbIBaTb Ha TakoOe EAUNCTBRO lOPHAUGECKHX poseli cropoH B HX OTHOWEeHHH K Belin, OODEKTY KOHTPakta, Koraa B Cihepe rpaxk_ancKo- To o60poTa OHM BOCIPMHUMAIOTCA Kak OfHa persona. B raa3sax oOUM- Hbl OGa KOHTparelita coorwecentt ¢ BelbIo. TlomoMouHA TaKoro co- cTaBHOro areHTa OnpeACAAIOTCA HOPMATHBHLIMY OMMTAHHAMH COILHY- MA, CBA3AHHBIMH C H3RECTHEM THOM CeaKH (causa), WOCpeaCTBOM KO- Topol cama Belllb, ee NPHSHAHHbI pacnopaguterb (npegcrapaTerD Toro cemeficrsa, KOTOPOMY NPHHadexUT BeMlb) HU NocToponnnh cySp- exr (npwo6petatenb) SbIMM BoBMeTeH B chepy o6opota (commer- tium). B aToM Bbipoge yOexzaeT anasina Apyrol dHAyuMapHoH cazenKH, 3akNOuaeMOl MOCpeACTBOM MA@HUHMAaHH CoO CHeHMaJbHEIM 3anBwe- Huem mancipio accipiens — testamentum per aes et libram. Gai., 2, 104: Eaque res ita agitur: qui facit Oro Zeno cogepulaeTcs Tak: ToT, , adhibitis, si- KTO 4eNaeT gapeilaHne, B npH- cut in ceteris mancipationibus, cyTCTRHH, Kak MB ApDYTHX MaH- V testibus civibus Romanis pu- UHNALHAX, MATH coBepleHHo- beribus et libripende, pestquam HETHHX PUMCKHX rpaxkgaH Ww Be- tabulas testamenti scripserit, comepxKateaa, mocae Toro Kak mancipat aticui dicis gratia fa- ON 3aMOTHH TaG6AHUKH Cc 3aBe- miliam suam; in qua re his ver- nlaHveM, MaHOHMUpyer Aaa pop- bis familiae emptor utitur «fa- MBI KoMy-HH6yap cBoiw familia; milia pecuniaque tua endo man- nokynateab familia mpu 9ToM datelam custodelamque meam, ynoTpe6aset TakHe cyoBa: quo tu iure testamentum facere «Yeoe uMyulecTBO (HaxomHTCA) Cp. CG 6, 26, il: « pater et filius,, eadem persona» (gomopaaguixa u noa- BacTHR ~ OAHO AKIO). = Cu.: J. 2, 19, 7, Tae co ccttkol Ha veleres «pro herede> npupapyupaeter K «pro domino». 90possis, secundum legem publi- B MoeM BezeHHH H HO MOUM cam hoc aeres, et ut quidam ad- Hazs0poM, 4YTOOL TH Mor nO iciunt He Tenant, u testamentum sta nponenypa He CHH- tajacp. Taft Haatipaer ee «mancipalio familiae»®’. «Dloxynateab» oKa3biBanca Xpanutenem familia, nocpeqHuKom MexAY Hacnezogare- AeM, KOTOPHH B APeBHOCTH He MOF 3aBellaTb B MOMb3y AMA, WOCTO- ponuero aan familia (aaxe co6cTBeHHOMy 3MaHWHMHpoBanHomy v3 ceMeiicTBa CbIHY), H HOBEIM XO3AMHOM, KOTOpHI, opaazes familia # aefictays Hanojo6ue ee rnapp (pro domino) B TeyeHHe roga (4TO Moapa3syMeBaio H BHeVMYUeCTBeHHYO aKTHBHOCTh — oTMpaBmeHne cemchnoro Kyabra, nanpnMep), cranoBustes ee rocnozMHom — pater familias (usucapio pro herede)?