Front 3

EDITORS' PREFACE
This Volume 18 of International Organizations and the Law of the Sea -

Documentary Yearbook was again prepared on the basis of experience gained in pro-
ducing previous volumes and taking into account various comments and suggestions
made by distinguished members of our Advisory Board 1. The Volume covers the docu-
ments, both legal and non-legal, of the United Nations family of international organi-
zations which are structured along two main categories. In particular, documents of the
UN General Assembly (UNGA) and the Security Council, Meeting of States Parties to
Duringthe first decadeof the Yearbook's publication, its reviews includedthose of Vol. I
- 1985(1987) by: E. Decaux, 115 Journaldu DroitInternational 282-283 (1988/1); M.l.
Glassner, Political Geography Quarterly of 8 February 1989; L.A. Kimball, 12 Marine
Policy 415-416(1988/4); A. V. Lowe, 3 International Journal ofEstuarine & Coastal Law
(IJECL) (presently, International Journal ofMarin e & Coastal Law [IJMCL]) 280-281
(1988/3); Swan Sik Ko, 35 Netherlands International Law Review 100-101 (1988/1); R.
Wolfrum, 30 German YearbookofInternational Law (GYIL) 463-464 (1987); also noted
in 33 Annuaire Francais de DroitInternational (AFDI) 1077(1987); reviews of Vol. 2 -
1986 (1988) of the Yearbook by: D. Freestone, 4 IJECL 310-311 (1989/3); Lloyd 's
Maritime Commercial Law Quarterly (1989); and reviewof Vol. 3 - 1987 (1989) of the
Yearbook by: D. Freestone, 6 IJECL 151-153 (1991/2). Forjoint reviews ofVols 1-5, see
B. Boczek, "Basic Sourcesof Lawof the Sea Documentation," 15 Marine Policy 455-459
(1991/6), and of Vols 5-6, see E.D. Brown, 17 Marine Policy 67 (1993/1), and D.
Freestone, 10 IJMCL 143-144 (1995). Forreviews of Vol.8 - 1992(1994), see D.Koning,
38 GYIL 467 (1995); 40 AFDI 1208 (1994). For reviews of Vol.9 - 1993 (1995), see 1.
Thomas, 3 OGLTR 136-137 (1996), and 1. Morris, 3 Int.ML 110-111 (1996). For review
ofVol.10 - 1994 (1996), see U. Jenisch, 30 Verfassung und Recht in Ubersee 280-281
(1997). For announcements of the Yearbook's next volumes, see New and Important
Publications in Law ofthe Sea ofKluwerLaw International 17(1999) 22, 30 (2001),and
Law ofthe Sea 2002 9 (2002) <http://www.k1uwerlaw.com>; followed since mid-2003 by
announcements of BrillAcademic Publishers of whichMartinus NijhoffPublishers beca-
me an imprint <http://www.brill.n1/Martinus_NihofIhtm>. with all Yearbook's volumes
available at <http://www.brill.nl/producU dI8776.htm>.
IX Harm Dotinga, Erik Molenaar, Alex Oude Elferink, and
Barbara Kwiatkowska,
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
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Editor Prefa ce
the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),2 UN Commission on the
Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), International Sea-Bed Authority (ISBA),
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), Follow-up to the UN
Conference on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and
Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, Follow-Up to the UN Global Conference on the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD), UN ECOSOC, UNEP and UNCTAD are included
first. They are followed by the documents of specialized agencies and other autono-
mous organizations within the UN system that include FAO, IAEA, !MO and UNES-
COIIOC. The numerous regional programmes and organizations, a number of which
reports annually to the UNGA, are covered by documents of the respective global orga-
nizations.
The major General Assembly's documents remain the annual Oceans and the
Law of the Sea Resolution (57/141) and the Report of the Secretary-General giving an
excellent overview of innumerous and closely interlinked developments concerning the
new oceans regime. The 2002-2004 Oceans and the Law ofthe Sea Reports were pre-
pared, as every year, by the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
(DOALOS) of the UN Office of Legal Affairs (OLA) . The UNDOALOS operates
(since 1 March 1992) in continuation of the UN Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law
of the Sea (UNOALOS). It was headed originally by Ambassador Satya N. Nandan
(Fiji), followed by Dr. Jean-Pierre Levy (France), who was succeeded since 1 February
1996 by Dr. Moritaka Hayashi (Japan) and since 20 October 1996 by Dr. Ismat Steiner
(Tanzania). Dr. Steiner's successor in 2001 Mrs. Annick de Marffy (France) was in tum
succeeded as of 1 May 2004 by Dr. Vladimir Golitsyn (Russia) of the UN OLA who is
the UNDOALOS 's current Director>, The Division is charged with a general mandate
2 The traditional acronyms of "LOS Convention" or "LOSC" have been for reason of
practical convenience increasingly replaced by that of "UNCLOS". Cf. W.R. Edeson,
"Confusion over the Use of 'UNCLOS', and References to Other Recent Agreements",
15 IJMCL 413-419 (2000). The use of "UNCLOS" acronym, which was previously
reserved for the First, Second and Third United Nations Conferences on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS I, II & III), has been initiated by The Law of the Sea - Report of the
Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/52/487 and Corr.l, para.13 (1997), reproduced as item
UN-I in this Yearbook's Volume 13 - 1997 (1999), and it has since been maintained in
all UN Secretary-General's Reports and many other documents and publications, as well
as relied upon in international jurisprudence, e.g., the 2000 Annex VII Australia and
New Zealand v. Japan Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) Award,
infra note 27, para. I n.l ; the 2003 OSPAR Ireland v. UK Mox Plant Award, infra note
38, paras 63, 141 and Dissenting Opinion ofArbitrator Gavan Griffith QC, para.85; and
the pending 2004-- Annex VII Barbados/Trinidad and TobagoArbitration, infra note 80
and Romania v. Ukraine case (Romania's Application), infra note 83.
3 See UN Office of Legal Affairs (OLA), Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the
Sea - Core Functions <http://untreaty.un.org/ola-internet/doalos.htm>; and infra notes 5-
17. For outstanding website ofthe UNDOALOS, see <http://www.un.org/Depts/los> and
inf ra note 111.
Barbara Kwiatkowska, Harm Dotinga, Erik Molenaar, Alex Oude Elferink, and
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
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Editor Preface xi
to contribute to the better understanding and widespread acceptance of the UN

Convention on the Law of the Sea at national, regional and international levels. The
numerous UNDOALOS publications continue to be only listed in the Yearbook, but the
reader will find (through the Index of Keywords) a detailed record of UNDOALOS
activities in the relevant documents.
As a result of deposition of the 60th ratification (by Guyana) during the 48th
session of the General Assembly in 1993, the UNCLOS entered into force on 16
November 1994. Prior thereto, further rounds of the UN Secretary-General's Informal
Consultations led successfully to the adoption at the resumed 48th session of the
General Assembly (by a vote of 121:0:7) of the Resolution 48/263 of28 July 1994. The
UNGA Resolution's Annex contains an Agreement Relating to the Implementation of
Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, with the entry into
force of the two instruments having been closely intertwined'[.
The entry into force of the UNCLOS and the provisional application of the Part
XI Agreement as followed by the Agreement's entry into force on 28 July 1996 mar-
ked, according to Dr. Moritaka Hayashi, the beginning of a new phase in the functions
of the United Nations Secretary-General - "as the chief administrative officer of
4 See UNIDOALOS Law ofthe Sea Bulletin, Special Issue IV, 16 November 1994, and for
status of the Convention and the Part XI Agreement as at 30 November 2004, see id. No.
55 (2004) and the UNDOALOS website <http://www.un.org/Depts/los>.Cf. D.H.
Anderson, "Legal Implications of the Entry Into Force ofthe UN Convention on the Law
of the Sea," 44 International & Comparative Law Quarterly (ICLQ) 313-326 (1995) ; JP
Levy, "Les Nations Unies et la Convention sur Ie droit de la mer," 28 Revue Beige de
Droit International 11-35 (1995); M. Hayashi, "The 1994 Agreement for the
Universalization of the Law of the Sea Convention," 27 Ocean Development &
International Law (OOlL) 31-39 (1996) ; RH. Oxman, "Observations on the Agreement
Relating to the Implementation of Part XI ofthe UN Convention on the Law of the Sea",
in Order for the Oceans at the Turn ofthe Century, Proceedings ofthe Fridtjof Nansen
Conference. Oslo, Norway, 7-11 August 1998 15-35 (1999); Edeson, supra note 2; J.P.
Levy, "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea", in Continental Shelf
Limits: The Scientific and Legal Interface 8-16 (2000); V.-D. Degan, 'The Common
Heritage of Mankind in the Present Law of the Sea", in N. Ando et af. eds, Liber
Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda 1363-1376 (2002) ; I. Shearer, "Ocean Management
Challenges for the Law of the Sea" and A.G. Dude Elferink, "The Role of the United
Nations General Assembly and the Meeting of States Parties", inA.G. Oude Elferink and
D.R. Rothwell eds, Oceans Management in the 21st Century 1-18,295-312 (2004).
On the possible approval of the UNCLOS by the United States, see 34 ILM 1393
(1995); "The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy", Issue Brieffor US. Congress
of 19 March 2003 <http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/03Jun/IB950 10.pdf>,
Senate Testimony Regarding US . Adherence to Law ofthe Sea Convention, 98 AJIL 173-
175 (2004) and Former Legal Advisers' Letter of7 April 2004, id., at 307-308,590-591;
UN Wire of 6 April 2004 <http://www.unwire.org/UNWire/20040406/449_22538.asp>;
US. Mission to the United Nations <http://www.un.int/usa/> - International Law, Bureau
of Oceans <www.un.int/usa/los.htm>; and infra notes 9, 14-17.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Xli s
Editor Preface
the Organization'" - with regardto the twoinstruments.6 A detailed set of (mostly long-
term) mandates for the Secretary-General and, through him, particularly the UNDO-
ALOS/OLA, include the increased reporting responsibilities, the unprecedented (and
distinct from the usual depositary functions) responsibilities pertaining to deposit of
charts and geographical coordinates concerning national maritime zones," as well as
responsibilities relating to servicing Meeting of UNCLOS States Parties, the CLCS
and UN Open-Ended Informative Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the
Sea (UNICPOLOS, currently abbreviated as ICP), conducting special studies, dispute
settlement (including in the context of the ITLOS' establishment), and provision of
advice and assistance to states. Other mandates comprise functions relating to other
agreements, normal depositary functions, and a number of short-term responsibilities
of the UN Secretary-General. Since 1997, the UNCLOS has been in a crucial phase of
its evolution becauseof the rapid move toward universalization of its StatesParties; the
5 Difference Relating to Immunity From Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the

Commission on Human Rights Advisory Opinion (hereinafter: ECOSOC Advisory
Opinion), ICJ Reports 1999, 62, at 84, para.49, reprinted in 38 ILM 873 (1999) ; ICJ
Communique No.99/15, 12 April, and Nos 99/16 and 99/16bis, 29 April 1999
<http://www.icj-cij .org>. On the Opinion's implementation, see Letters from the UN
Secretary-General to the ECOSOC President of 19 October and 15 December 1999, UN
Docs E/I999/121 and E/I999/124, reproduced as items UN-66/67 in this Yearbook's
Volume 15 - 1999 (2001), and of 24 July 2000, Doc. E/2000/105; 121 ILR I, reprodu-
ced as item UN-71 in Volume 16 - 2000 (2002).
Cf. Lady Hazel Fox, "The Advisory Opinion on the Difference Relating to Immunity
from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission ofHuman Rights", 12
LJIL 889-918 (1999); 1. Matringe, "CIJ, Avis Consultatifdu 29 avril 1999)", 45 AFDI
413-433 (1999) ; G. Ziccardi Capaldo, "The Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal
Process Advisory Opinion", I The Global Community Yearbook of International Law
and Jurisprudence (YILJ) 251-266 (2001); R.St.J. Macdonald, "A Short Note on the
Interpretation ofthe UN Charter by the ICJ", in Liber Amicorum Judge Oda, supra note
4, at 177, 181-182; and infra notes 9 and 115.
6 M. Hayashi, "The Role of the Secretary-General Under the Law of the Sea Convention
and the Part XI Agreement," 10 IJMCL 157-164 (1995); Oude Elferink, supra note 4;
and UNDOALOS Core Functions, supra note 3.
7 For the authoritative guidance on the issue of disclaimer placed on all the United Nations
maps, see the 2002 UN Eritrea/Ethiopia Boundary (Merits) Decision, infra note 71,
paras 3.26-3.28 and Appendix A, paras A26-A32. For reliance on these holdings , see the
Indonesia/Malaysia (Merits) Oral Hearings, CR 2002/29, 42-43 [Counsel Malintoppi, 4
June], CR 2002/32,37 [Counsel Crawford, 7 June 2002] <http://www.icj-cij.org>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
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Editor Preface xiii
building of the key institutions - ISBA,s ITLOS, CLCS (including the 2001 inaugural
submission of Russia, as responded by Canada, Denmark, Japan, Norway and the
United States, and as followed by the 2004 submissions of Brazil and Australia)? -
8 See Statement by H.E. Ambassador Satya N. Nandan, Secretary-General of the

International Sea-Bed Authority, in Orderfor the Oceans, supra note4, at 9-13, and 73-80;
and S.N. Nandan, "Improvements in Global and Regional Ocean Governance", in UNES-
CO Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10: Toward the 2002Johannesburg
World Summit on Sustainable Development. Paris. 3-7 December 2001 (2002), available
online at <http://www.udel.edu/CMS/csmp/globaloceans/index.html>, "Participants use
only": password <OCR+I0PA> as referred to infra notes 103-104; Degan, supra note 4;
Address by Ambassador Felipe Paolillo at DOALOS/UNITAR Briefing on Developments
in OceanAffairs andthe Lawofthe SeaHeldonthe 20thUNCLOS Anniversary, NewYork,
25-26 September 2002 <http://www.un.org/Depts/los/>; Statement by ISBA Secretary-
General Satya N. Nandan and N.A. Odunton, "International Seabed Authority", in
Proceedings ofthe 20thAnniversary Commemoration ofthe Opening for Singature ofthe
United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea, NewYork, 9-10December 200239-44,
70-80(UN: NewYork 2003); and infra note 61.
9 On privileges and immunities of the UNCLCS members, see references to Convention on
Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 (1 UNTS 15 and Corr. 90 UNTS
327), and to ICJ - Mazilu Advisory Opinion (ICJ Reports 1989, 177), as reaffirmed by the
1999 ECOSOC Advisory Opinion (supra note5, at 66, 78, 82-83), in Index of Keywords in
this Yearbook's Volume 14- 1998 (2000) andVolume 15- 1999 (2001). Cf. B. Kwiatkowska,
"The Law of the Sea Related Cases in the International Court of Justice During the
Presidency of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel (1997-2000) and Beyond", 16 IJMCL 1,37-38
(2001) <http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/document.php?id=335941>. reprinted in this
Yearbook's Vol.14 - 1998 xix-Ii (2000) <http://www.brill.nl/producUdI8776.htm> and
published as revised, in G. Ziccardi Capaldo Editor-in-Chief, 2 The Global Community
Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence (YILJ) 1-45 2002 (2004)
<http://www.oceanalaw.com/main-producCdetails.asp?ID=298>. also available in the ver-
sion updated as of 21 June 2004 on the NILOS website <http://www.Iaw.uu.nl/nilos> -
Publications, Papers; infra note 112.
On inaugural submission made by the Russian Federation to the UNCLCS on 20
December 2001 with respect to the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea, the Bering Sea and
the Sea of Okhotsk areas, see Press Release SEA No.1729, 21 December 2001
<http://www.un.orgiNewsiPress/docs/2001/seal729.doc.htm>. Statement of the Deputy
Minister for Natural Resources of the Russian Federation of 28 March 2002, UN Doc.
CLCS/31, 5 April 2002, and other documents reproduced in this Yearbook's VoU7 -
2001 (2004) and Vol. 18 - 2002 (2005); Brazil's submission of 17 May 2004
<http://www.un.orgiNewsiPressidocs/2004/seaI800.doc.htm> available on the UNDO-
ALOS website, supra note 3; UNIDOALOS Law ofthe Sea Information Circular (2002
No.16, 2003 Nos 17 & 18 and 2004 No.19).
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xiv Editor S Preface
under the Convention; 10 the consolidation and further strengthening of its regime
through the adoption of many global and regional complementary instruments; and the
emerging consensus on the role of the UNGA as the global ocean forum. As the United
Nations Legal Counsel, Dr. Hans Corell stated:
The track record of the United Nations in providing stewardship in matters rela-
ted to the world's oceans and seas is long-standing, proven and impressive. From
the First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea to the UN Conference on
Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, from the agenda item
on "Resources of the Sea" to the agenda item on "Oceans and the Law of the
Sea", the United Nations has served the community of nations quite effectively
in dealing with ocean issues in a coordinated manner. It is a reasonable expec-
tation that such performance will extend to the future. A renewed trust in the
United Nations in regard to oceans would be an integral component of a relevant
and effective United Nations in the 21st century. I I
The current shift in this process from setting norms to implementing and coor-
dinating them has been of increasing importance within an integrated approach to the
sustainable develeopment of ocean affairs, pursued in accordance with the UNCLOS
and its 1994 Part XI Agreement, and in parallel with the overall compatible framework
of the 1992 Rio Declaration and other documents of the UNCED as reaffirmed by the
2000 United Nations Millennium Declaration and the 2002 Johannesburg WSSD
Footnote 9 continued
Cf. essay by ITLOS President L.D.M. Nelson, "The Continental Shelf: Interplay of
Law and Science", in LiberAmicorum Judge Oda, supra note 4, at 1235-1253. President
Nelson serves as the Chairman of the new ILA Committee on Legal Issues of the Outer
Continental Shelf, of which Dr. A.G. Oude Elferink of NILOS and Mr. D. Ong are Co-
Rapporteurs, while Prof. B. Kwiatkowska and Dr. E. Molenaar of NlLOS are amongst
this Committee's members . See also R. Macnab, "The Case of Transparency in the
Delimitation of the Outer Continental Shelf", 35 ODIL 1-18 (2004).
10 See excellent appraisals by H.E. Judge Abdul G. Koroma, "Implementation of the Law
of the Sea Convention Through Its Institutions," in Orderfor the Oceans, supra note 4,
at 57-72 ; UNDOALOS/OLA Director Vladimir Golitsyn, " Interrelation of the
Institutions Under the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention with Other
International Institutions", id. at 133-142; and Oude Elferink, supra note 4.
II Address by the United Nations Legal Counsel and Under-Secretary-General for Legal
Affairs, Dr. Hans Corell, "Oversight of the Implementation of the Global Ocean Regime:
The Role of the United Nations", in Orderfor the Oceans, supra note 4, at 337, 342.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editors Preface xv
Declaration and Plan of Implementation. 12 The authoritative definition of the critical

concept of sustainable development (being equally relevant when states conclude new
treaties and undertake new activities and whenthey applyexisting instruments, obliga-
tionsand activities) provided for by the 1997 Gabcikovo-Nagymaros ProjectJudgment,
as well as the codification and progressive development of other fundamental princip-
les of modernenvironmental lawelucidated in that Judgment, havecontinued to impor-
tantly facilitate application of the UNCLOS within the framework of the United
Nations Charter in the post-Johannesburg era.13
12 UNGA Resolution 55/2 on United Nations Millennium Declaration of 8 September

