180 Chapter 5 n? an We Control Air Pollutiot 1 be minimized by the following methods; Air ea industries after proper Environmentay Siting of sment studies. z ei eh aren ae can be done ty increasing By dil Z sht (though up to permissible height) beyond iny, an ete aren iid acne eee eam this iy aes dispute and is not considered to be Solutio, ini ; How C Imag for a ir pollution problem. Minimize activities which cause pollution like tran; and energy production. SPOrtation * Modification of process and/or equipments. ¢ Use of appropriate material. © Using low sulphur coal in industries. e Removing sulphur from coal (by washing or with the help of bacteria). Removing NO, during the combustion Process and Controlling the flow of air and fuel in industrial boilers, Vehicular pollution can be checked by regular tune-up of i ting old vehicles; installing ification to have fuel efficient (lean) mixtures to reduce CO and hydrocarbon emissions; and slow and cooler burning of fuels to reduce NO, emission (Honda Technology), e Using mass transport System, bicycles etc, ° Shifting to less Polluting (clean) fuels (hydrogen gas). e Using non-conventional Sources of energy. ° Using biological filters and bio-scrubbers, ° Planting more trees, © Reduction of Reduction of Air Environmental Pollution Pollution at source, Pollution at Source Gaseous Gaseous Pollut, adsoy pee Pollutants can be reduced by physical active yal, sijica. Bases can be absorbed in liquid absorben! sung ion. They can be removed ling medium in tubes WH"1 otronmeny Mal Poltution 181 and can p, AN be collected the Pollution py 4 the C ° urniny e mbustion CqUiPMeNt at Optimal Conditions ig ry in contact condense reafter, ye Bion can be used to reduce ‘qbustid ab Pollutants “I Impacy vate xYgen and "particulate matter: Many deyicgg are available nowad, Sing th, hich depends on Characteristics of patticulate flo Aadays, choice Version ea costs, te. (Fig. 5.3a to 5.34) OW rate, collection us : 1 sists Of a cyli, yclon cylinder with c an inverted ON for ai, sached at the bottom. - The 8as with particles in itenters tangentitly “ the top of the cylinder and Spins forming a Vortex. Due to POrtation ifugal force, the particles strike the wall of the cylinder. The stcles then fall in the hopper due to Bravity from where they are cenoved. The spinning gas forms an inner Vortex and leaves from wetop, The cyclone is very efficient for removal Of larger particles, However, smaller particles which pose human health Problems are > help of rotremoved efficiently. Therefore, cyclones are employed before the asof other costly devices, trolling Bag house filters: A bag house filter contains a large number of lite bags made of fabric. They are hung upside down in several ent partments of bag house filter. Dirty gas is passed through the oa bags which leaves the bags through their pores. The dust particles ae 'eposited on the inner surface of the bag filters and may form a ae a ake which can be removed by shaking. The device is efficient for nission inoval of very small particles and is preferred in various types of industries, The bag house filters are expensive and cannot be Operated ‘ormoist gases, Corrosive gases may damage the material of the bags. lous types of materials, depending on the nature of the flue gases *Prcleaned, are used for making the filter bags Clean gas, > Clean as a Shaker pf Dinty-g- mechanism as Filter bags Dirty gas. Dust discharge (e) [[Baghouse ter]Chapter 5 182 Dirty gas pi Clean gas «= 4 Clean water Clean gas i Electrodes: — (~)High votage cable sya Gaaned i Diny gas: Dust discharge | (Parallo-plate type) ‘(Wire & pipe type) i (9 cone een Fig. 5.3 Devices for control of particulate matter. Wet scrubbers: Dirty gases are passed through water in the chamber or water is sprayed on the gas. Particles are made wet and are removed from the gas stream which leaves from the top of the scrubber. Wet scrubbers are very efficient for Temoving the particulates. ) The scrubbers are very useful for removal of toxic and acidic gases also. Electrostatic precipitators: The electrostatic precipitators may be plate type or cylinder type. Vertical wires are placed between the Parallel plates or wire is hung along the axis of the cylinder. High negative voltage is applied to the wire. Dust particles while passing from the lower end get negatively charged (ionized) ang are collected on the positively charged surface (plates/cylindrieal body) while the clean gas leaves from the top. The deposited dust particles fall down in are removed by scrapping or by liquids. Elect utilize electric energy and can