*. Familia B aroli caerKe He CBOLHTCA K HACe[CTREHHOMY UMYIeCTBY, HO O6O3HAYaeT BeCh KOMMMEKC, KOTO- pail KONCTHTYHpyeT poh AOMOBAaALIKH — pater familias — Hu BOC- IpHHuMaeTCa B MexKCeMeMHOM CcOuHanbHOM Mpocrpauctse KaK MOg- BuacTHL emy o6peKT. Tipu usucapio pro herede wake HeRBIOKUMBIE BeWiH npHOGperancs B reyexue roaa (Gai., 2, 53), Kak 4 UpH usure- ceptio. O6bAcHAA MOCTATOUHOCTh OgHOrO roga AA TaKO usucapio, Tait (2. 54) npuOeraer K nownTuo res incorporalis (Gectenecnol Re- un), T. e. mpaBa, Res incorporalis He Momer ObITh OObeKTOM Baae- nna (D. 41, 2, 3 pr; 41, 3, 4, 26; cneyHanHo B oTHOweHHN hereditas (Hacnexcrsa): D. 37, 1, 3, 1: Labeo apud Ulp., 39 ad ed.). Sto sBae- une (npnoOperenne no WaBnocTn Ges BAAAeHHA) cormacyeTca ¢ HEIpH- 3HaneM Kpakefi 3axBara puyyuHaHtom res fiduciae data. Familia 3 pesyaptate stTofi npoueayph oKxasbipaetcn aumeHHol Taaphi, HO He SecxO3sHOH: «MOKyNATeAb» cnocoGen yGepeu» ee oT 3a- XBaTa HEKEATEALHBIM JJMNOM, HO 10 TOPO, Kak ABHTCA HasHayeniBit HacaenowareneM UpereHAeHT HA POb HOBOTO raaBbl, mpedsinanne (cKob yroguo aoaroe) (moHHMaeMolt m0-pa3HOMy H3-3a HcMopyeHioro § cocTOAHHa TekcTa), B KOTOpOl Hapaay ¢ Kile OxpaHI H ynpasaenun — custos— DporiagbBaer wv manus (mandatum < manum dare)?*. Manus xan ocHoBanue «mandaiela» B unTrepnperanmn 3. Balica ornocuica uMeH- HO K AWHaMHdecKuM HOAHOMOUMAM, PHKCHPYeMBIM HOSHTHBHEIM mpa- BOM, H uMeéeT OCOGoe NYGAMUHOE 3HaeHHe Kak BIpaKeHne MHAMBITY- anbnol BuacTH Haz Bebo B Cepe rpaxaaucKoro oGopora. Custos B KAACCHYECKO! IOpHAMMeCKOH TePMBHOACTHH cOOTBeTCTBYeT «cura, Buparaiowmel noavoMouna curator furiosi. Hasecruo, uta furiosus octaetca dominus u pater familias (D. 1, 5, 20 Ulp., 38 ad Sab), # nosTomy «potesias» KypaTopa Haq CaMHM Ge3yMibIM H ero NMymecT- Bom («in €0 pecuniaque eius»> — XII tab, V 7a) BepaKaeT anup PACNOPATHTEABHBIE TOAHOMOUNA, OTCYTCTBYIOWHe y GesymHoro’®, Bu- hom «randatela custodelaques onichisaer ANHAMNYeCKHe MOHOMOWNA cocraBHoit Persona KOUTparelitos, AelicrBywmMeh B chepe KOMMepac- exoro o6opora. B rnasax cOunyMa KaKAOMY U3 KOUrparenToB Tipn- Haenat 06a NoAHOMOGHA?? H UX pasrpanuyenue u pacrpemerenue BO3MOXKHO JMU HPH AHAMHTHYECKOM NOAXOLe. Cnennd@nueckiie B3aHMOOTHOWIeHHA CTOpOH B caeake fiducia taxK- wwe ONpezenancr ocoboh nuncupatio?®, aro Hals0 OTpawenne B XE tTaGanuax (VI, 1): CUM NEXUM FACIET MAN- KOPOA KTO-AMBO COBEP- CIPIUMQUE, UTI LINGUA URANO tO TOD eeE. FON CUPASSIT. ITA IUS ES- BEHHO OBbABHT, TO . TIYCTb HW BYMET MPABOM. Sakon nasbinaeT B KayecTRe HeQGxXOAUMOTO KOHTeKCTa AA JanBAIe- Hus (nuncupatio) an6panpuyto caenxy (per aes et libram) B 2106oi 26 Weiss B. Mandatela und custodela//ZSS. 1921. N 21. S. 110, 26 Tlomiomows Kypatopa ObviN_OnHCaH pHMCKOH KalaceR4ecKO spHenpyAeH- wwe xax administratio bonorum, Cu; Metro A. L'obbligazione di custodire sel diritto romano, Milano, 1966. P. 85 sqq. 27 QSuenpuuxtan pexouctpykuus «mandatela custodetaque mea» we nporiso- pest Taxol MATepnpeTannH, MocKonEKY BCH chopMyna OBbHBAeTCR B nuNcUpalio oaHOrO KONTparenTa. 