2000 and Johannesburg WSSD Declaration and Plan of Implementation of 4 September
2002 <www.issd .ca/wssd/portal.html>, UN Doc. AlCONEI99/20 (2002) and items UN-
115 and 120 in this Yearbook's Volume 18 - 2002 (2005). See also B. Kwiatkowska,
"Peaceful Settlement of Oceans and Other Environmental Disputes Under International
Agreements", in UNESCO Global Rio+10 Conference, supra note 8 or directly at
<www.udel.edu/CMS/csmp/globaloceans/pdf/Papers/Kwiatkowska%20Paper.PDF>,
published as revised by BWP (2002) <http://bwp-bookcenter.com> - Books,
Environmental Law; Address by the United Nations Legal Counsel, Dr. Hans Corell,
"Conference on Stockholm Declaration and Law of the Marine Environment",
Stockholm University, 25 May 2002 <http://www.un.org/law/counsel/englishlstock-
holm.pdf> , in M.H. Nordquist, IN. Moore and S. Mahmoudi eds, The Stockholm
Declaration and Law ofthe Marine Environment 43-50 (2003); UNSG Kofi A. Annan's
Statement of 20 September 2004 on "A Fair Globalization: Implementing the
Millennium Declaration" <www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9487.doc.htm>;
and infra notes 41, 45-46, 98-99, 103-104 and 116.
13 Hungary/Slovakia Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project Judgment, ICJ Reports 1997, 78,
para.140 [sustainable development] <http://www.icj-cij.org> and other principles as analy-
zed by Judge Rosalyn Higgins, "Natural Resources in the Case Law of the International
Court, in David Freestone ed., International Law and Sustainable Development 87-111
(1999); Stephen M. Schwebel, "Inter-Active Influence ofthe International Court of Justice
and the International Law Commission", in LiberAmicorum In Memoriam ofJudgeJose
Maria Ruda 479-505 (2000); B. Kwiatkowska, "The Contribution of the ICJ to the
Development of the Law of the Sea and Environmental Law", 8 Review of European
Community & International Environmental Law 10-15 (1999); B. Kwiatkowska, Stockholm
Lecture on The Contribution oftheInternational CourtofJustice to theDevelopment ofthe
Law of the Sea (BWP 2002) <httpv/wwwbwp-bookcentet.com>, also available online in
the version updated as of21 June 2004 on the NILOS website <http://www.law.uu.nl/nilos>
- Publications, Papers; Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, "Judicial Means of Settling
International Water Disputes", in Proceedings ofthe PCA International Law Seminar on
Resolution of International Water Disputes. Peace Palace, The Hague, 8 November 2002
(2003), PCA Research and Publications <http://www.pca-cpa.orgffiNGLISH/RP/>; 2003
UNGA Resolution 58/240 on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, stressing the need of promo-
ting "the sustainable development of the oceans and seas" <wwwun.org/Depts/los/>;
UNSG Kofi A. Annan's Message on Sustainable Management of Oceans and Seas of 12
May 2004 <www.un.orglNews/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9302.doc.htrn>; and works quoted
infra notes 32, 93, III and 114.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
XVI s
Editor Preface
The central role of implementing measures was forcefully reiterated in the 2003
Reykjavik Keynote Address of Dr. Hans Corell, who commended the current initiati-
ves within and outside the United Nations system, encouraged Canada and the United
States to speedy ratification of the UNCLOS, as pledged in the Marine Environment
and Tanker Safety Action Plan of Group-8 Summit, and stressed that calls of some sta-
tes for amendments to UNCLOS (in a follow-up to accident of the Bahamian-flag
Prestige tanker off the coast of Spain, Portugal and France in November 2002) would
not solve the problem, because: "The problem is not that there is not enough law or that
the law is weak. The problem is that existing rules are not being sufficiently and pro-
perly implemented and enforced. States are at fault here, both coastal and flag States,
but primarily certain flag States",14 As the United Nations Legal Counsel rightly con-
cluded:
The greatest problem remains: lack of political will. The rules are there:
UNCLOS contains very clear general principles within a comprehensive fra-
mework, other conventions and non-binding instruments contain carefully pre-
pared detailed regulations, guidelines and plans of action. If we want to impro-
ve the conditions of the Oceans and ensure that activities relating to them are
carried out within the law, all States have to start making a real effort to imple-
ment and to enforce that law. [...] So, again, I am posing a very serious question,
one ofthe most fundamental questions in intemationallaw: how do we get States
14 Keynote Address by the United Nations Legal Counsel, Dr. Hans Corell, "International
Oceans Governance and the Challenge of Implementation", Reykjavik Conference, 27
June 2003, at 9-10 <http://www.un.orgilaw/counsel/englishiReykjavik.pdf>, in M.H.
Nordquist , IN. Moore and T.H. Heidar eds, Legal and ScientificAspects ofContinental
Shelf Limits - Reykjavik Proceedings 461-467 (2004). On ratification of the UNCLOS
by the United States, see also supra note 4. For Marine Environment and Tanker Safety
Action Plan of Group 8, comprising Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the
United Kigdom, the USA and the European Union (EU), expressing their commitment
to "the ratification or acceding to and implementation of the UNCLOS, which provides
the overall legal framework for oceans" (para. I.I), see 2003 G8 Summit Documents
<http://www.g8.fr/evian/english>. For effective measures being undertaken in a follow-
up to the Prestige accident, see the remaining provisions of the G8 Action Plan; Oceans
and the Law ofthe Sea - Report ofthe Secretary-General, UN Doc. A.58/65 and Add.I
(2003), available at the UNDOALOS website, supra note 3; Prestige Lawsuit of 20
February 2004 <www.rigzone.com/news/articIe.asp?a_id=11118> and Statoil's Prestige
Clean-up of 14 April 2004 <www.rigzone.com/newsiarticIe.asp?a_id=12268>; as well
as websites of the IMO <http://www.imo.org> and the EU <http://eu.int/comrn/trans-
port/themes/maritime/prestige/index_en.html>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor SPreface xvii
to take their international obligations and responsibilities seriously? We must all

think about the answer to that question. IS
In addition to the UNCEDIWSSD and Group-8 instruments referred to above,

means of accelerating commitment of states to take their international obligations
seriously can be exemplified by ratification of the UNCLOS by Canada - possessing,
along with Australia and the United States, the model comprehensive ocean policies
worldwide - on 7 November 2003 and rightly characterized by United Nations
Secretary-General Kofi A. Annan as "a momentous occasion in the history of the
Convention."16As Professor Ted L. McDorman concluded in his insightful Editorial on
the benefits and costs of Canadian ratification, ultimately, the case in favour of ratifi-
cation was based on foreign policy and:
While the UNCLOS does not solve Canada's immediate oceans concerns and
the real and potential costs were duly pointed out, the broader perspective pre-
vailed. The UNCLOS, to which Canada constributed so much and through
which Canada achieved so much, is part of the solution to global ocean concerns
and not part of the problem. Canada's ratification of the Law of the Sea
Convention was seen as a necessary consequence and duty ofbeing a responsi-
ble international citizen'tY!
The ITLOS was inaugurated in Hamburg on 18 October 1996, when the 21

Judges took their oath of office and signed solemn declarations in the presence of the
UN Secretary-General, the ISBA Secretary-General, Ambassador Satya N. Nandan,
and other high dignitaries. The first ITLOS President in the inaugural triennium 1996-
1999 became Dr. Thomas A. Mensah (Ghana) and Vice-President - Dr. Riidiger
Wolfrum (Germany), followed by the triennium 1999-2002 of President P.
Chandrasekhara Rao (India) and Vice-President Dolliver Nelson (Grenada), who in the
years 1974-1994 was a member of the United Nations Secretariat in New York, and
who has been the ITLOS President in the current triennium 2002-2005, during which
15 Reykjavik Keynote Address of Dr. Corell, supra note 14, at II . Seealsothe 20thUNCLOS
Anniversary Adrress by Ambassador Paolillo, supra note 8; Bernard H. Oxman, "The
Tools for Change: The Amendment Procedure", and Shabtai Rosenne, "Reflections on
Fishery Management Disputes", both presented at the 57th UNGA Commemorating the
20th UNCLOS Anniversary, 9 December 2002 <http.z'www.un.org/Depts/los--i Jn
Proceedings ofthe 20th Anniversary Commemoration, supra note8, at 110-145 (Rosenne)
and 195-207 (Oxman).
16 UNSG Kofi A. Annan's Statement of 7 November 2003
<http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgtats.asp?nid=616> and
<www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sgsm8992.doc.htm>; Canada·s Mission to the
United Nations <http://www.un.int/canada/>. On the famous 1998 Spain v. Canada
Fisheries (Jurisdiction) Judgment, see infra notes 48-51.
17 Editor-in-ChiefT.L. McDorman, "Editorial on CanadaRatifiesthe 1982UnitedNations
Convention on the Lawofthe Sea:At Last", 35 ODIL 103, III (2004), emphasisadded.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
XV1l1 s
Editor Preface
Judge Budislav Vukas (Croatia) has served as the Vice-President. The Tribunal's first
Registrar was until 30 June 2001 Mr. Gritakumar E. Chitty (Sri Lanka), followed by Dr.
Philippe Gautier (Belgium).
While the ITLOS is included into the United Nations section of this Yearbook,
it is noteworthy that the Tribunal is an autonomous treaty organ within the United
Nations system, of which the first instance of judicial activity was welcomed in
Statement of the then President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Judge
Stephen M. Schwebel, to the 53rd UNGA as a notable event in the life of internation-
al courts. IS The ITLOS Rules and its Guidelines Concerning the Preparation and
Presentation of Cases and the ITLOS Resolution on Internal Judicial Practice, are all
modelled on the respective instruments of the ICJ, and so are the maximum renumera-
tion of the ITLOS members and their pension scheme adjusted to the revision in the
emoluments of the ICJ Judges (at US $ 160,000 effective 1 January 1999) and the
amendments in their pension scheme .l? The ICJ's response to the United Nations
18 Statement of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, President of the International Court of

Justice, in Connection with the Annual Report of the ICJ, to the 53rd General Assembly,
UN Doc. A153/PY.44, 1-5, at 1, 27 October 1998; ICf Communique No.98/33; reprinted
in ICf Yearbook 1998-1999 316-323 (No.53) <http://www.icj-cij.org>. See also, e.g.,
appraisal by ICJ Vice-President Raymond Ranjeva, "Aux origines de I'article 287.1b) de
la Convention des Nations Unies sur Ie Droit de la Mer", in La Mer et Son Droit -
Melanges offerts a Laurent Lucchini et Jean-Pierre Queneudec 545-550 (2003); and
infra notes 20-25.
19 For excellent analysis, see S. Rosenne, "The ITLOS and the International Court of
Justice: Some Points of Difference", in The Baltic Sea: New Developments in National
Policies and International Cooperation 200-215 (1996); D.H. Anderson, "The Internal
Judicial Practice of the ITLOS", 38 Indian Journal ofInternational Law (IJIL) 410-428
(1998); and S. Rosenne, "International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: 1996-1997
Survey", 13 IJMCL 487-514 (1998), "1998 Survey", 14 IJMCL 453-465 (1999), " 1999
Survey", 15 IJMCL 443-474 (2000), R. Churchill and A.Y. Lowe, "2000 Survey", 16
IJMCL 549-570 (2001), "2001 Survey", 17 IJMCL 463-484 (2002), "2002 Survey", 18
IJMCL 447-457 (2003); "2003 Survey", 19 IJMCL 450-460 (2004).
Cf. remarks by ITLOS President Thomas A. Mensah, "The International Tribunal for
the Law of the Sea", 11 Leiden Journal of International Law (UIL) 527-546 (1998);
articles contributed by President Mensah and Judges Eiriksson, Nelson, Treves,
Wolfrum, Yankov, Vukas, Akl and Laing, in 37 IJIL 347-477 (1997); B. Kwiatkowska,
"The Future of the Law of the Sea Tribunal in Hamburg", in International Law and The
Hague S 750th Anniversary, Kurhaus Conference. 2-4 July 1998417-425 (T.M.e. Asser
Institute 1999); G. Eiriksson, The International Tribunalfor the Law of the Sea (2000)
and its review by B.H. Oxman, 95 American Journal ofInternational Law (AJIL) 731-
734 (200 1); M.M. Marsit, "Cinquieme anniversaire du Tribunal International du Droit
de la Mer", in La Mer et Son Droit, supra note 18, at 421-436; B. Kwiatkowska,
Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
(Kluwer Law International 2002) <http://www.brill.nl/producU d20709.htm> and its
reviews by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE, QC, 1 The Law and Practice of International
Courts and Tribunals 651 (2002), J.p. Queneudec, 106 RGDIP 728-729 (2002), 48 AFDI
887 (2002), G. Ziccardi Capaldo, 50 Netherlands International Law Review (Nl LR) 88-
92 (2003) and D. Freestone,
Barbara19 IJMCL 201-202
Kwiatkowska, (2004).Erik Molenaar, Alex Oude Elferink, and
Harm Dotinga,
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Preface XIX
Secretary-General of 15 July 1997 pointed out that: "The Court has indicated its wil-
lingness to cooperate with the ITLOS, established pursuant to the Convention, on an
informal, ad hoc basis, in the furnishing of information that may be requested by that
Tribunal, to the extent that this is authorized by the Statute and Rules of the Court".20
At the same time, in their Statements delivered to the 54th-57th UNGA in 1999-2002,
then ICJ Presidents Schwebel and Guillaume appreciated virtue in enabling other
international tribunals, both those which are organs of the United Nations (such as the
IClY or the ICTR) and those which are not (such as the ITLOS or the ICC) to request
Advisory Opinions from the ICJ as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations
on issues of international law that arise in cases before those tribunals and are of impor-
tance to the unity of international law. 21 In its Statement to the 57th UNGA, the
Russian Federation commended the Court's advisory rulings on interpretations of
20 See Impactofthe Entry Into Force ofthe 1982 UN Convention on the Law ofthe Sea on
RelatedExistingand Proposed Instruments and Programmes - Report ofthe Secretary-
General, UN Doc. A/52/491, para.6 and Part G (20 October 1997), reproduced as item
UN-2 in this Yearbook's Volume 13 - 1997 (1999). See also Agreements on Cooperation
and Relationship between the United Nations and the ISBA (1997 UNGA Resolution
52/27; 1967 UNTS 256; 36 ILM 1492 (1997), Article 5, in force: 26 November 1997,
reproduced as item UN-44 in Volume 13 - 1997 (1999» and the ITLOS (1998 UNGA
Resolution 52/251, Article 4( I)(iii), in force: 8 September 1998, reproduced as item UN-
64 in Volume 14 - 1998 (2000», which provide for furnishing, subject to requirements
of confidentiality, information requested by the ICl
21 Statement of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, President of the International Court of
Justice, in Connection with the Annual Report of the ICJ, to the 54th General Assembly,
UN Doc. A/54/PY.39, 1-5, at 3-4, 26 October 1999, ICJ Communique No.99/46, reprin-
ted in ICJ Yearbook 1999-2000 282-288 (No.54); Statements of Judge Gilbert
Guillaume, President of the International Court of Justice, to the 55th General Assembly,
at 5, ICJ Communique No.2000/36, 26 October 2000, reprinted in ICJ Yearbook 2000-
2001 319-326 (No.55); to the 56th General Assembly, UN Doc. A/PY.32, 1-5, at 4,30
October 2001, reprinted in ICJ Yearbook 2001-2002308-313 (No.56); and to the 57th
General Assembly, UN Doc. A/57/PY.37, 1-5, at 4 (2002) , ICJ Press Release
No.2002/29, 29 October 2002, reprinted in ICJ Yearbook 2002-2003 (No.57, in press)
<http://www.icj -cij .org>. See also Article 119 of the 1998 UN Rome ICC Statute, 37
ILM 999 (1998) <http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/remetoc.htm>.
Cf. support expressed for this ICJ Presidents' suggestion by UN Legal Counsel Hans
Corell , "The Feasibility of Implementing The Hague/St. Petersburg Centennial
Recommendations under the United Nations System", in Peaceful Resolution ofMajor
International Disputes 31-48 (UN 1999); Statement of President Jacques Chirac of
France, ICJ Communique No.200017, 29 February 2000 <http://www.icj-cij.org>;
Kwiatkowska, "Peaceful Settlement" (BWP 2002), supra note 12, at 53-54, 74-75
<http://www.bwp-bookcenter.com>; Shabtai Rosenne, "The Perplexities of Modem
International Law - General Course", 291 Collected Courses 132-133 (200 I); R. Etinski,
"Appearance of Specialized Tribunals and the Question of Balanced Application of
International Law", 1 Facta Universitatis 389, 391 (2001)
<http://facta.j unis.ni.ac.yu/factallap/lap2000/lap2000-04.pdf>; Kwiatkowska, Decisions
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xx s
Editor Preface
international law, adding that: "In the coming years, the role of Advisory Opinions
would grow in light of the increase of international courts and tribunals". 22 In an illu-
minating Messagedelivered on the occasion of the 20thUNCLOS Anniversary, the ICJ
reaffirmed that: "The 1982 Convention is one of the most significant authoritative ins-
truments available to the Court", and pointedout with respectto Article287 of its Part
XV on Settlement of Disputes that:
The Court welcomes the creativity displayed by the Conference in making pro-
visionfor a specialarbitral tribunal and in establishing the International Tribunal
for the Law of the Sea, which is also represented here today, but it also is happy
to note the Conference's caution in maintaining tried and tested procedures: ad
hoc arbitration-' and the International Court of Justice.e'
of the World Court, supra note 19, Preface at xx; S.H. Oxman, "Comments", in The
Legalization ofInternational Relations. Proceedings of the 96th ASIL Annual Meeting.
Washington D.C.. 13-16 March 2002 375-376 (2002), recalling that suggestion to aut-
horize ITLOS to request Advisory Opinions from the ICJ was originally made by the
United States during UNCLOS III, IR. Stevenson and S.H. Oxman, "The Preparations
for the Law of the Sea Conference", 68 AJIL 1, 32 (1974).
22 UN Doc. Al57/PY.37 (2002), supra note 21, at 5. On the subsequently instituted Russia
v. Australia Volga (Prompt Relase) case, see infra note 34.
23 The UNCLOS Annex VII arbitration was - in combination with three instances of relian-
ce on innovatory Article 290(5) authorizing the ITLOS to prescribe provisional meas-
ures pending the establishment of such an Arbitral Tribunal - resorted to five times, i.e.,
in the Southern Bluejin Tuna, the Mox Plant, Malaysia v. Singapore , Barbados/Trinidad
and Tobago and Guyana/Suriname cases, all of them except of Malaysia v. Singapore,
using the PCA as their Registry, supra note 2; infra notes 27-32,36-40 and 80.
24 Message from the International Court of Justice on the Occasion ofthe 20th Anniversary
of the Opening for Signature of the UNCLOS, paras 3-4 and 7-8, ICf Press Release
No.2002/38, 10 December 2002, reprinted in UN Doc. Al57/PY.70, at 18-19, 9
December 2002 and 20th UNCLOS Anniversary Commemoration , supra note 8, at 45-
49; annual UNGA Oceans and the Law of the Sea Resolutions 57/33 and 57/141
(para.I I) of 19 November and 12 December 2002, reproduced as items UN-41/42 in this
Yearbook's Vol.18 - 2002 (2005) and Resolution 58/240 (para. 10) of23 December 2003,
reaffirming the UNGA's "tribute to the important and longstanding role of the
International Court of Justice with regard to the peaceful settlement of disputes concer-
ning the law of the sea" ; infra notes 111-116. See also Statement of ITLOS President
Dolliver Nelson of 9 December 2002 <http://www.itlos.org>, reprinted in Al571PY.70,
supra, at 19-21 and 20th UNCLOS Anniversary Commemoration, supra, at 50-63;
UNGA Resolution 57/26 on Peaceful Settlement of Disputes of 19 November 2002,
reproduced as item UN-46 in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005); UNSC President Statement
on the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, UN Doc. S/PRST/2003/5 of 13 May 2003 and
Statement on Justice and the Rule of Law, S/PRST/2004/34 of 6 October 2004
<www.un.org/Docs/sc/>; Lecture delivered at Willamette College of Law on 15 March
2004 by Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, "The Reality of International Adjudication and
Arbitration", 12 Willamette Journal ofInternational Law and Dispute Resolution (2004)
<www.willamette.edu/wucl/news/2003_04/16.htm>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editors Preface XXI
The inaugural Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea M/V Saiga (Prompt
Release) Judgment, delivered by the ITLOS on 4 December 1997 (Case No.1), was fol-
lowed by the M/V Saiga (Jurisdiction and Merits) Judgment (Case No.2) of 1 July
1999, which included the phase of incidental proceedings on provisional measures
decided by an Order of 11 March 1998.25 The next triennium was inaugurated by anot-
her Panama v. France Camouco (prompt Release) Judgment rendered by the ITLOS on
7 February 2000 (Case No.5). The two preceding cases were those between Australia
and New Zealand against Japan, in which the ITLOS delievered on 27 August 1999 its
Southern Bluefin Tuna (provisional Measures) Order (Cases Nos 3/4), in pursuance of
UNCLOS Article 290(5), pending the constitution of an Arbitral Tribunal under Annex
VII.26 The Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction andAdmissibility) Award, delivered on
4 August 2000 by the Arbitral Tribunal under Presidency of Judge Stephen M.
Schwebel, decided that it was without jurisdiction to rule on the merits of the dispute
and it therefore revoked the ITLOS Order.27 The Award was unprecedented in exposi-
25 See 37 ILM 360 (1998) and 38 ILM 1323 (1999); <http://www.itIos.org>.Cf. Sir Elihu
Lauterpacht CBE QC, "The First Decision of the ITLOS: The MIV Saiga , in G. Hafner
et af. eds, Liber Amicorum Professor Seidl-Hohenveldern 395-418 (1998); RH. Oxman,
"The M/V Saiga, ITLOS Case No.1", 92 AJIL 278-282 (1998); E.D. Brown, "The MlV
'Saiga' Case on Prompt Release of Detained Vessels: The First Judgment ofthe ITLOS",
22 Marine Policy 307-326 (1998); Rosenne, "1996-97 Survey", "1998 Survey" and
"1999 Survey", supra notes 18-19; R Kwiatkowska, "Inauguration of the ITLOS
Jurisprudence: The Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea M/V Saiga Cases", 30
ODIL 43-77 (1999); RH. Oxman and V. Bantz, "The M/V Saiga, ITLOS Case No.2", 94
AJIL 140-150 (2000).
26 See B. Kwiatkowska, "The Southern Bluefin Tuna (Provisional Measures) Order, ITLOS
Cases Nos 3/4", 94 AJIL 150-155 (2000); Kwiatkowska, "The Southern Bluefin Tuna
(New Zealand v Japan; Australia v Japan) Cases", 15 IJMCL 1-36 (2000); and R.
Churchill, 49 ICLQ 979-990 (2000).
27 The 2000 Australia/New Zealand v. Japan Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and
Admissibility) Award and the record of its written pleadings and Oral Hearings held in
Washington D.C. on 7-11 May 2000, are available at website of the ICSID which served
as the Arbitration 's Registry, infra note 107 & <www.worldbank.org/icsidlbluefintu-
nalmain.htm>. The Award was reprinted in 30 ILM 1359 (2000); 119 ILR 508 and was
reported upon by Oceans and the Law ofthe Sea - Report ofthe Secretary-General, UN
Doc. A/56/58, 80-81 (2001), reproduced as item UN-I in this Yearbook's Volume 17 -
2001 (2003).
Cf. especially contributions by President Stephen M. Schwebel, "The Southern Bluefin
Tuna Case" and Ambassador Chusei Yamada, "Priority Application of Successive
Treaties Relating to the Same Subject Matter: The Southern Bluefin Tuna Case", in Liber
Amicorum Judge Oda, supra note 4, at 743-748 and 763-771; Y. Otani, "Quelques
reflexions sur la juridiction et la recevabilite vis-a-vis de I'affaire du Thon a nageoire
bleu", id., at 731-742; R Kwiatkowska, "The Southern Bluefin Tuna Award", 95 AJIL
162-171 (2001); T.L. McDorman, "The Southern Bluefin Tuna Award", 11 Yearbook of
International Environmental Law (YIEL) 582-583 (2000); R Kwiatkowska, "The
Australia and New Zealand v. Japan Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
XX11 Editor s Preface
tion of the paramount doctrine of parallelismbetweenthe "umbrella" UNCLOS and its