efficiently remove Particles, Environmental Pollution the dust collector or rostatic precipitators even submicroscopicvoltage e Nn gas arge e) , water in the made wet and the top of the ne particulates. .d acidic gases ipitators may -d between the cylinder. Hi while passing d are collect ody) while the ist collecto! c precipitator: submicroseo Environnjepyy 53 WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION? neat yarious types of sounds everyday ws rating source. A type of sce nae iS mechanical energ je same time unpleasant to others, The y; Pleasant to some ands called noise. inpleasant and unwanted sol 5 ound can propagate through a medium like und wave iS a pressure perturbation in the miseltis avid or solid, sound travels. Sound pressure alternately causes ae which rarefaction. The number of compressions an pression and ; dra orales of the medium (or example ai) in pepacions off x, Unit time is des, mequency. Its expressed in Hertz Hz) and is equal to the ae sjeycles per second. ‘There is a wide range of sound pressures which encounter human ear. Increase in sound pressure does not invoke linear regonse of human ear. A meaningful logarithmic scale has been devised. The noise measurements are expressed as Sound Pressure Level (SPL) which is logarithmic ratio of the sound pressure to a ference pressure. It is expressed as a dimensionless unit, decibel (8), The international reference pressure of 2 x 10° Pa is the average threshold of hearing for a healthy ear. Decibel scale is a measure of loudness. Noise can affect human eat because of its loudness and frequency (pitch). The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) committee has ‘reeommended permissible noise levels for different locations as given ‘nTable 5.1 Table 5.1. Noise standards reco Category ofy94 | Ompter5 yiprerent sounds and their sound levels on decibgs 5,2. Differer Table i what are Sand Laval (AB) __ Source of Soung poise ca i 180 Rocket engine Oo é 170 | comnmne | 160 i) 150 — Jet plane take off pearing | i rhreshold of Pain— 140 uditory |e 130 — Maximum recorded rock musje aeenied ! | 120 — Thunder cap (io) 110 — — Autohorn Im away ae | 100 — Jet fly over at 300m, oo # | construction work, Newspaperprey eae 90 — Motor cycle/8m away, food blende ea 80 70 — Vacuum cleaner, ordinary comvesa: | tion 60 — Airconditioning unit, 6m away, light Diwali 1 traffic noise, 30m away firecracl | 50 — Average living room Beraes | m Library, soft whi pee — Library, soft whisper 20 — Broadcasting studio | Oe 10 — Rustling leaf id of hearing — 0 What are the Sources of Noise Pollution? The sources of noise can be classified as (i) Mobile sources and (# Stationary sources. Mobile sources are various modes transportation (like air, road, rail-transportation), and stationa! sources include industrial Operations, construction activities celebrations (social/religious functions, elections etc.) electric hom™ appliances. Sound levels associated with different sources of sounda® given in Table 5.2. Environmental Pollution High levels of noise have been recorded in some of the cities the world, In Nanjing (China) noise level of 105 dB has been 1¢00 while in some other cities of the world these levels are: Rome 9 New York 88 dB, Calcutta 85 d i my , B, Mi 8, Dene Kathmandu 75 dB. eee BPe scale LI Usic Der press blender onversa- ray, light rces and odes of ationary ities an! ric home ound are , cities i ecorden" 1 90 dB, j 80 oP Environ, mental Nutie gre the Effects of Noise - 185) uses the following effects ip interferes with m N's Commur cation is sever el si y af Hearing damage: nication; om? N on vise ca i , D Cause t rind 10S It depends on Intensity and a itor sitivity is reduced with noise level igh frequency for more than a few minut Po Nae es, (i Physiological and psychological chan exposure to NOISE affects the functioning of variou: ease a i Is systems of th jemay result in hypertension, insomnia (sleeplessness), asa ind digestive disorders, peptic ulcers, blood pressure aaa nges, tehavioural changes, emotional changes etc. Morar Y OF perm, an ‘uration of sour oa ind level, ver 90 dB in the NOISE POLLUTION DURING DIWALI Diwali is a festival of lights. Traditionally people of all ages enjoy frecrackers. Some accidents do occur every year claiming a few lives. Basides, noise generated by various firecrackers is beyond the permissible noise levels of 125 decibels as per the Environmental (Protection) (Second Amendment) Rules, 1999. There has been a great concern over the noise levels generated during Diwali. Some measurements. by certain group of researchers havealso been made