25 Tunotesa 06 oco6ok nuncupatio fiduciae causa He woBa, Cm. Die Fiducia im rimischen Privatrecht, B, 1890. S. 86. 92 Ortmann P.ya ce QYHKUHE: yCTaHOBNeHHe O6ASATeABCTBA (snexum»)} van nepexoc coocTBenhocrn («mancipium»). Takoe pasamyenae coorserctsyer yuenmio Ke. Mynus-nontupuxa (II 8. 40 H. 3.), 0 KOTOpOM MBI BCKOpe 3HaeM, H He ABAAeTes Nepronayaapnnm??. XI} ra6.ann BMeaH B BHAY caM paTyal «MocpeacTBOM MeAM M BecoBs, ycTaHaBduBas, uTo dop- mya, MpousHeceHnaa mancipio accipiens (npuobperarenem)*, onpe- geieT Xapakrep BOSHHKajoWero MeaxKAY CTOpOHaMH OTHOWeHHA NO mosoay Bellin, JIn6papHaa caeaKa CiyMUT YHHBepcatbHol copmoli BOR. TEYCHHA BEI B Cbepy MexCeMefHOTO B3aHMOAeHCTBHA. : C stoi TOYKH speHia usureceptio mpezcTaeT cCpeacTBOM BbIBONA nell! 13 O6OpoTa, BOCCTANOBMCHHA CTATHUHOM NpHHaATeRHOCTH BCI ABTOHOMROMY COLHaytbNomy opranusmy. IIpexnoaarate wemenanpas- aeHHoe yupexyzenue sToro nopagka (6yaTo usureceptio opwenTapoBa- wa Ha oGecneyehte BOSMOXKHOCTH PHAYUMAPMO BYNHHTh HCK HS Hapy- WeHHA MOTOBOpa) HempaBoMepHO, MOcKOMBKy Torma oTAMUHTeADHOL yepro usus Obina 6bi NomBepxxeHHOCTh cyzeOuoMy mpecneposannn, a He HHAHBHAYadbHam MpHHaaemuocTs Bellu. cx BosHHKaer 3 Ha- pyileHHa AHYHOTO npaBa, usus Ke XADAKTepusyeT BelHOe NPaBo Ha- pyunrers. Hecnoco6xocts buaAyoHalTa BepHyTb Beutb B familia ny- eM OLHOFO TOABKO aKTa 3aXBaTa H HEOOXOAUMOCTR AONOAHHTeIDHO K 3TOMY PODHYHOM AABHOCTH NOKASMBAIOT, YTO MOCHe BOCCTAaHOBAeHHA BRakevuaA Ha CTOpone PHAYUMAHTA Belllp elle HE BLIXOZHT W3 COCTOA- HHA OGopoTa, DTO osHadaeT, UrO H CaM uURYHNAHT B TeyeHHe yTOro Bpemeii! paccMaTpHBaeTcaA HO OTHOMICHHIO K Be KAK HHAMBUAYadb- HB pacnopagnred, eficrsyiouluh Ha ocHoBaHHn auctoritas, a He Kak pater familias, B ANWe KOTeporo NepconHHuNpoBala aRTOHOMHA ce- MeficTBa Kak rpynns (potestas): B chepe o60poTa HaxOXHTCH Kak Belllb, TAK H €€ pacnopagHTery. DopMarnHbi! aKT BOBJeyeHuA Be B CHCTeMY JIMYHBIX COrmalilenHi ¢ npelcraBHTenaMM ApyrHx ABTOHOM- HUX COUMAIbHBIX EMMHHIL TAK CKasbipaJica Ha KayecTBe pacnopAguTe- sisi — HHUA, B CBASH C KOTOPHIM BELL, BCTYNHAa B OOOpOT, YTO on Mpe- Ovlpa RB TOM CoctoduUH {10 MOBOAY AaHHOi BeluH) He MeHee roga. @unvnnaput camum *akToM