many compatible implementing treaties (governed by sister Articles 281-282) and of
that parallelism's multifacetedprocedural effects in terms of conditions of application,
notably underArticles 279-286,ofcompulsoryprocedures of disputesettlementin pur-
suance of the critical Part XV of the UNCLOS,28 as subsequently reinforced by sus-
Admissibility) Award of the First Law of the Sea Convention Annex VII Arbitral
Tribunal", 16 IJMCL 239-294 (2001), and "Comments" by NZ Special Adviser on
International Law, W.R. Mansfield, id., at 361-366, also available online at:
<http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/document.php?id=357926> and updated as of 21
June 2004 at <http://www.law.uu.nl/nilos> - Publications, Papers; remarks made on the
Southern Bluefin Tuna Award in the 2001 Ireland v. UK Mox Plant (Provisional
Measures) Separate Opinionof then Vice-President L.D.M. Nelson, 41 ILM 405 (2002)
<http://www.itlos.org>; 57th UNGA Address of Professor Rosenne, "Reflections on
Fishery Management Disputes", supra note 15; Comments of William R. Mansfield
<http://www.mft.govt.nz/supportllegal/disputes/seapol.htrnl> and other items on ultima-
tely successful resolution of the SBT dispute available at New Zealand Ministry of
Foreign Affairs (MFA) website at
<http://www.mft.govt.nz/supportllegalldisputes/seapol.html>. as reported upon in 1
Global Oceans Forum Newsletter 6-7 (2003 No.3) <http://www.globaloceans.org/new-
sletters.htrnl>; W.R. Mansfield, "Compulsory Dispute Settlement After the Southern
Bluefin Tuna Award", in Oceans Management in the 21st Century, supra note 4, at 255-
272; B. Kwiatkowska, "The Southern Bluefin Tuna Arbitral Tribunal Dis Get It Right: A
Commentary and Reply to the Article by David A. Colson and Dr. Peggy Hoyle", 34
ODIL 369-395 (2003 Nos 3-4); supra note 2; infra notes 30-32,36-39,51 & 112.
28 The paramount importance of special implementing treaties - governed by UNCLOS
Articles 237, 281-282, 293(1) and 311 - is evidenced by the annual Reports of the UN
Secretary-General on Oceans and the Law of the Sea and many other documents, e.g.,
Compliance Mechanisms and DisputeSettlement in Globaland Regional Environmental
Conventions, UN Doc. UNEP/EC/WG.3, reproduced as item UNEP-6 in this Yearbook's
Volume 15- 1999(2001); A Review ofMeasures Taken by Regional Marine Fishery Bodies
to Address Contemporary Fishery Issues, UN Doc. FAOIFIPL/C940, reproduced as item
FAO-3 in Volume 15 - 1999 (2001); Statement of the UnitedNations Legal Counsel, Dr.
Hans Corell, noting importance of over 400 treatiesexisting in the field of ocean affairs,
in Report on the Work ofthe United Nations Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process
on Oceans and the Law ofthe Sea at Its First Meeting, NewYork, 30 May-2 June2000, UN
Doc. N55/274, Annex (2000), reproduced as item UN-2 in Volume 16 - 2000 (2002);
Millennium Multilateral Treaty Framework: An Invitation to Universal Participation (UN
2000); Compendium ofInternational Arrangements on Transfer ofTechnology (UN 2001);
Implications of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea for the IMO, UN Doc. IMO
LEG/MISC/3/Rev.l, 6 January 2003 <http://www.imo.org>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Preface XXlll
pensionof the AnnexVII Mox Plant proceedings referredto below-? In the contextof
its procedural holdings, the Southern Bluefin Tuna Award recognized the significance
of the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreemenr'? and provided Australia, New Zealand and
Japan with important guidance, which ultimately led to successful resolution of their
dispute within the CCSBT framework in May 200pi This guidance was drawnin the
Award in apparent exercising of the function of preventive diplomacy, which has had
the longstanding tradition in the fundamental role playedby the ICJ as an actor in the
maintenance of global peace and security,32 and which has also revealed itself in the
Chile v. EC Swordfish (CaseNo.7) and the Panama v. Yemen Chaisiri Reefer 2 (Prompt
29 See infra notes 36-39.

30 Southern Bluefin Tuna Award, supra note 27, para.71; and infra notes 47-51.
31 Southern Bluefin Tuna Award, supra note 27, paras 67-70; Statement of Australia's
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer of 29 May 2001
<http ://www.dfat.gov.au/media/releases/foreign/200 l/fa065_0 Lhtml>; Comments of
Mansfield and other items available at New Zealand MFA website, supra note 27;
Schwebel, "The Southern Bluefin Tuna Case", supra note 27, at 748; 57th UNGA
Address of Professor Rosenne, supra note 15; articles of Kwiatkowska and McDorman,
supra note 27. Note that Australia ratified the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agrement on 23
December 1999 and New Zealand on 18 April 2001 <http://www.un.org/Depts/los/>.
Due to its interests conflicting with environmental concerns of international communi-
ty, Japan has not as of October 2004 ratify that Agreement.
32 See Statement of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, President of the International Court of
Justice, in Connection with the Annual Report of the ICJ, to the 52nd General Assembly,
referring to the Gabcikovo Judgment (supra note 13) and other cases, UN Doc.
A/52/PV36 , 1-5, at 2-3, 27 October 1997, reprinted in 92 AJIL 612-617 (1998); 1CJ
Yearbook 1997-1998 288-300 (No.52); 2000 Congo v. Belgium (Provisional Measures)
Order, paras 74-76, ICJ Reports 2000, 182 <http://www.icj-cij.org>; Gilbert Guillaume,
La Cour1nternationale deJustice a I'Aube duXXIeme Siecle - Le regard d 'un Juge 33, 38-
41 (2003); Judge Schwebel's 2004 Willamette Lecture, supra note 24; and for detailed sur-
vey, see Kwiatkowska, Decisions oftheWorld Court, supra note 19, at 179-182: Preventive
Diplomacy - Parallel Pursuance of Negotiations and Judicial Settlement. For the latest
instance which occurred on the eve of II th September Anniversary, see Libyav. UK; Libya
v. USA Lockerbie (Discontinuance) Orders, fCJ Press Release No.2003/29, 10 September
2003 ; "UN Puts Off Libya Vote", 9 September <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/h i/afri-
ca/3092254.stm> and "UN Security Council Lifts Sanctions Against Libya", 12
September 2003 <http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=498>; Lockerbie Trial
Briefing <http://www.ltb.org.uk/>; "U.S. Resumes Relations with Libya", 28 June 2004
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3848499.stm> and "EU Lifts Sanctions Against Libya,"
12 October 2004 <www.euobserver.com/?sid=9&aid=17500>; infra notes 106 and 115.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
XXIV Editor's Preface
Release) (Case No.9) proceedings that were suspended and discontinued before the
ITLOS in 200 I.33
Apart from the M/V Saiga (No.1) and Panama v. France Camuco (No.5) cases
referred to above, three other Prompt Release decisions included the Seychelles v.
France Monte Confurco (Case No.6), the Belize v. France Grand Prince (Case No.8)
and Russian Federation v. Australia Volga (Case No.ll) Judgments handed down by the
ITLOS on 18 December 2000, 20 April 2001 and 23 December 2002, respectively.34
The Belize v. France Judgment, rendered by narrow 12:9 majority vote, marked the
first (and as of the end of 2004, the only) dismissal by ITLOS of its jurisdiction under
UNCLOS Article 292.35
The Ireland v. UK Mox Plant (provisional Measures) Order (Case No.10), was
rendered by the ITLOS on 3 December 2001, under Article 290(5), pending the esta-
blishment ofthe (second after Southern Bluefin Tuna referred to above) Annex VII Mox
Plant Arbitral Tribunal, in parallel to then also pending OSPAR Mox Plant Arbitration,
which both involve compatible special treaties falling within the ambit of paramount
Article 282 of the UNCLOS.36The subsequent suspension of the UNCLOS Annex VII
Mox Plant (Jurisdiction and Merits) proceedings by means of an Order of 24 June
33 For Chile v. EC Swordfish, see ITLOS/Press No.43, 21 December2000, and No.45, 21

March 2001; 40 ILM 475 (2001), in which case also the WTO Panel has been suspen-
ded <http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/trade/miti/dispute/swordfish.htm>; T.L.
McDoorman, 11 Yearbook IEL 585 (2000); M.A. Orellana, "The Swordfish Dispute",
ASIL Insights (February 2001) <http://www.asil.org/insights/insigh60.htm> and 71
Nordic Journal ofInternational Law 55-81 (2002); and ITLOS/Press No.87, 7 January
2004. For Panama v. Yemen (Prompt Release), see ITLOS/Press Nos 51/52,5 and 16July
2001 <http.z/www.itlos.org>, as referred to in the 57th UNOA Statement of President
Nelson, supra note 24, paras 17-18.
34 For Panama v. France (Prompt Release), see 39 ILM 666 (2000); RH. Oxman and Y.P.
Bantz, "The Camuco Judgment, ITLOS Case No.5", 94 AnL 713-721 (2000); T.L.
McDorman, "Camuco Case", II YIEL 583-585 (2000); Ph. Weckel, "Affaire du
Camouco (Panama c. France)", 104 Revue Generale de Droit International Public
(RODIP) 526-530 (2000). For the 2000 Seychelles v. France (Prompt Release) and the
2001 Belize v. France (Prompt Release) Judgments, see <http://www.itios.org>. For the
2002 Russia v. Australia Volga (Prompt Release) Judgment, see id.; 42 ILM 159 (2003)
and Olbers Co. Ltd v. Commonwealth ofAustralia Judgment of Justice French-FCA of
12 March 2004; A. Serdy and M. Bliss, "Prompt Releaseof FishingVessels", in Oceans
Management in the 21st Century, supra note 4, at 273, 291-294; and supra note 22.
35 See especially the 2000 Belize v. France Grand Prince Declaration of Vice-President
L.D.M. Nelson. The 9 dissenters- Judges Carninos, Marotta Rangel, Yankov, Yamamoto,
Akl, Vukas, Marsit, Eirikssonand Jesus - appendedtheir Joint DissentingOpinionto the
Judgment. Cf. RH. Oxman and Y.P. Bantz, "The Grand Prince Judgment", 96 AJIL 219-
225 (2002).
36 For Mox Plant (Provisional Measures) Order, see ITLOS/Press No.62, 3 December
2001 ; 41 ILM 405 (2002); and on then Vice-President Nelson's Separate Opinion, see
supra note 27.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
s
Editor Preface xxv
2003 37 was followed by delivery of the OSPARMox Plant Award of2 July 2003, which
did not resolve the merits of the most accute element of this dispute submitted to the
OSAPR Tribunal. 38 Further suspension of the Annex VII Mox Plant proceedings by
means of an Order of 14 November 2003 resulted from institution of the European
Commission v. Ireland Mox Plant Case C-459/03 before the European Court of Justice
(ECJ); were the ECJ to establish that the Mox Plant dispute between the two ED mem-
ber states falls within its compulsory jurisdiction pursuant to the ED and Euratom
Treaties, the Annex VII Mox Plant proceedings would be discontinued in accordance
with UNCLOS Article 282, being - along with Article 281 - based on the doctrine of
treaty parallelism as expounded by the Southern Bluefin Tuna Award.J?
The latest of 12 incidental procedure cases (except one M/V Saiga case on the
merits) decided by the ITLOS since its establishment in 1996 until the end of2004, was
Malaysia v. Singapore Land Reclamation by Singapore In and Around the Straits of
Johor (provisional Measures) Order rendered on 8 October 2003, pending the esta-
37 On Answer by the European Commission to Parliamentary Question H-0256/03 by