at various places during Diwali. I's recommended that the manufacturers of fireworks should mention the noise ae decibels generated by individual items. The department cum a ofthe Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1s ane A "sk to ensure that the industry produces firecrackers CO Remissible noise standards. duced by the National According to a test report On firecrackers Tie j Ysical Laboratory, New Delhi most of os ‘2 Sputlet produce noise beyond tes gen) Roles 98 sy the Environment (Protection) “juce 1018 neat "Te of them have been observed 0 PL Pain. The details are given in Table >” ? aeChapter 5 6 _ «3, Noise levels generated by firecrackers Table 5.3. Ne i | Genera) a ker Manufacturer Noise leyg qype of firecracke i Coronation Fireworks, Sivakasi |135 + = Sri Kaliswari Fireworks, 128 Chines fF of 1,000 in one piece) Sivakasi ‘Chinese crackers (a string | Sri Kaliswari Fireworks, 132 of 600 in one piece) Sivakasi | Nazi (atom bomb) Coronation Fireworks, Sivakasi |135 +0 /Magic formula (flower | Rajan Fireworks, Sivakasi 136 +1 | bomb) [Atom bomb (foiled) Sri Kaliswari Fireworks, 13142 | Sivakasi Hydrogen bomb Sri Patrakali Fireworks, 13442 | Sivakasi Rajan classic dhamaka Rajan Fireworks, Sivakasi 136 +0 | oiled bomb) | Samrat classic bomb Venkateswara Fireworks, 136 +0 (deluxe) Sivakasi Hydro foiled (bomb) Sri Kaliswari Fireworks, 132 £2 Sivakasi *Three sound (bomb) Coronation Fireworks, Sivakasi |119*7_| | teat bomb Local 136 +0 Apzil 21, 2003. Environmental radius. Two gadgets, a height of 1.3 metre: of sound, Besides mentio firecrackers or bant *Cracker meeting the noise pollution standards, Source: Test report on firecrackers, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi ____ The noise levels were measured under standard conditions i® in areas not having noise-reflecting surfaces within a 15 met! » for measuring sound levels were installed Sand at a distance of 4 metres from the sou ning the sound levels on each of the Pe! ning the production of such firecrackers WH!36 +0 oe New Delhi ditions i-€ 15 metre pstalled at the source ne types F kers WHC Environment’ poyy _ poise above Permissible Levey the harmful effects of nojge qe is abou 3 be done by g © during g 1, can be done by giving public aa Such festivals like wall E d messages spares a | messages through other mass medi ing aatiDe . ia like radio and 187 ‘ a ‘onl? Nt 10 educate ass mi ‘sion : Honourable Supreme Court in a Wit 1g NOISE pollution had passed the folt ure. Ctition (civil) of 199g gernint noe lowing di 18 directions as an mm meas it Union Government, The Union Tertories _ Governments shall in particular comply with Sei gas se Environmental (Protection) Rules, 1985 Haare se *e mental (Protection) Act, 1986 which essentially aie sas allows i) The manufacture, sale re noise level exceeding Us apa a et feos f yr 145 dB (C) pk at 4 meters distance from the point of bursting shall be prohibited. (i) For individual firecracker constituting the series Goined firecrackers), the above mentioned limit be reduced by 5 log 10 (N) 4B, where N = Number of crackers joined together. 2. The use of fireworks or firecrackers shall not be permitted 4 10,00 p.m. No fireworks or fire: except between 6.00 p.m. an 10,00 p.m. and 6.00a.m. crackers shall be used between 4, Fheceackers shall not be used abenyaiieilen di: ae defined by the Ministry of Environment and Forests: Silence Zone has been defined as: (00 meters “Silence Zone in an area compnsing Se oa religious around hospitals, educational jnstitutions, a8 aa by the places or any other areata Ce competent authority. 4. The State Education Resource ment principals “ Cee eee wall 38 Ca ree aes schools in all che States ot Maneatis aus oe appropriate steps to educate =” F eeao airecson OP and noise poltution and apprise above, Centres 8 all the States andner 5 18? eric Noise Pollution ; osPhs Control of irees of noise: Sources of noise pollution like hy putio “7 seduction in sOUre? Te 1 wens a 1 old vehicles may not be allowed to py ;, if Gate = vehicles and ¢ wal re tas populated areas. ‘ 10" watel ° re, making machines should be Kept in containers sue 2. Nois 2 ea absorbing media. The noise path will be interruptedga! jess ora aoe soi will not reach the workers. see th Proper oiling will reduce the noise from the machinery, eae Se i il i . To} : «L Use of sound absorbing silencers: Silencers can reduce nojse Pe ction, Ti absorbing sound. For this purpose various types of fibrous material could be used. 5, Planting more trees having broad leaves. presented in 6. Through law: Legislation can ensure that sound