puTyadsuCro NpHHATHA BELLY OT PHAYy- Uianta anwaer ce6a coOcrReHHOrO wua, CAMBAACD C AHMOM KOHTpa- renta. PacnopaauTerb B chepe OSopota 3aKOHOMEepHO ROCHPHHNMaeT- CA KAK XO3HHH BEL, NOSTOMY YCTaHOBAeHHe eLHHCTBa JMUa C KOH- TPareHTOM HEBOSMOMRO C3 YCTAHOBJEHUA MAaTepHAMbHO! CBASH 9TOTO cy6bexra ¢ HOABLacTHOH pyromMy BeuLIO, Ges AeMOHCTpaHH oTcyTcr- BUS TpaHHu Mexazy coOok H Beulbio. Tako akT mpegctaBen B pATya- vie manu capere B IpcyTCTBHH OGueNsBecTHOTO XO3AHHAa Beuln. Yrpa~ Ta BlaNeUHA KONTpareHnTOM M HeyuacTHe B ONpeneviennH cyAbGel BeLIA 29 VspectHo, ¥TO 3aKOH OWEN No Hac B pHTOpH¥ecKOH pemaxuua (Cis. de orat., 1. 57, 245), uaymet or Lunia (Fest, p. 176 L), rae 6uom , sapuK- ckpopankow wo HB. go x. 3. (Varro, de 1.1, 5, 107), am pesymbtatom BTopHtnoro PuTMAeckoro crpykTypHpoBaHa (ppasn saxona. Tpouece cxozen ¢ tpanccopma- Utes tepmana (XIT tab, VI. 1) (cm: Ko- anos JT, JT. Nexum_ mancipium saxonos XII ta6auy (VI. 1)//BOH. 1992. N 3. C, 638-80; On ace, OGnsateactuennoe upaso B apxareckom Pume: oaropoli 3o- mpoc (VI—IV ap. qo #3). M, 1994. C, 85 # caen) Stam xe nytem Tomyaecky MpHter K IpoTHBONOAOKHOMY BHBOLY, YTO NeXumM OGaeKatca B opmy in iure ces- sio (cm: Tomulescu C, St, Nexum bei Cicero//lura 1966. N 17, P, 75). Ccbinxa Tlasna (FV, 50) va umrepnperanmo («didici») XI rasan & KORTeXCTe cnopa c Tlomnouvem © BO3MOMKHOCTH YCTaHOBHTL cepBTyT HAH ysybpyxtT mocpeacTeom actus legilimus Ha spems (ad tempus), ovesuaHo, Ke MOKeT CAYXUTL cBHLeTEAbCTROM © ACHCTBHTeTBHOM 3ilayenMM TepMHROB «nexum> H «mancipium» p npeBHocTH, Ho B SYWIEM CAy4ae POBOPHT O NOHHMAHHH HX cMBIesa BO I]—II] Be. B. a 94Pagmuune ycyryOuserca TeM, WTO B HepBOM CAyuae CxXBaTbIBAHE OCy~ wleCTBAReTCA Heol pyKoi??, a 80 BTOPOM, OVeBHAHO, CBOGORNOH npa- sol. Kecthl npanolt pykoll apastorca B3aHMONCKAIOYAIOWHMH. Sopexr BANAMKALNH, COMpoBOKAAeMOH AECTOM Manu Capere, TPH in iure cessio TaXOB, UTO JAA Nepexoja npaBa Ha Bell» TpeGyerca ad- dietio cyaamero Marucrpara. Addictio cocronr B noxTnepmyeHUK npe- ropom nuncupatio’*, KoTopax TaKHM o6pa3oM cTaHoBHsach nyOAWHO npusvannod. B nponeaype |. a.s.i.r. Bells mpucywqaerca MUI Ha apema cyqe6noro pasGupatemncTBa Tak, NTO cTOpoHa, NoAyuMBUaA palatenke, OTBCYAeT 3a ee COXPANHOCTL He Mepex Marucrpatom, Ho ne- ped MpoTneraxom, HupimMu caopaMH, Kak MbI yake BHZeIH, COOCTBEH- HOCTS Ha Bellh HAaXOAHUTCH BHe KOMNCTeHUHH NMpeTOpa: OH AMM» yeTa- HaBABAeT, Ybe ToBeZeHNHe Mo NapaquTMe «meum esse ex jure Quiri- tium» mpeactaBasao coboi iniuria, HM ra cTopoHa, KOTopaa JelicrBo- pasa iure (lo npapy), ocraeTcCa xo3sHHOM BeLuH. B mpoweszype in iure cessio NPeTeHACHT He UMUTHPYeT NOBeseHHe COOCTREHHMKa, HO HMeHHO mpeTeHayeT Ha TO, 4TO BeLIb NPHHAAICXUT eMy: He conpoBomaemoe XKECTOM HadoKenta becryKH 3asBieHwe «meum esse aio» npencraer YTBEPAACHHEM O NPOUSBOLHOM MOAHOMONHY, KOrLa THTYA onupaeTca Ha BOMO npegmecTBeHuHka. B oTcyTeTBHe KOHTPBHHAMKaMHH 9Ta Ape- TeH3UA COSRACT MPCAMOCHAKH MA BHEecyNebHoro (in iure) onpenzere- wus. Sent addictio B stom cayaae NpPMNNANNaMDHO § oTAWGAeTeA or Ipkcy2KzeHHA BpeMeHHoro BAagenna npw J. a.s.i.r. (vindicias di- cere), MOCKOABKY Mpouecc 3aKaHUMBAeTCA ye Ha cragun in jure. Bu- AMO, H BONpoc npeTopa K npoTuBHHky Tpe6yetcn AMA Ty6nnanof KOHCTaTaWHH HEBMEWaTeIbCTBA XO3HHHA BeLH, YTO BpezonpeRerneT Tepexoy, Mpapa Ha ReWIb K MpetenAenty. OGbem 9sToro opaBa TaKoB, 4TO HCTHHHEI COOcTBeHHUK (Tperbe MUO), Aaa Toro ITOGH OTOGpaTb Belilb, JOUKeH mpHOeruyTs K I. a.s. ir. Jlag weqenta Takag BO3MO%K- Hocth HcKmouena Gaarogapa ny6andHOoMy xapaktepy BHNAHKANHK MpuoOperaresn: ec wexeHT npeaActasARn to ceMelictBo, KOTOpoMy Bellb APHHaARexata, in iure cessio NpHBOAWA K OKONYATeAbHOMY ee Nepexony K sunanKanty. [lepenava Belly uacrHbiM oGpa3om He cosga- aa Gbl Ha cropoe TomyuaTelA HHKAKOrO TpaBa, KpoMe oTpaxcHHOrO NoHOMoyHA XosAHHa. In nure BaageHve mplsnaeTcA Kak cobcTBeH- Hoe mpago mpeTengenra Ha Belllb. Cam sBompoc mMpetopa K MHHMOMY NPOTHBHHKY WOKasblBaeT, ITO MpeTOp paccmMaTpHBaeT yuacTHHkKoB CHCAKH KaK MOTEHMHANBHO CAMOCTOATEADHLIX OOmagzaTenel BellH. Texer nuncupatio, 8 KoropoMm oGnsaBAseTcA NpHHaATeKHOcT BENE AMUY Kak OTZeAbHOMy TpamaAanuny (ex iure Quiritium), Take n0A- YePKUBAeT, YTO CTOPOHHI NO OTHOWEHMIO K BEL BLICTYNAalOT Kak He3a- BHCuMble Apyr or apyra wHua, Kak Keuputa. Akr manu capere ycra- HaBAMBaeT HENOCPEACTECHHEM KOHTPaKT BHHAHKAHTa C BellbIO Tax, UTO npesMecTReHHHK OCTaeTCH CBASA@HHWIM C HeIO B OGIIECTBCHHOM ——____ 33 Ha sto ospanma sHuManne YT, Besenep, koropat npweonut B NoATBep2ksenHeE Verg, Aen, 5, 380 sqq. Cm: Beseler G. von. Bindung und Lésung//ZS8 1999. N48..S, 245 Anm. 2. $3 Fest, p. 12 L: eAddicere est proprie idem dicere et adprobare dicendo» (caddiceres — sto, cofictReHHO, roBopiiTh TO Ke CaMOe A MONMTREPK/aTb NOBTOps). 