Proinsias de Rossa of 15 May 2003 on Sellafield Nuclear Plant <http://www3 .euro-
p arl .eu.int /omk /omnsapir.so /searchdeb ?LANGUE=
EN&ARG=questnum&QUEST=yes&YEAR=03&RECHERCHE=h0256%2F03
&LEG=L5 >, see Annex VB Mox Plant (Suspension of Proceedings and Provisional
Measures) Order, paras 14-28, esp. para.21; Oral Hearings,4 [Counsel Plender, 12 June],
13 [President Mensah's Statement, para.7, 13 June 2003] <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.
38 For decisions rendered in both the OSPAR and Annex VII Mox Plant Arbitrations, pres-
ided over by Professor Michael Reisman and Judge Thomas A. Mensah respectively, see
the PCA website <http://www.pca-cpa.org>; ASIL International Law in Brief (ILIB) of25
July 2003, at 7-10, linking to the respective texts <http://www.asiI.org/ilib/ilib0613.htm>
and for their analysis, see B. Kwiatkowska, "The Ireland v. United Kingdom Mox Plant
Case: Applying the Doctrine of Treaty Parallelism", 18 IJMCL I-57 (2003 )
<http://www.kIuwerlawonline.com/document.php?id=ESTU2003006> and
<www.brill.n1/product.asp?ID=18253>; P.M. Eisemann, "l.'Environnernent entre terre et
mer - Observations sur I'instrumentalisation tactique du Tribunal de Hambourg", in La
Mer et Son Droit, supra note 18, at 221-238; B. Kwiatkowska, "A Commentary and Reply
to the Article by David A. Colson and Dr. Peggy Hoyle", supra note 27; and T.L.
McDorm an, The OSPAR Mox Plant Award,98 AJIL 330-339 (2004). Cf. supra note 2 and
inf ra note 106 and 112.
39 Official Journal of European Commun ities (OJEC) C 7/24 (2004)
<http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2004/c_007/c_OOn 0040110en00240024.pdf>.
For strong support of primacy of the ECJ jurisdiction, see Kwiatkowska, supra note 38;
and on the 2000 Southern Bluefin Tuna Award, see supra notes 26-32, 36-38 and infra
note 51.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xxvi Editor's Pref ace
blishment of the (third after Southern Bluefin Tuna and Mox Plant) Annex VII Straits
oflohor Arbitral Tribunal.s?
The General Assembly's Resolutions reflect the major - new and continuing -
issues on the UN agenda, such as implementation of the 2000 Millennium
Declaration.U declaring International Years for Cultural Heritage (2002) and Fresh
Water (2003), zones of peace and cooperation (South Atlantic, Indian Ocean,
Mediterranean Sea) and nuclear weapon free zones (Antarctica, Latin America and the
Caribbean, South Pacific, Africa, Southeast Asia), follow-up to the 1996 ICI Legality
ofthe Threat or Use ofNuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion.S biological diversity, cli-
mate change, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUD) fishing, large-scale driftnet
40 Annual Report of the ITLOSfor 2003, UN Doc. SPLOS/109, paras 30-36,8 April 2004
<http://www.un.org/Depts/los/>. On the Annex VII Malaysia v. Singapore Tribunal, utli-
zing the facilities and resources of Kuala Lumpur Regional Arbitration Center and
Singapore International Arbitration Center, see Oral Hearings, ITLOS/PV.03/01, 18, 24
[Counsel Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC, 25 September 2003], PV.03/02/Corr.l, 21-23
[Counsel Crawford, 25 September], PV.03/03, I I [Counsel Chan, 26 September], 33
[Counsel Reisman], PV.03/04, 9 [Reisman], 12, 16 [Counsel Lowe], PV.03/05, 21
[Lauterpacht, 27 September 2003] , 30 [Reisman], 37 [Agent Tommy Koh]
<http://www.itlos.org>; Joint Malaysia/Singapore Press Statement on the UNCLOS Annex
VII Arbitral Process of 22 November 2003 <http://applO.internet.gov.sg/scripts/mfa/sec-
tions/press/report-press.asp?3666>; The Role of Former Singapore's PM Goh Chok Tong
in Settling Bilateral Differences of 5 October 2004 <www.utusan.com.my/utusan/con-
tent.asp?y=2004&dt=1006&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Front]age&pg=fp_03.htm>.
On Malaysia/Singapore water dispute, see the NEAC materials at <www.neac.gov.my/>
and <http://www.myglobal.gov.my/>; Water Dispute, 25 January 2003 <http://straitsti-
mes.asia l .com.sg/rnnt/html/webspeciallbilaterall>.
41 UNGA Resolution 55/2 of 8 September 2000, reaffirming commitment to "the purposes
and principles ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations, which have proved timeless and uni-
versal" (para .3); supra note 12; infra note 116; and other references listed under UN
Millennium Declaration in this and preceding Volumes' Index of Keywords .
42 ICJ Reports 1996, 226, Declaration of Judge Shi, 277, Separate Opinion of Judge
Guillaume, 287, Dissenting Opinions of Vice-President Schwebel, 311, Judges Koroma,
556, Higgins, 583, reprinted in UN Doc. A/51/218 (1996) ; 35 ILM 809 (1996);
< http :/ /www.dfat.gov.au/intorgs .icj_nuc/schwebel.html > ;
<www.mint.gov.my/policy/treaty_nuclear/icj9623_nucthreat.htm>; and UN documents
submitted in its follow-up and listed under ICJ - NuclearWeapons Advisory Opinion, in
Index of Keywords of this Yearbook's Volumes 12 - 1996 (1998),13 - 1997 (1999),14-
1998 (2000), 15 - 1999 (200 I), 16 - 2000 (2002), 17 - 200 I (2004) and this Volume 18
- 2002 (2005). See also the latest UN Docs A/58/162 & Add.1/2 (2003) and A/59/136 &
Add.1/2 (2004) <www.un.org/ga/59/documentation/listO.htm1>; Kwiatkowska,
Decisions of the World Court, supra note 19 (via Index of Cases); Statement of Judge
Gilbert Guillaume, President of the International Court of Justice , to the Sixth (Legal )
Committee of the 57th General Assembly, 30 October 2002
<http://www.un .orglNews/Press/docs/2002 /ga 13221.doc.htm> and <http://www.icj-
cij.org>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Prefa ce xxvii
(gillnet) fishing, unauthorized fishing in zones of national jurisdiction and fisheries

bycatch and discards, naval armaments and disarmament, US-led international cam-
paign against terrorism, including potential terrorist attacks upon the Panama and Suez
Canals, Strait of Gibraltar and other major international shipping routes,43 the US
embargo against Cuba, minimizing the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster44 the
least developed states, communication technologies for development, transit of land-
locked countries, the 2000 UN Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land,
Sea and Air, illicit traffic in narcotic drugs, ocean dumping, Black Sea Economic
Cooperation Organization, El-Nino Programme, CARICOM and Caribbean Sea
Integrated Management, and actions in the follow -up to the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development (UNCED) that was held on 3-14 June 1992 in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, and that was assessed by the 1997 Special Session ofUNGA on the
Overall Review and Appraisal of Agenda 21. Within the ongoing United Nations
Programme for Further Implementation of Agenda 21 in the Years 1997-2002 and
Beyond, the UNCLOS has been continuously of strategic importance as a framework
for national, regional and global actions in the marine sector, as recognized in Agenda
21 (Chapter 17), the 1999/2001 Recommendations of the UN Commission on
Sustainable Development (CSD) concerning sectoral theme of Oceans and Seas and by
the Declaration and Plan ofImplementation of the 2002 Johannesburg WSSD (Rio+10)
43 See documents listed in this Volume's Index of Keywords; infra notes 91 and 106;
UNSC: Counter-Terrorism Cooperation of 20 July 2004
<www.unwire.org!UNWire/20040720/449_26028.asp>; USNPanama Agreement of 12
May <http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/> & <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ameri-
cas/3705029.stm>; Terror Drill to Safeguard Panama Canal of 16 August
< h tt p: / / w w w. s u n t i m e s. c o m/ o ut p ut / n ew s/ c s t - n w s - p a n a m a I 6 . h t m l > ,
<www.thestate.com/m1d/thestate/news/world/9409666.htm> &
<http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/World/WarOnTerrorism/2004/08/15/584921-ap.html>;
AI-Qaeda Threat to Gibraltar of 6 August <http://jang.com.pk/thenews/aug2004-
daily/06-08-2004/world/w3.htm>; Foreign Terrorist Organizations
<www.state.gov/s/ct/r1s/fs/2004/35167.htm>; UNSC Resolution 1566 Condemning
Terrorism as Threat to Peace of 8 October
<www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8214.doc.htm> and US Ambassador John C.
Danforth's Statements <www.un.int/usa/04_185.htm> &
<www.un.int/usa/04_ 186.htm>; Russia to Send Ships on NATO Anti-Terror Mission to
the Strait of Gibraltar of 14 October 2004 <www.mosnews.com/news/2004/10/14/natos-
hips.shtml> & <www.gulf-news.com/Articles/World2.asp?ArticleID=135910> and
other items under International Law - Terrorism at <www.un.int/usa/>; M. Byers,
Proliferation Security Initiative, 98 AJIL 526-545 (2004) and id., at 355-357,588-590.
44 See UNGA Resolution 58/119 of 17 December 2003 on Strengtheningof International
Cooperationand Coordinationof Effortsto Study,Mitigateand Minimizethe Chernobyl
Consequences; and 18thAnniversary of Chernobyl of27 April 2004 <http://www.unwi-
re.org/UNWire/20040427/449_23213.asp>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xxviii Editor s Preface
Summit.P The United Nations Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans

and the Law of the Sea (UNlCPOLOS), currently referred to as the ICp, held its lst
Meeting at UN Headquarters in New York on 30 May-2 June 2000, its 2nd Meeting -
on 7-11 May 2001, its 3rd Meeting - on 8-15 April 2002, its 4th Meeting - on 2-6 June
2003, when it was unanimously decided to extend UNlCPOLOS for another three
years, and its 5th Meeting - on 7-11 June 2004. 46
All the foregoing issues find further reflection in documents of relevant organi-
zations covered by this Volume, in the context oftheir respective mandates. In a follow-
up to Chapter 17 of the UNCED Agenda 21, the two major UN Conferences initiated
in 1993 were those on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States
and on Straddling/Highly Migratory Fish Stocks which were concluded in 1994 and
1995 respectively. At its 6th session, the latter Conference adopted (without a vote) on
4 August 1995 the text of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of
the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and
Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.e? The
45 See UNGA Resolutions 53/186-188 of 15 December 1998, reproduced as items UNEP-

3/5 in this Yearbook's Volume 14 - 1998 (2000); UNGA Resolutions 54/31-33 of 24
November 1999, reproduced as items UN-27/29 in Volume 15 -1999 (2001) and items
UN-68/70 id. ; UNGA Resolutions 55/198-199 of 20 December 2000, reproduced as
items UNEP-3/4 in Volume 16 - 2000 (2002); Malmo Declaration of 31 May 2000,
reproduced as items UNEP-l/2 and 5 id.; Implementing Agenda 21 - Report of the
Secretary-General, UN Doc. E/CN.17/2002/PC.2/7, 19 December 2001 and UNGA
Resolution 56/379 of 19 September 2001, reproduced as items UN-75/76 in Volume 17
- 2001 (2004); Johannesburg WSSD Declaration and Plan of Implementation of 4
September 2002, supra note 12; UNEP GC Resolution SS.VIl/2 on Contribution of the
Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GMEF) of the UNEP to the
WSSD, in UN Doc. A/57/25, 33 (2002), and Resolution 22/17 on UNEP/GMEF of 7
February 2003, reproduced in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005); supra notes 12-14 and infr a
notes 98-99, 103-104 and 116.
46 For the 1st UNICPOLOS Meeting's Report, see UN Doc. A/55/274 (2000), supra note
28; for the 2nd Meeting 's Report, see UN Doc. A/56/121 (2001), reproduced as item
UN-2 in this Yearbook's Volume 17 - 2001 (2004); for the 3rd Meeting's Report, see UN
Doc. A/57/80 (2002), reproduced as item UN-4 in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005); and for
the 4th and 5th Meeting's Reports, see UN Docs A/58/95 (2003) & A/59/122 (2004) and
other related documents available at the UNDOALOS website, supra note 3; 1 Global
Oceans Forum Newsletter (2004 No.3), supra note 27; Oude Elferink, supra note 4.
47 For Agreement's status as at 30 November 2004, see UNIDOALOS Law of the Sea
Bulletin No. 55 (2004) and the UNDOALOS website, supra note 3. See also W. Edeson,
D. Freestone and E. Gudmundsdottir, Legislatingfor Sustainable Fisheries - A Guide to
Implementing the 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement and 1995 UN Fish Stocks
Agreement (The World Bank 2001).
Cf. M. Hayashi, "The 1995 Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish
Stocks," 8 EC-ACP Bulletin 4-7 (1995 No.4); D.H. Anderson, "The Straddling Stocks
Agreement of 1995 - an Initial Assessment," 45 ICLQ 463-475 (1996); M. Hayashi,
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor S Preface xxix
Agreement obtained a prominent attention in the written and oral proceedings as well
as in the Judgment delivered by the ICJ on 4 December 1998 in the Spain v. Canada
Fisheries (Jurisdiction) case.48 Although the Court decided that it lacked jurisdiction
"Enforcement by Non-Flag States on the High Seas Under the 1995 Agreement on
Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks", 9 Georgetown International
Environmental Law Review 1-36 (1996); A. Tahindro, "Conservation and Management
of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks," 28 OOIL 1-58 (1997); B.
Kwiatkowska, "Expansion of Protective Jurisdiction: Future Challenges", in Lessons
from the Past - Blueprints for the Future. Proceeedings of the 25th Anniversary
Conference ofthe Canadian Council ofInternational Law, Ottawa, 16-18 October 1997;
Hayashi, "The 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement and the Law of the Sea", in Order for
the Oceans, supra note 4, at 37-53; L.D.M. Nelson, "The Development of the Legal
Regime of High Seas Fisheries", in A. Boyle and D. Freestone eds, International Law
and Sustainable Development 113-134 (1999); T. Treves, "The Settlement of Disputes
According to the Straddling Stocks Agreement of 1995", id., at 253-269; A. Oude
Elferink, "The Determination of Compatible Conservation and Management Measures
for Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks", 5 Yearbook of United Nations Law
551-607 (2001) ; L. Juda, "Rio Plus Ten: The Evolution of International Marine Fisheries
Governance" , 33 OOIL 109-144 (2002); A. Tahindro, "UN Fish Stocks Agreement",
presented at the DOALOS/UNITAR Briefing on the 20th UNCLOS Anniversary, supra
note 8; A. Serdy, "How Long Has the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement Been in
Force?", 34 OOIL 29-39 (2003); E. Molenaar, The Practice of Regional Fisheries
Management Organizations, 18 IJMCL 457-480 (2004); supra notes 11-17 and 30.
48 ICJ Reports 1995, 87, 1996, 58, and ICJ Reports 1998, 432, Separate Opinion of
President S.M. Schwebel, 470; ICJ Communique No.98/41 and 98/4Ibis, 4 December
1998 <http://www.icj-cij .org>; and <http://www.oceanlaw.neticases/fishj3s01 .htm>.
The 1998 Spain v. Canada Fisheries (Jurisdiction) Judgment led to Canada's ratification
of the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement on 3 August 1999 and it also induced the par-
ties and the European Community to elaborating specific dispute settlement procedure s
of the NAFD. See Report of the Working Group on Dispute Settlement Procedures,
Copenhagen, 29-31 May 2000, Reports ofthe General Council, Helsingor, 29 January-
1 February 2002 and Santiago de Compostela, 16-20 September 2002, NAFO/GC Docs
00/4 (2000) and 02/2 and 02/4 (2002).
Cf. B. Kwiatkowska, "Spa in v. Canada Fisheries (Jurisdiction) Judgment", 93 AJIL
502-507 (1999), and 12 Hague Yearbook ofInternational Law 1-16 (1999); R. Churchill,
"Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) Case, 12 LJIL 597-611 (1999); S. Rosenne,
"Unilateral Applications to the International Court of Justice", in Liber Amicorum in
Honour ofJudge Bengt Broms 447,447-451,475-477 (1999); Ph. Weckel, "Affaire de
la competence en matiere de pecheries (Espagne c. Canada)" , 103 RGOIP 183-185
(1999); G. Ziccardi Capaldo, "The 1998 Spain v. Canada Fisheries (Jurisdiction)
Judgment, 1 YILJ 211-231 (2001); Kwiatkowska, "The Law of the Sea Related Cases"
(2004), supra note 9, at 48-52, as updated <www.law.uu.nl/nilos> - Publications, Papers;
and Kwiatkowska, Decisions ofthe WorldCourt, supra note 19 (via Index of Cases). On
Canada's ratification of the UNCLOS, see supra notes 16-17 and on the EU Common
Fisheries Policy, see P. Orebech, The Fisheries Issues of the 2004 Second European
Accession Treaty, 19 IJMCL 93-150 (2004).
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xxx Editor s Prefa ce
over the merits of that case, its interpretation of the term "conservation and manage-
ment measures" and its precedential conclusion that the term "enforcement of such
measures" contemplates a minimal use of force have had important implications for the
law of the sea. 49 The latter conclusion was subsequently reaffirmed by the 1999 M/V
Saiga (Jurisdiction and Merits) Judgment,50 The significance of the 1995 UN Fish
Stocks Agreement has, moreover, underlined the Australia and New Zealand v. Japan
Southern Bluefin Tuna case, both in its incidental phase of provisional measures which
were prescribed by the ITLOS pending the establishment of the Annex VII Arbitral
Tribunal and in the phase of jurisdiction and admissibility which was decided by the
Arbitral Tribunal. >!
The United Nations section contained in this Volume also covers various ocean
related reports and documents submitted individually by states, by means of their
Letters and Notes to the UN Secretary-General, on Antarctica, navigational rights and
freedoms, smuggling of migrants and acts of armed robbery against ships (Iran,
Australia, Spain, IMO), as well as submitted jointly by States bordering various semi-
and enclosed seas (such as the Black Sea, Caspian Sea or the Mediterranean Sea) .
Other reproduced documents provide the reader with an access to important decisions
taken in 2002 by the CARICOM, the Pacific Island Forum, the Gulf Cooperation
Council, the League of Arab States, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee
(AALCC), the UN Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central
Africa, Cotonou Ministerial Conference of the Least Developed Countries, as well as
decis ions of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which was superseded by the
African Union (AU) upon entry into force on 26 May 2001 of the AU Lome
Constitutive Act of 11 July 2000.52
49 1998 Spain v. Canada Fisheries (Jurisdiction) Judgment, supra note 48, paras 64-73 and
78-84 respectively, of which paras 64-65, 70 and 81 expressly rely on the 1995 UN Fish
Stocks Agreement.
50 1999 M/V Saiga (Jurisdiction and Merits) Judgment, supra note 25, paras 153-159.
51 See supra notes 2, 26-32 and 36-39..
52 41 ILM 1029 (2002); <http://www.africa-union.org>. See item UN-18 in this Yearbook's
Volume 17 - 2001 (2004) and other items listed under Africa - OAU/AU in Index of
Keywords in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005). Cf. references to the AU, in Congo v. Uganda
(Provisional Measures) Order, ICJ Reports 2000, 112, 129; Congo v. France
(Provisional Measures) Oral Hearings, CR 2003/22, 6-7 [Counsel Zorgbibe, 29 April
2003], ICJ Reports 2003, 102 <http://www.icj-cij .org>; three 08 Summit Action Plans
for Africa, supra note 14; IMF Managing Director's Visit to Africa, 9 September 2004
<www.imf.org/extemal/np/sec/pr/2004/pr04190.htm>; African Anti-Terror Centre, 13
October 2004 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3739754.stm>; and the U.S. African
Policy at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/africa/> , <www.un.int/usa />,
<www.state.gov/p/af/>; infra notes 69, 71-72, 76-77, 106.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Pref ace xxxi
The longstanding Greeceffurkey territorial sovereignty/navigational dispute-'