productions Surfac minimized at various social functions. Unnecessary horn pollution ar blowing should be restricted especially in vehicle-congested 1. Sev areas. cat i 2. Ine 5.4 WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION? an am vollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical or ogical characteristics of water making it unsuitable for desig- nated use in its natural state. What are the Sources of Water Pollution? Water is an essential commodity for survival. We need water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, irrigation, and for industtial operations. Most of water for such uses comes from rivers, lakes 0° Ground water sources. Water has the property to dissolve ma Substances in it, therefore, it can easily get polluted, Pollution of Water can be caused by point sources or non-point sources. Poiat Sources are specific sites near water bodies which directly dischate? effluents into them. Major point sources of water pollutio® are indnstries, power plants, underground coal mines, offshore oil W!® oe be eon from non-point sources is not at any parti ne these Sources are scattered which individual) oes Y pollute water. Surface run-off from agricultural fi! a wing small drains, rain water sweeping roads and field® Environmentalike heavy ly in the 1erS With ‘Pted ang Ty. noise by f fibrous juction is ary horn -ongested pnesic deposition etc 205 M yytio” : sound water PoUION: Ground water able et ©: ‘ater for Orr available on planet earth and i ™S abOUL 6.2% of the a (ste ace abo water (streams, lakes and estuaries) ae 30 times more than . Ground wate, 7 See yne to pollution as the soil mantle through whieh no Sf jo retain various contaminants due to its cation ich water passes ? exch ever, there are a number of potential sources ze capacity. of ground wi ater ation smical, tanneri i i! |, tanneries ction, mining etc. are mainly responsible for groun fae well ollution which 1S irreversible. Ground water pollution with arsenic, fl vaste axe posing Serious health hazards, Some pees pesenegin the next few pages. ave been gurface water pollution: The major sources of surface water pallotion are 1, Sewage: Emptying the drains and sewers in fresh waterbodies causes water pollution. The problem is severe in cities. (ig. 5.4). 2. Industrial effluents: Industrial wastes containing toxic chemicals, acids, alkalis, metallic salts, phenols, cyanides, ammonia, radioactive substances, etc. are sources of water pollution. They also cause thermal (heat) pollution of water. Synthetic detergents used in washing and 3, Synthetic detergents: d pollute water. cleaning produce foam aniEnvironmental Pollution «Agrochemicals like fertili nj sit (contai + posphates) and pesticides (insecticides, fyy ; ) washed by rain-water and surface run.ofp 4, Agroch nitrates and herbicides etc Pollute wa ; _ 5, Oil: Oil spillage into sea-water during drilling and Shipmey pollute it. 6. as heat: Waste heat from industrial discharges incre, the temperature of water bodies and affects distribution ang survival of sensitive species. What are the Effects of Water Pollution? Following are some important effects of various types of water pollutants: Oxygen demanding wastes: Organic matter which reaches water bodies is decomposed by micro-organisms present in water For this degradation, oxygen dissolved in water is consumed Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen dissolved in a given quantity of water at a particular temperature and atmospheric pressure. Amount of dissolved oxygen depends on aeration, photosynthetic activity in water, respiration of animals and plants and ambient temperature. The saturation value of DO varies from 8-15 mg/L. For active fish species (trout and salmon) 5-8 mg/L of DO is required whereas less desirable species like carp can survive at 3.0 mg/L of DO. Lower DO may be harmful to animals especially fish population Oxygen depletion (deoxygenation) helps in release of phosphates from bottom sediments and causes eutrophication, Nitrogen and Phosphorus compounds (nutrients): Addition © compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus helps in the sro¥ ee oe ae plants which on death and decay consume era a Feria conditions foul smelling gases are produ os concentration of corns Te a an ae ich will further change pH of water. oo charset ‘mperature will change many physico-ch® stics of water. Pathogens: Many wastewaters especially sewage contain mall Pathogenic (disease causing) and non-pathogenic miero-organis™s move into these orga and have accumula bioaccum builds up;“niin, icideg ohare Pment Teases ang