95socnpusntun 1 ToaLKo addictio nperopa anmaeT ero BOsMOxHOCTH Mpe- TeHAOBaTh HA Hee BHOCAeACTBMM. Takad HHTepmpeTauna 3acTaBaAaer MepecMOTPeTs TPAaIHIHOHHO MpHAaBaeMblli xKeCcTY HalowKeHAA pYyKu CMbIC CHROBOTO NPHCBOCHHA. Cxparbipanue pyxoi mpegcrasaeno B oGpaze inauguratio waps, H3BECTHOM MO OMHCaHMIO BO3Be_eHHA Ha UapeTBO Hyme Tomnnana {Liv., 1, 18, 6—10). Apryp ycamxusaer Hymy wa Kanutoaun, cam ca- AUTCA No AeBylo pyky OT Hero 4, Depa B npaBod pyKe lituum, axpe- geckail xe31 (baculum), geaHT HM HeGo Ha UacTH, ycranaBaMBad 30- ay 8 KoTopoH IOnntep a0uxKeH aBnTh mpeasHamenogannua, Liv., 1, 18, Tum lituo in laevam manum translato dextra in caput Nu- mae precatus ita est: « NoAyHAO TeX: HHYeCKHE CMbICH autem virgo propterea dici videtur, quia pontificis ma- ximi manu prensa ab eo parente in cuius potesiate est, veluti bel- lo capta, abducitur. «Capi» 3Ke ropopiTcH o Becraa- Ke HOTOMY, ¥TO OHA, B3ATAaM py- Koil BeaMKOrO =TIOHTHHKa, YBO- AUTCA oT ee (Mpa) poxHTena, BO BacTd KOTOPOrO OHA COCTOHT, Kak 6yqTO 3axBayennan Ha BOK He. HeyMecTHocTh comocTaBaeHuA c WwieHeHHem Ha BOHe B JaHHOM caydae elle oveBHAHee, YeM TIpH TpakTOBKe Taem sHayenua ectyKH. JOnutep npro6waer K ce6e AeByLIKY, KOTOPylO pOMTeENM TIpesarawr eMy CaMH, NOYHTad 3a YeCTb Iva BCero ceMefictaa Taxoii colo3. Bor gelicTByeT Yepe3 CBOeTO MpecTaBHTeNA Ha 3eMae — MOHTHpUKa — KH ycTaiaBMBaeT CBH3b C HeBeCTOH mOCpeAcTsOM OTKpBITON pyKH ACpetta. Meradopa Tennua oTHOcHTCH JHMIb K PAaKTY BEIXOJa ACBYIKH H3-TlOL BIACTH AOMOBAALHKH, HO pesyabTaT Takoli sMaucHnaKHH yOequTestb- HO OMpOBepraeT HAC 3AxBaTa H MPUCBOeHHA B TPakTOBKe CHMBOAUKH exBaTbipanua. Gell., 1, 12, 9: Virgo autem Vestalis simul est capta atque in atrium Vestae deducta et pontificibus tradita est, eo statim tempore sine emancipatione ac sine capitis minutione e patris potestate exit Kak toapko zena Becrsi cxnaye- Ha, oTrBejeHa B xpam Becrei u nepesava NOHTHpHKaM, Oa cpa- 3y 2%e 6e3 CNeUHaNbHOTO OCcBO- 6oxnenua uw 6e3 yMaqeHns cTa- TYCA BEIXOMMT H3-nO, BaAacTH et ius testamenti faciundi adi- piscitur. AOMOBMARHKH KM OGpeTaeT MpaBo COCTABINTL 3ABEWaHHe. Coapanenne cratyca OTHOCHTCA H K YeHcTBy {caput} B o6mHHe, HeconoctaBaMomy c rnmoTeso Wieka Ha Boline, HK YencTBY B Cemelt- erBe (capitis deminutio minima* B yaHHom (CM!) Lombardi & Palla fides... P. 118 sqq). Pyxonoxatue oTHocaT¢a K mepBoMy. M. § Lira tl. ‘ 98Oagnolt #3 cnenndiuecknx opm ApebHerO HCHOAHHTe.s_HOTO TIpO- mecca sBasetca lege agere per manus iniectionem (mocpeactBom Ha- gowKenua pyKu)}. Ee onucanne zaer Tait (Gai., 4, 21): Per manus iniectionem aeque his rebus agebatur, de quibus ut ita ageretur, lege ali- qua cautum est, veluii iudicati Jege XII tabularum. Quae actio talis erat: qui agebat, sic dice- pat «quod tu mihi iudicatus (si- ve <«damnatus») es sestertium X milia, quandoc non solvisti, ob