has been paralleled by the Iran/United Arab Emirates (Abu Musa and Tunbs Islands)
exchanges concerning their dispute over territorial sovereignty which has been subjec-
ted to the vivid diplomatic negotiations between the respective states, including the
repeated proposals ofthe Gulf of Cooperation Council to bring this dispute to the ICJ.54
The UK!Argentina exchanges concerning the Falklands/Malvinas, South Georgia and
South Sandwich Islands and those between UKlMauritius on Chagos Archipelago,
53 For Statements of Turkey rejecting Greece's proposal to bring their dispute to the ICJ,
see UN Docs S/I998/I67 and S/1998/235, reproduced as items UN-16/I7 in this
Yearbook's Volume 14 - 1998 (2000). For the 20th UNCLOS Anniversary Statement of
Turkey of3 December 2002, see UN Doc. N57/641 (2002), reproduced as item UN-38
in this Volume 18 2002 (2005). Cf. Greece/Turkey Overview
<http://www.american.edu/TED/ice/aegean.htm>; B.H. Oxman, "The Application of the
Straits Regime Under the UN Convention on the Law ofthe Sea in Complex Geographic
Situations such as the Aegean Sea", in Proceedings ofthe Conference on the Passage of
Ships Through Straits, Athens, 23 October 1999 25-35, 64-66, 68-69 (Greek Defence
Analysis Institute 1999); Oxman, "Applying the Law of the Sea in the Aegean Sea", in
B. Ozturk ed., Proceedingsofthe InternationalSymposium on the Problems ofRegional
Seas, Istanbul, Turkey, 12-14 May 2001 266-280 (2001)
<www.turkishpilots.orgINEWS/2001_04_30_TUDAV_Symposium.htm> and
<http://www.tudav.org/sempozyum.htm>; B. Kwiatkowska. "The Significance of the
Eritrea/Yemen Arbitration for the Aegean Insular Formations, id., at 206-244; and excel-
lent analysis by Turkish Ambassador Deniz Bolukbapy, Turkey and Greece: TheAegean
Disputes (Cavendish 2004).
54 See items UN-6/8 and UN-14 reproduced in this Yearbook's Volume 13 - 1997 (1999);
as well as Final Communique of the 18th Supreme Council of the Gulf of Cooperation
Council (GCC), Kuwait, 20-22 December 1997, UN Doc. S/I 998/2, reproduced as item
UN-14 in Volume 14 - 1998 (2000) and reaffirming the UAE sovereignty over the
Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Abu Musa islands and again inviting Iran to "settle the
dispute by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles and rules of international
law, in particular by agreeing to bring the matter before the International Court of
Justice". For the same appeal, see Press Release of the 17th GCC Ministerial Council,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 14-15 March 1999, UN Doc. S/1999/305 and Doc. S/1999/802,
reproduced as items UN-13/I4 in this Yearbook's Volume 15 - 1999 (2001); UN Doc.
S/2000/281, reproduced as item UN-16 in Volume 16 - 2000 (2002); UN Docs
S/2001l309 and S/2001l3 19, reproduced as items UN-12/13 in Volume 17 - 2001 (2004);
UN Docs N57/417-S/2002/1042 and S/2002/1082, reproduced as items UN-35/36 in
this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005); UN Docs S/200417, 2004/486, S/2004/617 and
S/2004/530 - Press Release ofthe 91st GCC Ministerial Council, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,
30 June 2004, listed in Report ofthe UN Security Council, I August2003-31 July 2004
187-188 (Doc. N59/2, New York 2004) <www.un.org/ga/59/documentation/listO.htrnl>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
XXXII Editor 's Preface
including Diego Garcia, have continuedv in parallel to Costa RicalNicaragua diplo-

matic exchanges in 1999 on territorial issues and freedom of navigation on the San
Juan River,56 while Belize/Guatemala negotiations concerning their territorial dispute
(including over offshore islands under Belize's control) and maritime delimitation have
reached under the auspices of the Organization of American States (OAS) a notable
progress.57 In particular, the comprehensive Joint Legal Opinion on Guatemala s
Territorial Claim to Belize was followed by the 2002 Belize/Guatemala Territorial
Differendum Proposals and the 2003 Agreement to Establish a Transition Process and
55 See Index of Keywords in this Yearbook's respective Volumes; Letter of8 October 2002
from the Permanent Representative to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-
General, UN Doc. A/57/461 (2002), reproduced in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005); and
Falklands Oil of I October 2004 <www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=16848>.
On Chagos (Diego Garcia), see Protest of Mauritius of 14 April 2004 against
geographical coordinates of the British Indian Ocean Territory, UN Law of the Sea
Bulletin 128 (2004 No.54) and id., at 99, 100 <www.un.org/Deptsllos/>; US Department
of State <www.state.gov/p/af/ci/mp/>; "Britain and Mauritius in Diplomatic Stand-off
over Diego Garcia of 8 July <www.dawn.com/2004/07/08/intl1.htm> &
<http:///news.independent.co.uk/worldlafricalstory.j sp?story=539103>; "Court Rejects
Diego Garcians Appeal" of 22 July <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/englandlsout-
hem30unties/3918749.stm> and "Garcia Exile Wins Housing Battle" of 26 October
2004 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/englandlsouthem30unties/3952231.stm>.
56 See UN Docs A/53/882 and A/53/905, 25 March and 9 April 1999, reproduced as items
UN-lOll 1 in this Yearbook's Volume 15 - 1999 (2001); Note Verbale of9 January 2002
from the Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United Nations Addressed to the
Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/56/770 (2002), lodging a formal objection of Costa Rica
to the new reservation entered by Nicaragua on 24 October 2001 to its 1929 Optional
Clause Declaration under Article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute [2163 UNTS 73,345-348] and
drawing Costa Rica's remarks on the compromissory clause of the 1948 Pact of Bogota,
which Note is reproduced as item UN-19 in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2004); infra note 62;
and Boundaries of Central America <http://www.sovereigngeographic.com/centraLame-
rica.html>.
57 See UN Doc. A/471l73-S/23837, 24 April 1992, reproduced as item UN-2 in this
Yearbook's Vol. 8 - 1992 (1994); UN Docs A/49/94 and A/49Ill2, 14 and 24 March
1994, reproduced in Volume 10 - 1994 (1996); UN Doc. A/52/487, supra note ---2,
para .76; item UN-17 (para.15I) reproduced in Volume 16 - 2000 (2002); and Index of
Keywords in this Volume.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Preface xxxiii
Confidence Building Measures.V The new diplomatic exchanges have been initiated
between between lranlKuwait in 2000 on continental shelf delimitation in the
Arabian/Persian Gulf,59 between states bordering the Caspian Sea with respect to its
legal regime and delimitation.s? and between Honduras/Nicaragua in 2002 in connec-
tion with the two parallel cases, Nicaragua v. Honduras Maritime Delimitation in the
58 Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, Shabtai Rosenne and Francisco
s
Orrego Vicuna, Joint Legal Opinion on Guatemala Territorial Claim to Belize (January
2002) <http://www.bwp-bookcenter.com> - Books, International Law, also available at
Belize's website <http://www.belize-
guatemala.gov.bz/library/legal_opinion/welcome.htrn1> and its Foreword at
<http://www.centralamericaweekly.net/180/englishlinter.html>; Belize/Guatemala
Territorial Differendum Proposals (with Maps) from the OAS Facilitators (30 August
2002) <http://www.belize-guatemala.gov.bz/>; 2003 Belize/Guatemala Agreement to
Establish a Transition Process and Confidence Building Measures, id.; OAS
Belize/Guatemala Territorial Differendum Documents <http://www.oas.org/docu-
ments/eng/belizeguatemala.asp>; UN Doc. A/58/65 (2003), supra note 14, at 13
(para.29); OAS PR of 10 May 2004 <www.oas.org/OASpage/press_releases/press_rele-
ase.asp?sCodigo=E-082/04>; 4th UK/Caribbean Forum's Statement, London, 12 May
2004 <www.caricom.org/pres72_04.htm>; lG. Merrills, The Belize-Guatemala
Territorial Dispute and the Legal Opinion of January 2002, 2 YIU 2002 at 77-95 (2004),
supra note 9; L Donaldson and M. Pratt, "International Boundary Developments in
2003",9 Geopolitics 501,529 (2004 No.2); and infra notes 61-62 and 94-97.
59 See UN Doc. S/2000/821 reproduced as item UN-22 in Volume 16 - 2000 (2002),
S/2001l330, reproduced as item UN-14 in Volume 17 - 2001 (2004); Iran/Kuwait Oil of
24 and 26 November 2003 <www.rigzone.com/news/artic1e.asp?a_id=9607> &
<www.rigzone.com/news/artic1e.asp?a_id=9656>.
60 See Index of Keywords in this Yearbook's respective Volumes; and Letter of28 February
2002 from the Charge d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Iran to the United
Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/56/850 (2002), concerning the
200 I Azerbaijan/Kazachstan Agreement, to be reproduced as item UN-29 in this Volume
18 - 2002 (2005). Cf. K. Mehdiyoun, "Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in the
Caspian Sea", 94 AJIL 179-189 (2000); F. Cede, "Legal Aspects of the Caspian Sea
Issue" and G.O. Faure, ."Negotiation for Setting Up Joint Ventures in the Caspian
Region", PIN Points Newsletter 12-16 (2002 No.19); Caspian Oil of Kazachstan of 10
September 2004 <www.rigzone.com/newsiartic1e.asp?a_id=16266>; Donaldson and
Pratt (2004), supra note 58, at 521-522; Caspian Conference of 28 October 2004
<www.rigzone.com/news/artic1e.asp?a_id= 17662> and Iran Oil
<www.rigzone.com/news/artic1e.asp?a_id= 17640>; Russia and the Caspian Sea Region
<http://www.rferl.org/specials/caspian/>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xxxiv Editor s Preface
Caribbean Sea61 and Nicaragua v. Colombia Territorial and Maritime Disputei? cases
pending before the ICJ in the phases of Merits and Preliminary Objections (lodged by
Colombia) respectively. In addition, the 1992 El Salvador/Honduras; Nicaragua
61 ICJ Press Releases No.99/52, 8 December 1999, No.2000/1O, 23 March 2000, and
No.2002/17, 18 June 2002, ICJ Reports 2000, 6 and 2002, 216. See also Technical
Reportofthe OASInternational Verification Mission to Honduras and Nicaragua on 16-
23 July (Western Land Border), 15-21 August (Caribbean Sea) and 14-18 October
(Eastern Land Border) 2001, OEA/Ser.G, CP/doc.3540/02 rev. 1, 23 January 2002
<http://www.summit-americas.org/ ASG /Honduras-NicaragualVerificationMissi on
Report-ENG.htm>; Protest Note of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Honduras of 16
July and a Letter of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua of 22 July, UN Docs
A/57/219, 17 July and A/57/261, 26 July 2002 <www.un.org/ga/57/document57.htm>;
Statement by the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States, UN Doc. ISBA/8/A/ 14
(2002) ; all of them reproduced as items UN-22/23 and UN-lOl in this Yearbook's
Volume 18 - 2002 (2005); 20th UNCLOS Anniversary Statement of Honduras, UN Doc.
A/57/74, at 4, 12 December 2002; Boundaries of Central America, supra note 56. For a
map and other data related to Nicaragua's 2002 oil concessions in both the Caribbean
and the Pacific (Gulf of Fonseca), as protested by Honduras (supra and infra note 64),
see website of INE (lnstituto Nicaraguense de Energia) <bttp.z/wwwine.gob.ni>,
"Bidding Round" . See also infra note 112.
Cf. Nicaragua demanda a Honduras, 9 December 1999 <http://www.tmx.comlni-
sgc/n1.htm>; Related Documents (in Spanish), 15 October 2001 <http://www.cancille-
ria.gob.ni/diferendo/index.htm1>; M. Pratt, The Maritime Boundary Dispute Between
Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea, 9 IBRUBoundary and Security Bulletin
108-116 (2001 No.2) <http://www-ibru.dur.ac.uk>; D. Meyer, "Nicaragua/Honduras
Dispute", Honduras This Week, 29 July 2002 <http://www.marrder.com!htw/centra1.htm>.
62 1CJ Press Releases No.200l/34, 6 December 2001, No.2002/7, 1 March 2002,
No.2003/32, 29 September 2003, ICJ Reports 2002, 189,2003, 158. See also 23 AJIL
155 (1929); 25 AJIL 328 (1931); 1CJ Yearbook 1999-2000, supra note 21, at 108
(Colombia), 114 (Honduras) and 129 (Nicaragua). Colombia withdrew its 1937 Optional
Clause Declaration on 5 December 2001, in 2166 UNTS 3; 2167 UNTS 549. On the 2001
reservation of Nicaragua to its Optional Clause Declaration, see supra note 56. On oil
contracts awarded by Nicaragua to 4 U.S. companies, see Petroleum World, 12 May 2003
<www.petroleumworld.comlstory I226.htm>; Business News Americas, 16 May
<www.bnamericas.comlstory.xsql?id_noticia=242767&Tx_idioma=I&id_ sector=6>.
On the Nicaragua v. Colombia (Preliminary Objections) proceedings, see Invertia of 22
July 2003 <www.invertia.comlnoticias/imprimir.asp?IdNoticia=900852&idtel>.
Cf. P.H.F. "Bekker, Nicaragua Sues Colombia Before the World Court", ASIL
Insights (December 2001) <http://www.asi1.org/insights/insigh79.htm>; Oceans and the
Lawofthe Sea - Reportsofthe Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/57/57, paras 44,564-567
(2002), reproduced as item UN-l in this Yearbook's Vo1.18 - 2002 (2005) and UN Doc.
A/59/62, para.37 (2004) <www.un.org/Depts/los/>; IG. Merrills, "The Optional Clause
at Eightty", in Liber Judge Oda, supra note 4, at 435, 449; IR. Crook, "The 2001
Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice", 96 AJIL 397 408-409 (2002) and
"The 2002 Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice", 97 AJIL 352, 363
(2003); Donaldson and Pratt (2004), supra note 58, at 527-529, including Map.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Preface xxxv
Intervening GulfofFonseca (Merits) Judgment has been subjected to Request filed by

Honduras on 20 January 2002 under Article 94(2) of the United Nations Charters- for
assistance of the Security Council in ensuring implementation of that Judgments" and
to the 2003 EI Salvador v. Honduras (Revision ofthe 1992 Judgment) Judgment which
dismissed EI Salvador's request for revision of the course of the land boundary in the
sixth sector.65
The important guidance for resolving territorial and delimitation has been pro-
vided by the 1998 Eritrea/Yemen Territorial Sovereignty (phase I) Award delivered
unanimously by the five-Member Arbitral Tribunal presided over by the Former ICJ
President, Sir Robert Jennings and also comprising the then current Court's President
63 On Article 94(2) of the United Nations Charter, see S.M. Schwebel, Justice in
International Law - Collected Writings ofJudge Stephen M Schwebel 18 (Cambridge
1994)<http://books.cambridge.org/0521462843.htm>, notingthat: "In principle,Article
94 affords judgments of the Court possibilities of enforcement of great potential; in
practice, that potential has yet to be realized. Giventhe uncertainties of international law
and life, it wouldbe unjustifiedto concludethat Article 94 may not assumegreater prac-
tical importance than it has"; Shabtai Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the
International Court, 1920-1996 249-258 & 274-276 (K1uwer 1997); Guillaume, La
Cour Internationale de Justice (2003), supra note 32, at 173, 180-182; C. Paulson,
"Compliance with Final Judgments of the International Court of Justice Since 1987", 98
AJIL 434, 437-439 (2004).
64 See ICJ Reports 1992, 351 , and on prospective implementation of the Gulf of Fonseca
(Merits) Judgment, see B. Kwiatkowska, "Judge Shigeru Oda's Opinions in Law-of-the-Sea
Cases", 36 German Yearbook of International Law 226, 284-286 (1993); Nicaragua/EI
Salvador Summit of 27 August 2001 <http://www.americas.orglnews/nir/20010906_hond-
uras_noUnvited_to_summit_asp>; UN Doc. A/57/57, supra note 62, para.44; Letters of 22
January and 11 March 2002 from the Charge d 'Affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of
Honduras tothe United Nations Addressedtothe Presidentofthe Security Council, UNDocs
S/2002/108, S/2002/251 ; Protest Note of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Honduras of 30
July to Nicaragua and Reply of Nicaragua of 8 August 2002, UN Docs A/57/299 and
A/57/337 (2002) <http://www.un.orglga/57/document57.htm>. concerning Nicaragua's
2002oil concessions in the Pacific (Gulfof Fonseca) referred to supra note61; S/2002/1 088,
S/2002/1102 and S/2002/1194, including EI Salvador/Honduras Notesof 2000-2002, which
are all reproduced as items UN-20/21 and UN-24/28 in this Yearbook's Volume 18 - 2002
(2005); UN Docs S/2003/306, S/2003/430 and OAS Press Release E-095/03 on GAS
Appoints Technical Expert to Assist in Demarcation of EI Salvador/Honduras Border of 30
April 2003 <www.oas.orglOASpage/press_releases/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-095/03>,
reprinted as UN Doc.S/2003/561 of 20 May2003.
65 ICJ Press Releases Nos 2002/21 and 40 of 10 Septemberand 20 December2002, refer-
ring to El Salvador v. Honduras (Formation ofChamber) Order, ICJ Reports2002,61 8;
Nos 2003/23, 25 July, Nos 2003/27 and 2003/30 of 1 and 12 September 2003; and
Judgment, No.2003/43 of 18 December2003 <www.icj-cij.org>, reprinted in UN Doc.
S/2004/9; Boundaries of Central America, supra note 56; 20th UNCLOS Statement of
Honduras, supra note 61. Cf. lR. Crook,"The 2003 Judicial Activityof the International
Court of Justice", 98 AJIL 309,312-313 (2004); Paulson, supra note 63.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xxxvi Editor s Preface
Stephen M. Schwebel, Judge Rosalyn Higgins and Judge ad hoc Ahmed S. EI-
Kosheri.w While this Award marks the landmark progress in the development of prin-
ciples and rules of international law governing the acquisition of territorial sovereign-
ty, the unanimous 1999 EritrealYemen Maritime Delimitation (phase II) Award of that
Tribunal is a milestone decision substantiating the mutually reinforcing relationship
between the jurisprudence ofthe IeJ and that of arbitral tribunals concerning applica-
tion and development of the modem law of equitable maritime boundary delimita-
tion.f? Upon its delivery, the Award was commendedby the Ministry ofForeignAffairs
of Eritrea for the manner in which it resolved the dispute "on the basis of internation-
allaw and the long-term fraternal interests of both peoples and countries", to the bene-
fit of the consolidationofpeace and security in this one of strategically most important
66 UNRIAA XXII, 21 I; 114 ILR 1; 40 ILM 900 (2001); the PCA website
<http://www.pca-cpa.org>; Yemen Gateway, at 2-3 <http://www.al-
bab.com/yemen/pol/int.htm>; Press Statement of U.S. Department of State, 19 October
1998 <http ://secretary.state.gov/www/briefings/statements/1998 /ps981 0 19c.htrnl>;
item UN-I (para.164) reproduced in this Yearbook's Volume 14 - 1998 (2000); and supra
note 52. Cf. B. Kwiatkowska, "Award of the Arbitral Tribunal in the First Stage of the
Eritrea/Yemen Proceedings", 14 IJMCL 125-136 (1999); P. Hamilton et al. eds, The
Permanent CourtofArbitration: International Arbitration and DisputeResolution 3, 26-
27 [J.G. Merrills], 196-197 ["Summary"] (1999); N.S.M. Antunes, "The Eritrea/Yemen
Arbitration: First Stage",48 ICLQ 362-386 (1999); W.M. Reisman, "The EritrealYemen
Award (Phase I)", 93 AJIL 668-682 (1999); A.S. Millet, "Erythree/Yemen Sentence du 9
octobre 1998", 103 RGDIP 189-192 (1999); G. Distefano, "La Sentence Arbitrale du 9
octobre 1998 dans I'affaire du differend insulaire entre Ie Yemen et I'Erythree", id., at
851-890; I-F. Dobelle et I-M. Favre, "La Sentence Arbitrale du 9 octobre 1998",44
AFDI 337-355 (1999); B. Kwiatkowska, "The Eritrea/Yemen Arbitration: Landmark
Progress in the Acquisition ofTerritorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary
Delimitation", 8 IBRUBoundaryand SecurityBulletin 66-86 (2000 No.1), and 32 ODIL
1-25 (2001), also available online in the version updated as of 21 June 2004 at
<www.Jaw.uu.nl/nilos>- Publications, Papers.
67 UNRlAA XXII, 335; 119 ILR 417; 40 ILM 983 (2001); the PCA and Yemen Gateway
websites, supra note 66; and UN/DOALOS Law ofthe Sea Bulletin 77-79 (2001 No.44).
Cf. Kwiatkowska, "The Law of the Sea Related Cases" (2001), supra note 9, at 34-36;
Kwiatkowska, "The Eritrea/Yemen Arbitration", supra note 66; Ph. Weckel, "CPA:
Sentence du 17 decembre 1999", 104 RGDIP 511-514 (2000); G. Distefano, "La
Sentence Arbitrale du 17 decembre 1999, 46 AFDI 255-284 (2000); W.M. Reisman,
"The Eritrea/Yemen Award (Phase II)", 94 AJIL 721-736 (2000); T. Yoshifumi,
"Reflections on the Concept of Proportionality", 16 IJMCL 433, 449-452, 457-459
(200 I); Yoshifumi, "Reflections on the Eritrea/Yemen Arbitration of 17 December
1999", 48 NILR 197-225 (2001); M.D. Evans, "The Maritime Delimitation Between
Eritrea and Yemen", 14 LJIL 141-170 (2001); B. Kwiatkowska, "Resource, Navigational
and Environmental Factors in Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation", in D.A.
Colson and R.W. Smith eds, International Maritime Boundaries, Vol.V (2005)
<www.brill.nl/Martinus_Nijhoff.htm>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor 's Prefa ce xxxvii
regions ofthe world. 68 Since mid-20m, the navigational and securityaspects as well as
the overall implementation of the 1998/1999 EritrealYemen Awards have been notably
strengthened as a result of counter-terrorism and peace-keeping operations promoted
by the U.S. CombinedJoint Task Force for Horn ofAfrica (CITF-HOA).69
The two 1998-1999 Eritrea/Yemen Awards were heavily relied upon in the Qatar
v. Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions proceedings completedby
the Court's Judgment of 16 March 200 l.70 The Eritrea/Ethiopia Boundary Decisions
68 Press Release of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Eritrea of 20 December 1999, UN