Water -aches water. umed. a given pheric ation, plants active vhereas ulation. es from ition of growth oxyger oduced- nge the Changes hemict in many isms am Environyy Hl Pot ike cholera 191 fic aming nite “on #3; inal ry, t jie compounds: Pollutants such wage ala ie as hea jesand many other organic and inoy heavy metals ytic organisms: Banic compounds g oa sah The demand Ke DO increases with adit ase matter which is expressed as biological Oran iodeeradable opis gefined as the amount of DO required to eames (Bop). adable organic matter of a given vohu robically decompose 0 piodeo . melee aisdays at 20°C. More BOD values of any water ns oe ‘a period aetpoor water quality. The non-biodepadable (itaatnett mounds somagnity jn the food chain and cause toxic effects at vari voit. ious levels of Some of these substances ike pesticides, methyl mercury etc. nove into the bodies of organisms from the medium in which thee organisms live. Substances like DDT are not water soluble ind have affinity for body lipids. These substances tend to srcumulate in the organism’s body. This process is called tioaccumulation. The concentration of these toxic substances pulds up at successive levels of food chain, ‘This process is called biomagnification. Following is the example of biomagnification ofDDT in aquatic food chain: gjruses. Water borne dise an are spread by water cont Ayse ted with ge aati Component DDT concentration (ppm) Birds 10.00 : 1 Needle fish 1 i i 1 Minnows “A 0.01 Zooplankton + i 0.000001 Water nly fect OTHE Toxic substances polluting ‘he wf wat Some heavy ee like lead, os into watet§ ee "ous types of diseases. Mercury SU al acl mi i aut soluble methyl mercury ya pan sult? | gp ulates in fish, In 1953, people 2 as and 2! | “bay parts, vision and heani™ prol >Environmental Pollution coapter 5 192 ise called Minamata disease occurreg ci @ a behaviour se ati mercury contaminated fish caughe ten extlem? consumption © Japan, The disease claimed SO ives and penne felt Minamata Day Hv rsons, Pollution by another heavy meta cad (y) Se paraysed over 70 Pe called Itai-itai in the people of Japan n™ event ed th ad caused ; was caused by j t cadmium contaminated rice. The rice fg (v9 Pla disease red with effluents of zinc smelters and drainage water Iso preven were his disease bones, liver, kidney, 1ungs, paneteas and thy For €¢ Tn wastewater as oe pollution of ground water in Bangladesh and West Bengy Considered iscausing various types of abnormalities. oe Nitrate when present in excess in drinking water causes bine demand (C baby syndrome or methaemoglobinemia, The disease develops whey a a part of haemoglobin is converted into non-functional oxidized Waste form. treatments Nitrate in stomach partly gets changed into nitrites which can for dischar produce cancer-causing products in the stomach. Excess of fluoride in drinking water causes defects in teeth and "5 bones, a disease called fluorosis. 5.5 W Pesticides in drinking water ultimately reach humans and are known to cause various health problems. DDT, aldrin, dieldrin ete. have therefore, been banned. Recently, in Andhra Pradesh, people suffered treatment from various abnormalities due to consumption of endosulphan the desiz (@ pesticide) contaminated cashew nuts. The comps Sometime How Can We Control Water Pollution? {tis easy to reduce water pollution from point sources by legislé- j tion. However, due to absence of defined strategies it becom’ and ino 5 orga ee pollution from non-point sources. TH ganisms ficult to prevent water following points may help in reducing water pollution from eet non-point sources, (9 Judicious use of a, 4 “an Aid of Bop gtochemii fer ‘h will reduce their micals like pesticides an surf i 4 sf ese on sloped lands urface run-off and leaching, Avoid use 0! (i) Use of nitro, (ti) Adoptir een fixing plants o supplementthe use of ee Ing int a, . Pesticides, *S*Ated pest management to reduce reliant Figauses blue lops when 1 oxidizea which can 1 teeth and ns and are rin etc. have ple suffered dosulphan by legisla it becomes urces. The ation from id fertilize®® use of these Envi = ronal jy Prevent run-off of manure ( The nutrient rich wate, Pte j run. can be used Divert tere" - ial ayevent ¢ 0 ts a 0 basin for ertilizer in the eparate drainage of sewage and and r oH ae ain wate wverflow of sewage with rainwates SHOU be provides oP. planting trees would re vy) Plant e ‘ educe pollution by se , prevent soil erosion, Y Sediments and wit a yor contt colling water pollution from po; Point sources, treatment of waters is essential before being discharged, Par onsidered for reduction in such water are: rameters which are ‘otal solids, biological oxygen demand (BO! 7 )D), ch snont (COD), nitrates and phosphate, ol and grace tik mek 3 s ate Waste waters should be properly treated by primary and secondary seatments to reduce the BOD, COD levels up to the permissible levels for discharge. 