eam rem ego tibi sestertium X milium iudicati manum_ ini- cio», et simul aliquam partem corporis eius prehendebat. Nec licebat iudicato manum sibi de- pellere el pro se lege agere; sed vindicem dabat, qui pro se cat- sam agere solebat; qui vindicem non dabat, domum ducebatur ab actore et vinciebatur. Tlocpegcrnom Hadoxenun pyku BUNHATH HCK 0 TaKHX Jeaax, 0 KOTOpHIX KaKHM-JIHGO =34aKOHOM 6yINO MpeaANcano, uTO6bl cyAH- JKCb HMCHHO TaKHM o6pa3om, HanpHMep © APHCyAZeEHHOM 110 sakony XII taGanu, Sror cK GbI4 TaKOB: HCTeL, roBOpHs: «Pas Th Npucyawen «(HAM «mpHrogo- peH>) yoaaTuTa MHe 10 THCA® cecTepHHeR, NOCKOMLKY Th He pacnaaTuaca, no sTOMy 3eay # Ha Te6s, MpucyxAeHHOrO K yT- sate 10 ThIeAY cecrepumer, Ha- Faraio pyky>,— f cpasy ace XBaTaa Kakyto-ANGO 4acth ero rena, TIpucyxfenHomy ne 10- sBONANOCh chpachinath c ce6A pyky HW BLICTYMaTb B cyme 3a ce- 62; HO OH AaBaa 3aCTYNHHKA, KO- Topyii Bed Ae OF CBOErO HMe- HH; TOTO, KTO He aBan 3acTyn- WHKa, HCTe, YBOAHA AOMOM H 3a- KOBLIBad B LETH, Ora Kapruna cormacyetca ¢ onucanwem Asaa Fenaun (20, 1, 42— 45), KoTOpLii npuBoguT Tpu 3aKkoua XII ra6aun (II, 1—3): 1. AERIS CONFESSI REBUS- QUE IURE WJDICATIS XXX DIES IUSTI SUNTO. 2. POST DEINDE MANUS IN- JECTIO ESTO. IN IUS DU- cITO. 3. NI IUDICATUM FACIT AUT QUIS ENDO EO IN !URE VINDICIT, SECUM_DUCITO, VINCITO AUT NERVO AUT COMPENDIBUG... 1. TIPHSHABLIEMYCA B AOE HW MPABEDHO TIPH- CYKIEHHOMY [10 STOMY AEJY NYCTb BYAYT DANI 30 NPABEIHBIX JIHEH. 2. 3ATEM TIYCTb MOCJIEZY- ET HAJIOWKKEHHE PYKUH. fYCTb BEET B CyJI. 3, ECJIM OH HE ACNOJIOMT NPHCYKTEHHOTO WIA KTO-HHBY[ib TiO Ero [0- BOJY HE BHHAWUMPVET B CYHE, TEYCTb YBEET C COBOH, UWYCTb 3AKYET Ero HIM B UENY, WI B KAHJIAJIBI... Kommeutnpya upoueaypy, Team numer: «Post deinde, nisi dis- solverant ad praetorem vocabantur et ab eo quibus erani iudicati ad- 99adicebantur, nervo aut compedibus vinciebantur» (sate, ecnu OHH He PacnWaunBagnnch, HX BLBMBAIH K TipeTOpy HM OH MpuroBapsBan ux TOMY, B WbIO TOb3y UM GbWIO NPHCYKACHO YAAATHTS, UX SaKOBbIBAIN BUEN KH Kannadn). Viomanyraa 3saecn «addiction cormacyetca c aTpHGyToM pHTyada in iure cessio, Tak xe Kak Secum ductio; ypene- HHe HPHCyKAenwaro MoOGeANTenem Hpowecca (KoTOpL oTpadaThIBaA gaTeM cBoli Jomr y Kpeguropa: Gell., 11, 18, 18 co ccbiako# na Karo- Ha), COOTRETCTBYCT MePCXOAY BAAREHHA BCIADIO K BAHARKAHTY. O6 addictio B TekcTe 3aKoHa He TOBOPATCA: mNocae KOnCTaTanHA OTCYTCTBUA 3acTyNHHKa (vindex) cpasy crenyeT secum ductio. Onuca- nue Teanua, KoMMentupyiomero XI] ta6anl, mpeactaer