Doc. S/1999/1265, reproduced as item UN-26 in this Yearbook's Volume 15 - 1999
(2001) . See also Interview with Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of Yemen of 22
December 1999 <http://www.y.net.ye/yementimes/99/iss51/interview.htm>.
69 On negotiations concerning "perpetuation of the traditional fishing regime" in accor-
dance with the EritreaIYemen Awards, see "Eritrean Official Replies to False Report by
Yemeni Paper", 15 April 2002 <http://shaebia.org/wwwboardlmessages/186.htrnl>;
"Eritrea-Yemen Disagree over Red Sea Fishing", 13-19 May 2002 <www.yementi-
mes.com/02/iss20/In.htm>; and "The Southern Red Sea Utilization of Clean Water", 25
August 2003 <www.shabait.com/articies/pubIish/article_649.htrnl>. On Yemeni/US
relations, see id. and Yemen Gateway, supra note 66, at 3. On the use by Israel of the
Eritrean ports of Massawa and Assab, see The Jerusalem Report of 8 April 2002
<http://dehai.orglarchives/dehai_news_archive/0448.htrnl>; Israel Expands Its Nuclear
Threat, Washington Report of December 2003
<www.wrmea.com/archives/Decembec 2003/0312012.htrnl>.
On the U.S. CITF-HOA (Djibouti, Eritrea,Yemen, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia and Kenya),
see Military StalksTerroristsin Afiica, Washington TImes 001 December 2003 at http://was-
hingtontimes.com/worId/20031231-083517-2847r.htm; Terrorism in the Hom ofAfrica, US
Institute of Peace (USIP) of January 2004 at www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/srI13.html;
Washington TImes of 14 January 2004 at http://washingtontimes.com/world/20040114-
083318-4723r.htm and http://washingtontimes.com/worId/20040114-083320-4962r.htm;
New CITF-HOA Commander of 25 May at http://eri24.com/news4974.htrn; HOA Lauds
Counter-Terror Success of 17 August at: http://eri24.com/news6755.htm and www.abc-
news.go.com/wire/WorId/ap20040817_1946.htrnl and 14 September 2004 at
www.afroI.com/articies/13953. See also Appointment ofMartti Ahtisaari for HOA, infra note
72; and infra notes 76-77 and 106.
70 Qatar v. Bahrain (Merits) Judgment, IeJ Reports 2001, 40; fCJ Press Release
No.2001/9 and 9bis, 16 March 2001, and Statement of President Gilbert Guillaume
<http://www.icj -cij .org>; reprinted in 40 ILM 847 (2001) ; and
<http://www.gna.gov.bh/bahrain-qatar/news/title-e l .htrnl>. See also UN/DOALOS Law
ofthe Sea Bulletin 87-88 (2001 No.46); UN Doc. A/56/58, supra note 27, at 77. On the
preceding Order of 17 February, ICJ Reports 1999, 3, concerning 82 documents chal-
lenged by Bahrain, see UN Doc. A/54/429, para.566 (2001), reproduced as item UN-I
in this Yearbook's Vol. 15 - 1999 (2001). The northern sector of the Court 's boundary
allocated to Qatar the so-called North Dome are the subsoil of which contains large
natural gas resources. See Bahrain/Qatar Joint Committee of 24 February 2004
<www.gulf-news.com/Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=111910>; Qatar Gas of 26 April
<www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=12583> and 16 July
<www.rigzone .com/news/article.asp?a_id=14793>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
XXXV1lI s
Editor Prefa ce
delievered in 2002-2003 by the Five-Member UN Commission, presided over by Sir

Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC, delimited 1,000 km land/river boundary which partly
parallels EritrealYemen boundary,"! and of which demarcation has been pending wit-
hin the United Nations framework in 2003-2005. 72 Other important recent cases invol
Cf. Crook (2002), supra note 62, at 397, 398-400; Guillaume, La Cour lnternationale
de Justice, supra note 32, at 287-318; Ph. Weckel, "Arret du 16 mars 2001 (fond)", 105
RGDIP 443-447 (2001); G. Plant, "The Qatar v. Bahrain (Merits) Judgment", 96 AJIL
198-210 (2002); M.G. Kohen, "Les questions territoriales dans I'Arret de la C.U du 16
mars 2001, 106 RGDIP 295-328 (2002) and A.P. Palomar, id. at 329-356; B.
Kwiatkowska, "The Qatar v. Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions
Case", 33 ODIL 227-261 (2002), BWP 2002 <http://www.bwp-bookcenter.com> -
Books, Environmental Law and 3 IBRU Maritime Briefing (2003 No.6) <http://www-
ibru.dur.ac.uk/pubs/mb.html>; P. Weil, "Les hauts-fonds decouvrants dans la delimita-
tion maritime", in LiberJudge Oda, supra note 4, at 307-321; Yoshifumi, "Reflections
on the Concept", supra note 67, at 452-453, 457-459; 52 lCLQ 53-80 (2003); Paulson
(2004), supra note 63, at 453-455.
71 The UN Commission's Members are Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC, (President) , Judge
Stephen M. Schwebel, Sir Arthur Watts KCMG QC, Judge Bola Ajibola and Professor
W Michael Reisman. For the Eritrea/Ethiopia Boundary (Merits) Decision of 13 April
2002 and related UN Statements, see websites of the United Nations
<http: //www.un.orglNewLinks/eebcarbitration> and the PCA <http://www.pca-
cpa.org/ENGLISHlRPC/>; 41 ILM 1057 (2002). Cf. supra notes 7, 52 and infra note
106. The Commission's Decision on delimitation of the three-sector international boun-
dary has been followed by demarcation arrangements, paralleled by the Eritrea/Ethiopia
Boundary (Interpretation) Decision of 24 June 2002 (dismissing Ethiopia's Request),
(Interim Measures) and (Demarcation) Orders of 17 July (S/2002/853), Determinations
Decision of 7 November 2002, Demarcation Observations of 21 March
(S/2003/257/Add .l; 42 ILM 1010 (2003» and Article 15B Decision of 7 July 2003
(S/2003/752).
See also Eritrea/Ethiopia Algiers Peace Agreement (Article 4) of 12 December 2000,
40 ILM 260 (2001); UN Docs S/2001/45, S/2001/608, S/2001/843 and S/2001/1194,
reproduced as items UN-46/48 in this Yearbook's VoU7 - 2001 (2004); S/20021205,
S12002/245, UN SC Resolution S/RES/1398 of 15 March 2002, S/2002/744,
S12002/977, UN SC Resolutions S/RES/1430 and 1434 of 14 August and 6 September
2002, and S12002/1393, reproduced as items UN-82/89 in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005).
72 See UN SC Resolution S/RES/I466 of 14 March 2003, S/2003/257 & Add.I ; ACP-EU
Joint Parliamentary Assembly Resolution on the Situation in East Africa of 3 April 2003
<http://www.biddho.com/portal/article3338.html>; Appointment of UN SRSG Martti
Ahtisaari for HOA on 18 June <www.un.orglNews/Press/docs/2003/sga844.doc.htm> and
"CJTF-HOA", supra notes 52,69 and infra note 77; UN SC President's Statement of 17 July
2003, SIPRST/2003/10 <www.un.orglNews/Press/docs/2003/sc7817.doc>.S/2003/665 &
Add.1 (EEBC Schedule until June 2004), S/2003/752, S/2003/858 and UNSC Resolutions
S/RES/I507 and SIRES/1531 of 12 September 2003 and 12 March 2004; UNSC
President's Statement of 4 May <www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8085.doc.htm>;
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
s
Editor Prefa ce xxxix
ving territorial sovereignty and/or mantime delimitation include the 2001

Newfoundland and LabradorlNova Scotia (phase I) and the 2002 (phase II) Awards,73
as well as the 2002 Indonesia/Malaysia Pulau Sipadan and Pulau Ligitan Judgment'<
UNSG Reports S/2004/180 of 5 March and S/2004/543 of7 July <www.un.org/Docs/joum-
aVasp/ws.asp?m=S/2004/543> and UNSC President's Statement of 15 July <www.unwi-
re.org/UNWire/20040713/449_25781.asp> &
<www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8150.doc.htm>; UNSG Report S/20041708 of 2
September <www.un.org/Docs/joumal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/2004 1708> and the UNSC
Resolution 1560 of 14 September 2004 which extended UNMEE, facilitating
Eritrea/Ethiopia demarcation, until 15 March 2005
<www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8185.doc.htm>; all of them available at the PCA
website supra and at that of the Security Council
<www.un.org/Depts/dpko/unmee/unmeeN.htm> <www.un.org/Docs/sc/>; EU Declaration
of 17 September <http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/crns_Data/docs/pressData /en/cfsp/81967.pdt>
under CFSP Statements <http://ue.eu.int/newsroom/newmain.asp?LANG=I>; UN SRSG
Martti Ahtisaari 's Visit to HOA of 18/19 October 2004
<www.waltainfo.comlEnNews/2004/0ct/I90ct04/0ctlgel.htm> &
<http://eri24.comlnews6858.htm>; UN Docs A/59/l , para.51 (2004) and A/59/2, Chapter
13 at 129-130 (2004) <www.un.org/ga/59/documentation/listO.html>, supra note 54.
Cf. B. Simma and D.-E. Khan, "The Case of Frontier Dispute Between Eritrea and
Ethiopia", in Liber Judge Oda, supra note 4, at 1179-1196; 3 June 2003 <http://www.sha-
bait.com/articles/publish/article_137.html>; Donaldson and Pratt (2004), supra note 58,
at 502,506-507, including Map; Kwiatkowska (2005), supra note 67.
73 200112002 Awards at Ottawa MFA <www.bissettmatheson.comlarbitration> and
<www.boundary-dispute.ca>; V. Hughes, "The Nova Scotia-Newfoundland Dispute" , 38
Canadian Yearbook ofInternational Law 189-211 (2000); Nova Scotia's Offshore Oil of
26 August 2004 <www.rigzone.comlnews/article.asp?a_id=15883>; 15 September
<www.rigzone.comlnews/article.asp?a_id= 16373>; 12 October 2004
<www.rigzone.comlnews /article.asp?a_id=17077>.
74 Indonesia/Malaysia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Application by
the Philippines for Permission to Intervene) Judgment, ICJ Reports 2001, 575 and
Indonesia/Malaysia (Merits) Judgment, ICJ Reports 2002,625 <http://www.icj-cij.org>,
UN Doc. A/56/58, supra note 27, at 78; Indonesia to Assert Its Presence on Islands in
Border Areas of 11 August 2004
<www.goasiapacif ic.comlnews/GoAsiaPacifi cBNA_ 11742 11.htm> &
<www.abc.net.au/news/newsiterns/200408/s1168227.htm>.
Cf. supra note 7; R. Haller-Trost, The Contested Maritime and Territorial
Boundaries of Malaysia (1998); D.M. Ong, "Case Between Indonesia and Malaysia
Concerning Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan", 14 lJMCL 399-414
(1999) ; Crook (2002), supra note 62, at 403-405; Ch. Dominice, "Rejet de la requete des
Philippines a fin d'intervention", 12 RSDIE 239-244 (2002); Ph. Weckel, "Arret du 23
octobre 2001 tRequete des Philippines a fins d 'intervention)", 106 RGDIP 175-177
(2002) ; J.G. Merrills, "The Indonesia/Malaysia (Intervention) Judgment", 51 ICLQ
718-722 (2002); Crook (2003), supra note 62, at 355-356; D.A. Colson, "The
Malaysia/Indonesia (Merits)
Barbara Judgment",
Kwiatkowska, 97
HarmAJIL 355-356,
Dotinga, 398-406 Alex
Erik Molenaar, (2003).
Oude Elferink, and
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xl Editor s Preface
and the Cameroon v. Nigeria Land and Maritime Boundary (Merits) Judgment, which
completed almost a decadeof the particularly complex proceedings'" and the peaceful
implementation of which has in 2002-2005 involved the UN CameroonlNigeria Mixed
Commission.?" The mutually reinforcing impacts between the U.S. CJTF-HOA's peace-
75 This case of pronounced procedural importance comprises: Cameroon v. Nigeria