55 WEAT IS WASTE WATER TREATMENT? ‘The composition of municipal waste water varies from place to place. Sometimes industrial wastes also mix with sewage. The type of treatment of waste water thus depends upon its characteristics and the desired quality of water after treatment, ‘The waste water rally for primary, secondary oF treatment plants are set up gene advanced treatment. The purpose of waste water treatment ist remove! and inorganic substances, nutrients, toxic SE Organisms, etc, so that the quality of cea vn some water D0: "et the permissible level of water f0P© discharge’ sat reduction ®nland or agricultural field. Treatment ce ‘water bodies a /reduce organic ¢ ceiving of BOD, COD, eutrophication, ete, gupstances in food © Prevention of bio-magnification © toxic ° Prevent ic Penton of disease due to pathoBe™! own it ‘ater, water are © Saal A . Ri sees steps involved #Sludge disposal Chlorination D,. | ing tank % scondar ft i S ‘Secondary Treatment Air j ‘Aeration |— Activated sludge Digested sludge Primary sludge ition Grit chamber ‘Supernatent Fig. 5.5 Flow diagram of sewage (waste water) treatment plant. Environmental Pe fe Primary Treatment treatment. ‘Trickdi covered witl fangi, protor by the aerot at the bott recirculated matter and ; is slow.Fig. 5.5 Flow diagram of sewage (waste water) treatment plant. "ncivonmetalPotaoy ent: It isa physical 195° om prima sia Process for rey particles with the help of screen, The waste wat ee Of debris st gthrough grit chamber where sand i a cr after screening : and othe rhe water i8 then passed through tf. Lane os s ‘ation tank or sahere most of the suspended solids se) feces removal of suspended solids, somet ers are used. About 35% BOD and 60% med during primary treatment. "secondary treatment: wie eed 2 a biological process which involves coorgani ; P to 90% of the BOD and 90% of sspended solids. Biodegradable oxygen demanding wastes a sized Following are the various approaches adopted in secondary veatment Trickling filters: These consist of abed of crushed stones/pebbles coered with slime which consists mainly of aerobic bacteria, algae, ing. protozoa, worms and insect larvae (Fig. 5.6). Sewage is degraded iythe aerobic bacteria when it passes through the bed and is collected the bottom of the filter. Some of the treated sewage may be ssteulated along the influent. It helps in better removal of organic rier and also keeps the filter moist when the flow rate over the filter sslow, 2) OTIS TIN IN Fig. 5.6 Cross sector Activated 2 effluer Sludge Process: The ‘micro« i te station tank. Aeration tankalsosectlV@S 71° ige, Oxygen 8 Seong, as activate? tions. After itpeg saat Settling tank known @% pic conditions: ay. ‘ype ito aeration tank for maintaining ter dary setlin’ Of agitation, the waste water 20°Environmental Pollution onapner S produce, ant 4 off, This ¢ pastures, etc ye used for landfills or disposey 4, devaten, ‘I Off in tay roplands, F oruse iological Contactor (RBC): It Consists of gy Rotating My ae arranged on a rotating sha Circular dises et plastic discs grown on them (Fig, 5.7). The discs are containedig ri aie holding tank. About 40% area of the discs is submey veetank. The discs rotate in and out of water as the RBC ro tates ‘The microorganisms present on the discs absorb organic matter whe, they are in water and obtain the required oxygen when the discs ay out of water. Thus a high degree of organic matter removal is achieve Primary setting tank ‘Secondary setting tank Sludge Fig. 5.7 Rotating biological contactor. Advanced Sewage Treatment: After the primary and secondary treatment many undesirable substances still remain in the effluent Advanced water treatment involves the removal of such substances ‘The treatment, therefore, involves specific steps depending upon the type of substances to be removed. The materials to be removed in such treatment may include nitrates and phosphates (which cause eutrophication of receiving waters), colour, bacteria, viruses, pestcid® toxic metals, etc. Chlorination of water is generally done to kill harmftl bacteria and some viruses. Howey Thermal pol water whit environmen What are t Heat produc plants, refin pollution. Pc fuels for thei of heat to th from some 1 tothesamev temperature Pollution of What are ¢ © The “lability of (Hig Mto deep og