MogaepHH3a- une*’, Kak H Orpanienxe oTaercrsennocrs addicti orpaSorKohk nz0a- ra. BosMoxkH0, caMa 9Ta KaTeropHa MOSBUAaCb B PeSybTATe 3aKOHA Tlerenur 313 r. gon. 3.9%, CMArHHsmMerO NOnOKeHHe HeOmTAATIBX HOJOKHHKOB: <,..uTOORL HUKTO, CCH TOKO OH He 3acnyKHa Hakasa- HHA, NOKa He HCKYNHT BHHY, He cosepxKaaca Gogmee B KawAanax HAH WerAx, YTOGH 3a AOAT OTBEYANO HMYUWLeCTBO AOAKHNKa, a He ero TexO> (Liv., 8, 28, 8). Caopa JImpua o Kanfanax «in compendibus aut in nervo» NepekmHKalorca c TekcTomM 3aKoua III, 3, yxasbipaa ua 3HaMe- HATHIX nexi Kak Ha XxepTe STO erporocru. 3 caugeTerBcte Toro 2Ke Teanua (20, 1, 47) asectHo, uro HoAOKeHHe Nexi Oa.10 Hosee HeRbI- roaHbim, vem addicti3*: geno He orpaHHuNBaloce oTpadorkoh Aosra, HO Ocy2KAeHHbIM Mor GEiTh NposaH 3a Tu6p, fT. e. B paGcrso 3arpaHH- uy (piMasnun He Mor Gpith pabom B Mpexenax puMCKo TeppHTopHH), nan your? XapaxtrepHoit tepro# manus iniectio kak cpeactBa npHnyxeHuA K HCHOmHeHHIO OGasaTeARCTBA ABAAOCh TO, YTO LOJDKNHK He MOT 3a- UMULaTpCca B CyAe camocTosTeabHo (Gai., 4, 21): Nec licebat iudicato manum si- OcyxaennomMy He To3BomAnoch bi depetiere et pro se lege agere; cOpacbiBaTb ¢ ceba pyxy H aeli- sed vindicem dabat, qui pro se CTROBATb B Cyne 3a Ce6A; NO On causam agere solebat Aapaat nopyuvtena, KoTopLik g s . o6blHO H Opaa Ha ce6A BepeHtie Tema B cyne. 37 Nicosia G. Vindex e manus iniectio nelle X1I_tavole//La certezza del diritto erienza giuridica romana. Padova, 1987. P. 207. 39 Mlaruposky aaKoHa 326 r. ao I. 3, ocHOBanHylo Ha AanHex JluBwa, noanepr Kpurmne ©. Bepewac (cM. Behrends O. Der Zwililafelprozess... S. 159 sq), KoToporo Nonepmnpaer JI. Koanop, aerarbuo HByuMBUNiT saxon (cM.: Ko@anoe ut JT, O6a- satenbersennoe npaga... C. 173 4 caea.). 49 Cootnowenne addicti a nexi Menserca MeCTAaMH, ecm sHeTh B addictio HeTowHHk Npaw KpeAWTopa Wa MposaxKy AomKHUKa (cm.; Peppe L, Studi sull'esecu- zione personale, Vol. 1: Dediti e debitori nei primi due secoti della repubblica ro- mana. Milano, 1981, P. 122). Kpnrnxy cm. 6 penensin O. Bepenaca (Iura. 1981. N 32 P. 259—277). 40K stoi runorese orHocuTen sHameunroe cRumereancrso Tenaua (Gell, 20, 1, 4852; ep.: Quint, Inst, 3, 6, 84; Dio Cass, fr. 12; Tertull., Apolog. ©. 4) o pas- py6aHHH KpeANTOpaMH TeAa AOWKHUKA Ha YacTH, HpesycmoTpekHom XI] rabsmuamn (IU, 6), [ockoabey panuowansnom Tpakrosxe cpartes secanto» we noaaaeTcr (cM.: Franciosi G. Partes secanto tra magia e diritlo//Labeo. 1978. N 24. P. 264—273), OGpacHeiue, BHINMO, cAeAyer UCKATL Ha nyTH, ykazauKOM O. M, DpelinenGepr, xo- 100