(Provisional Measures) Order, ICJ Reports 1996, 13; Cameroon v. Nigeria (Preliminary
Objections) Judgment, ICJ Reports 1998, 275 and <http://www.icj.law.gla.ac.uk/idoc-
ket/inc/inccontent.htrn> ; Nigeria v. Cameroon (Interpretation) Judgment, ICJ Reports
1999, 31; Cameroon v. Nigeria (Counter-Claims) Order, id. at 983; Cameroon v. Nigeria
(Intervention) Order, id., 1029, reprintedin 38 ILM 112 (2000); Cameroon v. Nigeria;
Equatorial Guinea Intervening (Counter-Claims) Order, ICJ Reports 2001, 9; and the
Cameroon v. Nigeria; Equatorial Guinea Intervening (Merits) Judgment, ICJ Reports
2002, 303 <http://www.crtv.cm/actualite_det.php?code=563> & <www.icj-cij.org>, of
which all phases - like those of all other cases - were reported upon in the annual Oceans
and the Law ofthe Sea Reports and can be traced through Index of Keywords (ICJ) of
this Yearbook's respective Volumes. See also the Cameroon v. Nigeria Relevant Lines
Map of Sovereign Geographic, Inc. <www.sovereigngeographic.com>.Cf. H. Barati,
"Frontiere Terrestre et Maritime (Cameroun v. Nigeria) Exceptions Preliminaires,
Interpretation et Intervention", 45 AFDI 371-412 (1999); G. Ziccardi Capaldo, "The
1998 Cameroon v. Nigeria (Preliminary Objections) Judgment" and "The 1999 Nigeria
v. Cameroon (Interpretation) Judgment", 1 YILJ 184-204,205-210 (2001); E. Doussis,
"Interetjuridique et intervention devant la CIJ, 105 RGDIP 55-91 (2001); P.H.F. Bekker,
"The 2002 Judgment", 97 AJIL 387-398 (2003); Crook (2003), supra note 62, at 354-
355; Kwiatkowska, "The Law of the Sea Related Cases" in updated version (2004) at
NILOS website, supra note 9; Kwiatkowska (2005), supra note 67.
76 UN Press Release SG/SM/8368-AFR/476, 5 September 2002
<http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/sgsm8368.doc.htrn>; 57th UNGA Statement
of ICJ President Guillaume of 29 October 2002, supra note 21, at 3-4; Visit of UN
Secretary-General Kofi A. Annan, ICJ Press Release No.2002/35, 22 November 2002
<www.icj-cij .org>; Nigeria's Statement of23 October Rejecting the 2002 Judgment at
<www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/ l l 0802_ 1.shtm1>, Ch. Ozoemana, 24 October
<http://allafrica.com/stories/2002 10240629.html>, BA Akinterinwa, id.
</200210210375.htrnl>, E. Oivwri, id. <200210240361.htrnl>; "Nigeria, Cameroon
Delay Visit to Bakassi" of 13 February 2004
<www.unwire.org/UNWire/200402 13/449_ 13 102.asp>; "UN Commission Visits
Bakassi" of 27 February <www.rigzone.com/news/artic1e.asp?a_id=11266>; UN
Commission's Press Conference of 12 March
<www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/mixedcommissionPC.doc.htrn>; "US $ 8.5
Million Grant to Resolve Dispute" of 1 June
<www.rigzone.com/news/artic1e.asp?a_id=13588>; "Nigeria Calls for More
Confidence Building Measures" of 29 July
<www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=42434&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectC
ountry=CAMEROON-NIGERIA>; UN Commission's Special Meeting of 29 August
<www.un.org/Depts/dpa/prev_dip/africa/officejocsrsg /cnmc/speeches/smtng4.htrn>;
"Nigeria Seeks Bakassi Referendum" of 3 September <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/afri-
ca/3626060.strn>; "Nigeria Delays Handing over Bakassi" of 13 September <www.irin
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor S Preface xli
keeping operations and implementation of the 1998/1999 Eritrea Yemen Awards and
the 2002 UN Eritrea/Ethiopia Boundary Decision referred to above, have been paral-
leled by a similar interactions also taking place between the UN-led West African
peacekeeping forces and the progress in demarcation under the UN auspices of the
Cameroon/Nigeria land/maritime boundary and in the pending UN Equatorial
Guine/Gabon Corisco Bay Islands Mediation."?
In addition to Nicaragua v. Honduras, Nicaragua v. Colombia and EI Salvador
v. Honduras (Revision) cases pending before the ICJ78 and the ongoing OAS
news.org/report.asp?ReportID=43158&SelectRegion=WesCAfrica&SelectCountry=C
AMEROON-NIGERlA; "Bakassi : Why Nigeria Lost at The Hague" of 22 September
<http://allafrica .com/stories/200409220230.html>; "Bakassi Handover Still Blocked" of
8 October <www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=16995>; 24 October <www.irin-
news.org/report.asp?ReportID=43820&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=C
AMEROON-NIGERlA> & <http://news.bbc.co.uk/llhi /worldlafrica/3946635.stm> .
See also UN Docs S/2004/298 & 299; S/2004/612; A/59/l , para.29 (2004) and A/59/2,
supra note 54, Chapter 15 at 186 (2004) <www.un.org/ga/59/documentation/listO.html>.
For Communiques of all UN Commission's Meetings, see
<www.un.org/Depts/dpa/prev_dip/africa/officejocsrsg/cnmc/preleas/cornlist.htm>.
Cf. Bekker, supra note 75, at 398; Paulson (2004), supra note 63, at 449-452.
77 On the U.S. CJTF-HOA, see supra notes 69 [Eritrea/Yemen] and 72 [Eritrea/Ethiopia] .
On the West Africa's high oil potential, see <www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/archives/afri-
ca/africa.html>; New Oil Finds of 4 November 2003
<www.iht.com/artic1es/l16160.htm1>; 13 May 2004 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hilbusi-
ness/3712265.stm>; Africa Security Talks of 1 June <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/afri-
ca/3767751 .stm>; The War on Terror and Oil Supplies of 8 June
<www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=13731>; U.S. Military Help to Protect
Nigeria Offshore Oil of 13 July
<www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=42166&SelectRegion=WesCAfrica&SelectC
ountry=NIGERlA>; Nigeria Oil Forecasts of 12 August <www.rigzone.com/news/arti-
cle.asp?a_id=15543>; American Military Bases Around Africa of 23 September 2004
<www.afrol.com/articles/I4269>; supra note 52; NewAfrican 30-31 (2004 No.432).
On UN Equatorial Guinea/Gabon Mediation, see 24 January 2004
<www.irinnews.org/report.asp?Reporti D=391 04&SelectRegion=WesCAfrica
&SelectCountry=EQUATORIAL_GUINEA-GABON>; MOU on Joint Oil
Development of 6 July <www.un.orglNews/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9407.doc.htm &
<www.irinnews . orgireport. asp? ReportI D=4205 O&Sel ectRegi on=West
_Africa&SelectCountry=EQUATORIAL_GUINEA-GABON>; U.S. Military
Commander's Visit to Gabon and Sao Tome of 23 August 2004
<www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=42809&SelectRegion=WesCAfrica&SelectC
ountry=GABON-SAO_TOME_AND_PRlNCIPE>.
78 See supra notes 61-65.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xlii Editor s Pref ace
Belize/Guat emala and the UN Guyana/Venezuela mediations.I? two other major cases,
Barbados/Trinidad and Tobagoand Guyana/Suriname in the Caribbean Sea were insti-
tuted in 2004 before the UNCLOS Annex VII Arbitral Tribunals, presided over by
Judge Stephen M. Schwebel and Judge Dolliver Nelson respectively.w The
Benin/Niger Frontier Disputev' Malaysia/Singapore Sovereignty over Pedra
79 See supra notes 57-58. On UN Guyana/Venezuela mediation, see 24 February 2004

<www.rigzone.com/news/artic1e1artic1e.asp?a_id=11178>; 22 April <www.caribbean-
netnews.com/2004/04/22 /oil.htm>; 30 September 2004
<http://cgxenergy.ca/news/News_Sep30_04.html>; Documents at Venezuela's MFA
<www.rnre.gov.ve/Esequibo/> and Guyana 's MFA
<www.guyana.org/spanish/Guyana_mycountry.htrnl>.
80 On the two new Annex VII Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago Arbitral Tribunal, Judge
Stephen M. Schwebel (President) , Ian Brownlie CBE QC, Vaugan Lowe, Francisco
Orrego Vicuna and Sir Arthur Watts KCMG QC, Rules of Procedure <http://www.pca-
cpa.org/ENGLISH/RPC /BATRIRules230804.pdf.>, Order No.2 of 23 August 2004
<www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/RPC/BA-TRIOrder2.pdf.>, Order No.3 of 17 September
2004 <www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/RPC/BATRI/BA-TRI%200rderOIo203.pdf.> and
Guyana/Suriname Tribunal, Judge Dolliver Nelson (President), Thomas Franck, Hans
Srnit, Kamal Hossain and Allan Phillip, to perhaps involve Preliminary Objection s in
2005, with both Arbitrations being served by the PCA <http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENG-
LISHlRPC/>, see D. Dzurek of 9 March 2004 <http://www.boundaries.comlbits.htm>;
Th.W. Donovan, ASIL Insights <www.asil.org/insights/insigh I3 1.htm>; Trinidad
Welcomes Tribunal's Ruling of 12 June
<http://ao l.countrywatch.com/aol_wire.asp?vCOUNTRY= 15&UIO = 112973 6>;
Barbados/Trinidad Written and Oral Pleadings of 24 August 2004 <http://aol.country-
watch.com/aoLwire.asp?vCOUNTRY= 15&UIO = 1206662>; UN Doc. A/59/62 (2004),
supra note 62, paras 38-39. See also the 2002 ICJ Message, supra note 23 and on the
inaugural 2000 Southern Bluefin Tuna Arbitral Tribunal, presided over by Judge
Schwebel, see supra note 27.
81 fC/ Press Releases No.2oo2/13, 3 May and No.2002l4I, 20 December 2002, Nos 2003/31
and 35, 16 September and 27 October 2003; ICJ Reports 2002, 613 and 2003, 155;
No.2004/29, 13 July 2004 <http://www.icj-cij .org>; "Benin/Niger Get Grant of the ICJ
Trust Fund" of 4 June 2004 <http://www.un.orgiNews/Press/docs/2004/sg2087.doc.htm>
& <www.afrol.com/artic1es/13151>. For Benin/Niger/Nigeria tripoint, see
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/BoundaryPoint/message/997> and id. </994>. For Niger's
"W" Park under the 1971 Ramsar Wetlands Convention, see
<www.ramsar.org/profiles_niger.htm> & <http://whc.unesco.orgisites/749.htm>; River
Niger Basin Authority Summit of 27 April 2004
<http://www.unwire.org/UNWireI20040427/449_23216.asp> &
<www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/actu/article.gb.asp?ART=41711>. Cf. Crook (2003), supra note
62, at 358; Donaldson and Pratt (2004), supra note 58, at 505.
On the ongoing Benin/Nigeria Boundary negotiations, see 28 June 2004
<http://www.afrol.com/articles/13474>; 2 September 2004 <www.rigzone.com/news/arti-
c1e.asp?a_id=16045>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
s
Editor Preface xliii
BrancalPulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge82 and since 16 September
2004 - Romania v. Ukraine Maritime Boundary in the Black Sea 83 cases have, moreo-
ver, been pending before the ICI
82 The Malaysia/Singapore compromis <www.icj-cij.org> was signed on the day of Judge

Shi Jiuyong's (China) election as the President for the current 2003-2006 triennium. See
ICf Press Release No.2003/10, 6 February 2003; and Pedra Branca Dispute Goes to the
ICJ <http://www.channelnewsasia.comlcna/pedrabrancal>, <www.mfa.gov.sg/press/trans-
. cript .htrnl> and 24 July 2003
<www.utusan.com.my/utusan/content.asp?y=2003&dt=0725&pub=Utusan_Express&sec
=FronCPage&pg=fp_02.htm>; ICf Press Releases Nos 2003/22 and 28 of 24 July and 9
September, ICJ Reports 2003, 146. Cf. G. Kent and MJ. Valencia, Marine Policy in
Southeast Asia 93 (1985); and <http://www.malaysiakini.comlnews/
2003020600 I9101.php>; "Malaysia's Boundaries" of 13 September 2004 <wwwutu-
san.com.my/utusan/content.asp?y=2004&dt=0914&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=FronCPa
ge&pg=fp_04.htm> On the 2002 ASEAN/China Code of Conduct, see infra note 85. On
the UNCLOS Annex VII Malaysia v. Singapore Arbitration, see supra note 40.
83 On RomanialUkraine dispute, involving Serpents Island which potentially qualifies as an
Article 121(3) rock, see 25 September 2002 <http://www.rferl.orgfnewsline/2002/09/5-
NOT/not-250902.asp>; Romania/Ukraine Border Treaty of 17 June 2003 <www.presi-
dent.gov.ua/eng/activity/zayavinterv/167578848.htmI>; Romania/Ukraine Black Sea
Delimitation Negotiations of 13 July 2004 <www.unian.net/eng/news/news-58783 .html>;
Serpents Island of 26 August <www.rferl.orgffeaturesarticle/2004/08/efab6ba7-2003-
4854-bdd6-lb0718aaa7f.html>; Romania Going to World Court of 26 August
<http://www.rigzone.comlnews/article.asp?a_id=15898> and 9 September <www.rigzo-
ne.comlnews/article.asp?a_id=16256>; ICf Press Release No.2004/31 of 16 September
<www.icj-cij.org> & ASIUILIB of 15 October 2004 <www.asil.org/ilib/ilib0718.htm>;
Encyclopedia: Snake/Serpents Island <www.nationmaster.comlencyclopedia/Snake-
Island>.
On the longstanding dispute over Venezuela's Aves Island which also potentially
qualifies as an Article 121(3) rock, see OECS/Aves Island of 2 June 2004 <www.sta-
broeknews.comlindex.pllarticle...general_news?id=8656647> and Index of Keywords in
this Volume 18-2002 (2005) and the preceding Volumes.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xliv s
Editor Preface
Several other disputes, e.g., between Australia/Timor Leste,84 BruneilMalaysia

and other territorial/maritime disputes in the South China Sea involving the ASEAN
84 On the ongoing Australiatrimor Leste maritime delimitation negotiations, see 27 August

2003 <www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/s932686.htm>; Submission to the Joint
Standing Committee on Treaties Concerning Australiatrimor Leste Agreement on the
Unitisation of the Sunrise Troubador Fields of May/June 2003
<www.aph.gov.aulhouse/committee/jsct/mayjune2003/subs/subII.pdf.>; Dili Timor Sea
Treaty of20 May 2002 [in force: 2 April 2003] as well as Sunrise and Troubadour Felds
Agreement and MOU of 6 March 2003 <www.austliLedu.au/au/other/dfat/special/eti-
mor/index.html> & <http://www.petrotimor.com/>; D.M. Ong, "The New Timor Sea
Arrangement 2001", 17 IJMCL 79-105, 106-122 (2002); G. Triggs and D. Bialek,
"Australia Withdraws Maritime Disputes from the Compuslory Jurisdiction", id., at 423-
430; N. Nantunes, Towards the Conceptualization of Maritime Delimitation 351-402
(2003); S. Kaye, "The Australia-Indonesia Boundary", in Oceans Management, supra
note 4, at 143-166; "Timor Sea Deal to Be Done by Christmas" of 23 September 2004
<www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200409/s1205731.htm>; Timor Leste Foreign
Minister's Press Conference of 29 September
<www.un.orglNews/briefings/docs/2004/Timor_Leste_040929.doc.htm>; "Talk of
Progress as East Timor Oil Talks End" of 30 September <www.abc.net.au/news/newsi-
tems/200409/s 1210497.htm>; "Majority Support ICJ Intervention over Boundary
Dispute" of 7 October <www.abc.net.aulnews/newsitems/200410/s1215447.htm>; "East
Timor Ups Ante" of 25 October 2004 <www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=17549>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Preface xlv
Member States and China,85 China/Japan (Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands),86 Japan/Republic

of Korea (Takeshima/Tok-Do Island) and Japan/Russia (NorthernTerritories/Southern
85 "Brunei/Malaysia Hopeful of Resolving Oil Issue Soon" of 25 August 2003 <www.bru-

direct.com/Dailylnfo/News/Archive/Aug03/250803/niteOl .htm> ; "Brunei/Malaysia
Talks Inconclusive" <www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_ id=8081>; 13 July 2004
<www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=14676>; "Malaysia's Boundaries" of 13
September 2004, supra note 82. See also USA/Brunei Joint Statement of 16 December
2002 <http ://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/20021216-4.html> and
Malaysia's Visit to the USA of 20/21 July 2004
<www.utusan.com.my/utusan/content.asp?y=2004&dt=0721 &pub=Utusan_Express&s
ec=FronCPage&pg=fp_Ol .htm> &
<www.utusan.com .my/utusan/content .asp?y=2004&dt=0722&pub=Utusan_Express&s
ec=FronCPage&pg=fp_04.htm>. Cf. V. Prescott and C. Schofield, "Undelimited
Maritime Boundaries ofthe Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean", 3 IBRU Maritime Briefing
(2001 No.1), at 6-8: Brunei/Malaysia and at 58-61: Spratly Islands <http://www-
ibru.dur.ac.uk/pubs/mb.html>; A. Oude Elferink, "The Islands in the South China Sea",
32 ODIL 169-190 (2001); Li Jinrning and Li Dexia, "The Dotted Line on the Chinese
Map", 34 ODIL 287-295 (2003); H. Djalal, "Options for Resolving Disagreements", 28
Marine Policy 83-87 (2004); Donaldson and Pratt (2004), supra note 58, at 514.
On Scarborough Reef disputed by China , Philippines and Taiwan, see
<http: //pubs.wri.org/pubs30ntenCtext.cfm?ContentID=86> &
<www.iglou.com/n4gn/sr/maps.html>;PrescottandSchofield.supra.at 28-31.
Further to the ASEAN/China Code of Conduct, 4 November 2002 <www.chinaem-
bassy.org.nz/eng/36959.html> and given that Brunei/Malaysia overlapping claims invol-
ve Louisa Reef forming part of Spratly Islands <http://membres.lycos.fr/spratly/pre-
sent.html>, <www.csis.orglpacfor/issues_scs3 Ppendix.pdf>, see "China Proposes Joint
Exploration of Spratlies", 1 September 2003
<www.brudirect.com/Dailylnfo/News/Archive/Sept03/010903/niteOl .htm> and "South
China Sea: It's Not All About Oil", 6 September 2003 <http://www.atimes.com/ati-
mes/China/EI06Ad02 .html>; "China/Philippine Oil" of 3 September 2004 <www.rigzo-
ne.com/news/article.asp?a_id=15375>; "Vietnam Condemns Their Oil Mapping" of 14
September <www.goasiapacific.com/news/GoAsiaPacificBNA_1196077.htm>; and
"China Protests Vietnam's Oil Tender" of 20/1 October 2004
<www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=17335> and
<www.fmprc.gov.cn/englxwfw/s25 10/t I66209.htm>.
86 "Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Dispute" of June 1997 <http://www.american.edulprojects/man-
dala/TED/ice/DIAOYU.HTM>; "American Defence Commitments and DiaoyulSenkaku
Islands Dispute" of 15 August 1998 <www.boundaries.comlUS-Asia.htm>; Prescott and
Schofield (2001), supra note 85, at 19-25; "Members of the Japanese Group 'Japan Seinen
Sha' Landed on the Diayou Islands" of 25 August 2003
<http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/englxwfw/2510/2535/t25357.htm>; "USA to Deploy Aegis
Destroyer" of 23 March 2004
<http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200403/23/eng20040323_ 138255.shtml> ; "China
Proposes JDZ with Japan" of21 June <www.rizgone.com/newsiarticle.asp?a_id=14109>;
"Chinese Chunxiao Gas Field" of 24 June
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xlvi Editor S Preface
Kuril Islands),87 Canada/USA (Machias Seal Island),88 FranceNanuatu (Matthew and

Hunter Islands),89 Croatia/Slovenia (Bay of Piran)90 and Spain/Morocco
<www.rigzone.comlnews/article.asp?a_id=14267>; I July <www.rigzone.comlnews/arti-
cle.asp?a_id= 14438> and 18 October <www.rigzone.comlnewsiarticle.asp?a_id=I7241>;
"US Pacific Military Exercise" of 6 August
<http ://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200408/06/eng 20040806_1 52098.html>; "China-
Japan-USA-Russia Relations" of 18 August
<http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200408/17/eng20040817_I 53464.html>; "Japan to
Ask China Not to Explore Gas" of 18 October
<www.rigzone.comlnews/article.asp?a_id=I7241>; 22 October <http://english.peopledai-
ly.com.cn/200410/22/eng20041022_161118.html>; "U.S. Secretary Powell'sVisit to Japan
and China" on 22-26 October 2005
<http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200410/25/eng20041025_161502 .html>, <http://eng-
lish .peopledaily.com .cn/20041 0/25/eng20041 025_161462 .html> ,
<http://www.state.gov/secretary/trvl/37141.htm>.
87 See J.M. van Dyke, "The Republic of Korea's Maritime Boundaries", 18 IJMCL 509,
524-528 (2003) . On Japan/Russia Northern Territories/Southern Kurils dispute, see
"Prime Minister Koizumi Is Sailing to Russian-Held Islands" of 3 September 2004
<http://news.bbc.co .uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/36202I 2.stm>.
88 On US proposal of 27 June 1973 to submit (by means of a compromis) the sovereignty
dispute with Canada over Machias Seal Island and North Rock in the Gulf of Maine to
the ICJ, as rejected by Canada on 4 January 1977, see Gulf of Maine Judgment, ICJ
Reports 1984, 265-266, 332; Pleadings, Vol.III, 256, 257 n.l2 [Canada's Counter-
Memorial], Vol.y, 475, 488, 552-554 [US Reply]. Cf. id. 534, Vo1.VI, 461 [Question 1.2
of Judge Gros, 19 April 1984], Vol.VII, 36 [Counsel Weil's Reply, 4 May], 181 [Counsel
Stevenson's Reply, 9 May]; and Vo1.VI, 463 [Question V of Judge Mosler, 19 April],
Vo1.Vn, 73-74 [Deputy Agent Hankey's Reply, 4 May 1984]; Machias Seal Island: A
Geopolitical Anomaly <www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Schmidt.htm >;
Kwiatkowska, Decisions ofthe World Court, supra note 19, at 106.
89 See W. Schippke <http://www.425dxn.org/dc3mf/matth3.htm1>; Vanuatu
<www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/nh.html>.
90 See G.H. Blake and D. Topalovic, "The Maritime Boundaries of the Adriatic Sea", I/BRU
Maritime Briefing (1996 No.8) <http://www-ibru.dur.ac.ukipubslmb.htm1>; M. Lulie and 1.
Vio, "The Adriatic Sea and UNCLOS", in Istanbul Proceedings (2001), supra note 53, at
293-302; UNIDOALOS LawoftheSeaBulletin 14,26 [Croatia](2000 No.42), 14 [Slovenia]
(2001 No.47); Statements of Slovenia's Ministry of ForeignAffairs of II, 19 and 21 August
2003, obtained through kindness ofMs Simona Drenik ofthat Ministry (on the file with the
Editor-in-Chief); Croatia's Decision of 3 October 2003 and Slovenia's Protest Note of 7
November, UN/OOALOS Law oftheSeaBulletin 67-69, 70-71 (2004 No.53); Italy's Protest
Note of 16 April 2004, id., at 129 (2004 No.54); "Pirana Bay Dispute" of7 August 2004
<http: //ao1.countrywatch.com/aol_wire.asp?vCOUNTRY=44&UID=1191986>,
<http://aol.countrywatch.comlaol_wire.asp?vCOUNTRY=44&UID=1191968>; 15
September <http://aol.countrywatch.comlaoLwire.asp?vCOUNTRY=44&UID=1233099>;
"2004 World Drilling Conference in Croatia" of 23 July
<www.rigzone.comlnewsiarticle.asp?a_id=14992>; "Adriatic Sea Natural Gas" of I June
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor S Preface xlvii
(PerejillParsley Island)?', have continued to form subject of direct negotiations of the

states concerned. The principles of international law, including that of permanent
sovereignty over natural resources, applicable to mineral resource activities in Non-
Self-Governing Territories were appraised in the 2002 Opinion of then UN Legal
Counsel Hans Corell on the legality of Morocco's contracts for mineral resource explo-
ration off Western Sahara (possessing 1,062 km long coast), decolonization of which
must - as the 1975 Western Sahara Advisory Opinion determined - be carried out in
accordance with the "principle of self-determination through the free and genuine
expression of the will of the peoples of the Territory".92 An interesting instance invol-
<www.rigzone.comlnews/article.asp?a_id=10271>; "SloveniaOil" of31 August <www.rig-
zone.comlnews/article.asp?a_id=15987>. See also Donaldson and Pratt (2004), supra note
58, at 524-525, including Map.
91 "Morocco and Spain in Quarrel over Offshore Oil" of 25 May 2002
<www.afrol.com/News2002/morOI5_oil_spain.htm>;"Morocco/Spain Task Group on
Maritime Delimitation to Meet Before Mid-October" of 26 July 2003 <http://www.ara-
bicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/030726/2003072618.html> & <www.wsws.org/arti-
cles/2002/juI2002/parl-j23.shtml >; Spain Assures Morocco over Island of 23 February
2004 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3512327. stm>; Morocco's Deals with Foreign
Companies of 2 August <http://www.rigzone.comlnews/article.asp?a_id= 15250> and
Spain Asks Morocco of 4 August 2004
<www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id= I5323 >; Gibraltar
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm>.
On Europe-Africa Permanent Link Through the Strait of Gibraltar, see Index of
Kewords in this Volume 18-2002 (2005) and preceding Volumes ofthis Yearbook and the
ECOSOC Resolution 2003/52 of 24 July 2003, in ECOSOC Resolutions and Decisions.
30 June - 25 July 2003, UN Doc. E/2003/INF/2/Add.4, at 129 (15 September 2003). On
Britain/Spain Forum for Dialogue on Gibraltar of 27 October 2007, see
<http://news.bbc.co .uk/l/hi/world/europe/3959817 .stm>. See also supra note 43 and
infra note 106.
92 Letter of29 January 2002 from the Under-Secretary-Generalfor Legal Affairs. the Legal
Counsel. Addressed to the President of the Security Council. UN Doc. S/2002/161,
reproduced as item UN-18 in this Yearbook's Vol.18 - 2002 (2005), as reported upon at
<http ://allafrica.com/stories/200202060354.html>; 57th UNGA Statement of ICJ
President Gilbert Guillaume to the Sixth Committee, supra note 42, quoting (at 4) the
Western Sahara Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1975, 3; 70 AJIL 694 (1976). On the
principle of permanent sovereignty, see Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, Justice in
International Law, supra note 63, at 401-415, quoted in Preliminary Report of Erica-
Irene A. Daes, UN Doc. E/CN.4 /Sub .2/2003 /20, at 10 (21 July 2003)
<http://www.unhchr.chlpdf/55sub/20AY.pdf>.
See also United Nations and Western Sahara <http://www.arso.org/06-0.htm>.
<http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/wsahara/wsindex.htm>; MINURSO
<www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minurso/index.html> and UN Security Council
<www.un.org/Docs/sc/>; "Oil Exploration off Western Sahara", linking to news of
2001- 2003 at <http:// www.afrol.com/News200 1/wsa0 13_oiU llegaI.htm>; "Oil:
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
xlviii Editors Preface
ving the environmental rights of indigenous people has been provided by Washington
Colville Tribes v. Teck Cominco lawsuit launched in July 2004 to enforce the U.S. EPA
Order concerning Lake Roosevelt's pollution by Teck Corninco Metals Ltd., the
Canadian company that owns the Trail smelter in BritishColumbia.Pl
Western Sahara's Future" of 4 March 2003 <http://news.bbc.co .uk/2/hi/business
/2758829.stm>; "Washington Backs Solution Accepted by All Parties", 14 August
<www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/030814/2003081418.html>; "South Africa
Backs Western Sahara Independence" of 16 September 2004
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3664064.stm>;UNSCReport,Doc.A/59/2, supra
note 54, Chapter 22 at 150-151 (2004) "UNSC Urged to Consider Western Sahara under
Chapter VII of the UN Charter" of 7 October
<www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/gaspd287/doc.htm>; "Spain, France and the
United States Working for Sahara Resolution" of 14 October
<www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/041014/20041 01421.html>; "UN Mission in
Western Sahara Extended Through April 2005" of 28 October 2004
<www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewslD=12375&Cr=western&Cr1=sahara> and
UNSG Report S/2004/827 <www.un.org/Docs/joumal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/2004/827>.
On Mauritania's Offshore Oil Programme, see 16 July 2003
<www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=7501>; 5 September 2003
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3084578.stm>; 2 August 2004
<www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=15224>; 5 October 2004
<www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=16935>.
93 See "Washington Colville Tribes Sue Owner of Canadian Smelter over Pollution" of 23
July 2004 <www.enn.com/news/2004-07-23/s_26140.asp> & <www.adn.com/busi-
ness/story/5351148p-5289722c.html>; "Teck Cominco Reiterates $ 13 Million
Commitment to U.S. EPA in Response to Tribes' Suit" of 21 July <www.teckcomin-
co.com/news/04-archive/04-21-tc .htrn>; "Teck Corninco Files Motion to Dismiss
Colville Tribes' Lawsuit" of 26 August <www.teckcominco.com/news/04-archive/04-
24-tc.htm>; "Ecological Risk Assessment of the Trail Area" of September 2004
<www.teckcorninco.com/articles/tr-ecorisk/index.htm>; Teck Corninco <www.teck-
cominco.com/news/index.htm> and Lake Roosevelt
<www.teckcorninco.com/articles/roosevelt/index.htm>. On multiple impacts of the
1938/1941 USA v. Canada Trail Smelter Award, see Kwiatkowska, Decisions of the
World Court, supra note 19 (via Index of Cases).
On rights of indigenous people, see Danish Supreme Court's Judgment of28 November
2003,98 AJIL 572-578 (2004); OAS General Assembly AG/RES.1919 (XXXIII-O/03)
- American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People of 10 June 2003
<www.oas.org/juridico/englishlga03/agres_1919.htm>; "Brazil's Petrobas Payment to
Indigenous Group" of 29 July 2004 <www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=15185>;
UNSG Kofi Annan's Message of 30 July
<www.un.orglNews/Press/docs/2004/sgsrn9437.doc.htm>; 22 October 2004
<www.un.orglNews/Press/docs/2004/gashc3790.doc.htm>. On central importance of
the 1997 Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project Judgment for the development of modem inter-
national environrnentallaw, see supra note 13.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Preface xlix
The important initiative is, moreover, a Conference on Maritime Delimitation in

the Caribbean Sea, which aims to facilitate inter-state negotiations to define maritime
boundaries through agreements, and of which the First Session was held in Mexico
City on 6-8 May 2002. 94 The Mexico Conference was commended by Resolution 1902
of the 32nd OAS General Assembly of 4 June 2002 on Cooperation in the Prevention
and Settlement of Maritime Boundary Disputes Among Member States in the
Caribbean Region, which reaffirmed "the purposes set forth in the OAS Charter, espe-
cially the prevention ofpossible causes ofdifficulties between member states and ensu-
ring the peaceful settlement of disputes that may arise among them, based on interna-
tional law and the treaties in force".95 The Caribbean Trust Fund established by the
Mexico Conference was commended by the 20th UNCLOS Anniversary Resolution
57/141 of the UN General Assembly, which also took note of the OAS Fund for Peace:
Peaceful Settlement of Territorial Disputes aimed at preventing and resolving ofterri-
torial, land border and maritime delimitation disputes .w Both the Caribbean and the
OAS Funds were further commended by the annual 2003 UNGA Resolution 58/240,
which in addition noted the results of the Second Conference on Maritime Delimitation
in the Caribbean held in Mexico City on 13-14 October 2003. 97
Four of the individual organizations which are covered by our Yearbook are pri-
marily responsible for implementation of the new oceans regime under the Law of the
Sea Convention, i.e. UNEP - for environmental protection in general, UNESCO/IOC -
for marine scientific research, FAO - for fisheries, and IMO - for shipping and marine
pollution, with all these four organizations operating both global and many regional
programmes in the areas falling within their mandates. Among major documents of
these organizations reproduced in this Volume are Resolutions of the UNEP Governing
Council's 7th Special Session held in Nairobi on 13-15 February 2002 in preparation
of the Johannesburg WSSD Summit,98 as well as insightful Notes on the 1st
Intergovernmental Review Meeting on the Implementation of the UNEP Washington
Land-Based Pollution Programme and on the 1992 UNEP Convention on Biological
94 See UN Docs A/57/57 (2002), supra note 62, at 14 and A/58/65 (2003), supra note 14,
at 11-12. For important preceding publication of the UNDOALOS aimed at facilitating
the negotiating process, see Handbook on the Delimitation ofMaritime Boundaries (UN
New York 2000), which was listed as item UN-87 in this Yearbook's Volume 16 - 2000
(2001) and which was meanwhile published also in French and Spanish.
95 OAS AG/RES.1902 (XXXII-OI02) of 4 June 2002 <http://www.oas.org/juridico/eng-
lish/ga02/agres_1902.htm>. The OAS also is involved in facilitating Belize/Guatemala
dispute referrred to supra notes 57-58.
96 UNGA Resolution 57/141 (2002), supra note 24, para.58 and UN Doc. A/58/65 (2003),
supra note 14, paras 21-22.
97 UNGA Resolution 58/240 (2003), supra note 13, para.63 and UN Doc.59/62 (2004),
supra note 62, paras 35-36. The next Caribbean Conference might be held in 2005 in
cooperation with UNDOALOS under Directorship of Dr. V. Golitsyn (supra note 3)
[based on consultation in October 2004 with Mr. Alfonso Ascenio of Mexico's Mission
to the United Nations].
98 Cf. supra notes 12 and 45; infra notes 99 and 116.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
s
Editor Prefa ce
Diversity?" The FAa has continued its valuable review of the complexity of issues per-
taining to IUD fishing, ecosystem-based fisheries management, shared fish stocks and
governance in regional fishery bodies and arrangements (within and outside the FAa
framework), including their coordination with the UNEP Regional Seas Programme ,
while the IMO has pursued its multiple concerns with respect to the marine environ-
ment protection and jus communicationis through its respective Committees (including
Legal Committee, MEPC, MSC and its Subcommittee on Flag State Implementation) ,
all of them interlinked with the UNICPOLOS (lCP) process. IOO
The UNEP Governing Council, the FAa Committee on Fisheries andthe IMO
Assembly held all their latest regular biennial sessions in 2001 and 2003, devoting spe-
cial attention to their actions carried out in preparation of a lO-year review of the
UNCED Agenda 21 at the 2002 Johannesburg WSSD (Rio+10), further reported upon
at their sessions in 2003-2004. The same applies to the lac which in 2001 and 2003
held its biennial session of the Assembly (alternating with sessions of the lac
Executive Council). Having endorsed the Summary Report of the First Session of the
Open-Ended Intersessional Working Group on laC's Possible Role in Relation to the
UNCLOS held in May 1996, the 1997 laC Assembly Resolution XIX-19 established
an Open-Ended Advisory Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea (ABE-LOS), which
held its First Session at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris on 11-13 June 2001, the
Second Session in Rabat, Morocco, on 6-9 May 2002, the Third Session in Lisbon,
Portugal, on 12-15 May 2003 and the Fourth Session at Letkada Island, Greece, on 4-
99 On the UNEP Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992 [in force:
29 December 1993, 1760 UNTS 143; 31 ILM 818 (1992)] and Cartagena Biosafety
Protocol of 29 January 2000 [in force: 11 September 2003, 39 lLM 1027 (2000)], see
Gabcikovo Judgment , ICJ Reports 1997, 73, para. 125, Separate Opinion of Judge
Weeramantry, ICJ Rep. 1997,93 n.9; Oral Hearings, CR 97/2 [trans.], 12 n.ll [Agent
Szenasi,3 March 1997], CR 97/5 [trans.], 13 [Counsel Kiss, 6 March], CR 97/5, 71
[Counsel Sands], CR 97/6 [trans.], 70-71 [Counsel Dupuy, 7 March 1997]; United States
- Import Prohibition ofCertain Shrimp and Shrimp Products Report AB-1998-4 , WTO
Appellate Body, President F. Feliciano, WT/DS58/AB/R, 12 October 1998, paras 130,
168; Botswana/Namibia Opinion of Vice-President Weeramantry, paras 81, 84, 87-88
and 116, ICJ Reports 1999, 1096 <www.icj -cij.org>; 2003 OSPAR Max Plant
Dissenting Opinion of Gavan Griffith QC, para.73 <www.pca-
cpa.org/ENGLISH /RPC/>. Cf. P. Birnie, "The United Nations Law of the Sea,
Straddling Stocks and Biodiversity Conventions", in The Stockholm Declaration , supra
note 12, at 85-98.
100 See supra notes 46 (UNICPOLOS ), 47-51 and references to the respective issues dealt
with by the FAOand IMO (including in a follow-up to the 1999 Erika and 2002 Prestige
incidents) in Index of Keywords in this Yearbook 's present and previous Volumes. See
also documents listed supra note 28; Consulta tive Group on Flag State Implementation
- Report ofthe Secretary-General, UN Doc. N 59/63 (2004) <www.un.org/Deptsllos/>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
s
Editor Preface Ii
7 May 2004. 101 The ABE-LOS Sub-Group on the Possible Establishment of an IOC
Internal Appropriate Procedure Related to an Effective Use of UNCLOS Article 247
on Marine Scientific Research Projects Undertaken by or under Auspices of
International Organizations has been Chaired by Professor Alfred H.A. Soons. 102 The
UNESCO Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10, which was held in Paris
on 3-7 December 2001, enabled an overall assessment of progress achieved on oceans
and coasts since the 1992 Rio UNCED Summit and provided a notable input to the
2002 WSSD,103 as endorsed and assessed by the 58/59th Sessions of the UN General
Assembly and the UNESCO Global Conferences on Oceans, Coasts and Islands held
in Paris on 12-14 November 2003 and 12-14 November 2004. 104
101 Forthe 1997 10C Assembly Resolution XIX-I 9, see item UNESCO-I reproduced in this
Yearbook's Volume 13 - 1997 (1999) . See also item UNESCO-I (para.29) reproduced in
Volume 14 - 1998 (2000), UNESCO-l (paras 415-419) reproduced in Volume 15 - 1999
(2001) and UNESCO-l (paras 396-405) reproduced in Volume 16 - 2000 (2002). The
Advisory Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea (ABE-LOS), First Session, Paris,
France, II- I 3 June 200 I (SC-200 l/CONF,207/CLD.8) is reproduced as item UNESCO-
3 in Volume 17 - 2001 (2004); The Advisory Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea
(ABE-LOS) , Second Session, EI Jadida, Morocco, 6-9 May 2002 (SC-2002/WS/43) is
reproduced as item UNESCO-2 in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005); Thirty-Fifth Session of
the JOC Executive Council, Paris, 4-14 June 2002, para.6.1 and Resolution EC-XXXY.7
(lOC/EC-)CXXV/3) reproduced as item UNESCO-I in this Volume; The Advisory Body
ofExperts on the Law ofthe Sea (ABE-LOS), Third Session, EI Lisbon, Portugal, I 2- I 5
May 2003 (SC-2003/WS/25); Twenty-Second Session of the JOC Assembly, Paris, 24
June-2 July 2003, paraA.6.1 and Resolution XXII-12 (lOC-XXIl/3) and The Advisory
Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea (ABE-LOS), Fourth Session, Lejkada Island,
Greece, 4-7 May 2004 (lOC/ABE-LOS IV/l-2). Cf. Paper on "Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission" (on file with NILOS), presented at the 31st Law ofthe Sea
Institute's (LSI) Conference held in Miami, 30-31 March 1998, by Professor Alfred H.A.
Soons, who has been a member of the ABE-LOS .
102 For the latest summary of UNCLOS Article 247 Sub-Group's works, see UN
Doc.A/57/57 (2002), supra note 62, at 81-82; Doc.IOC/EC-XXXV/3 and Third and
Fourth ABE-LOS Sessions (2003/2004) , supra note 101; UN Docs A/58/65/Add .1
(2003), supra note 14, at 32-33 and A/59/62/Add.l (2004), supra note 62; references to
marine scientific research in Index of Keywords in this and previous Volumes.
103 Papers of Prof. Barbara Kwiatkowska (who was the member of the venue's Organizing
Committee), referred to supra note 12 was presented at Panel 2 (which also included pre-
sentation of the World Bank's Deputy General Counsel Prof. David Freestone) of the
UNESCO Global Rio + I0 Conference on 3 December, while a Paper of ISBA Secretary-
General Satya Nandan, supra note 8 (where also website of this Conference is specified),
was presented at Panel 17 on 7 December 2001. On the 2001 Paris Conference's impor-
tance, see item UNESCO-l (paraA.3.2) in this Yearbook's Volume 17 - 2001 (2004);
Thirty-Fifth Session ofthe JOC Executive Council, supra note 101, paraA.1.5, reproduced
as item UNESCO-I in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2005) and Index of Keywords (UNCED).
104 See I Global Oceans Forum Newsletter (2003 Nos 3 and 4, 2004 Nos 3 and 4), supra
note 27 and 2004 Paris Conference Report
<www.globaloceans.org/globalconference/outcomes.html#summary>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Iii Editor s Preface
Two additional UN organizations covered by the Yearbook have dealt conti-

nuously with other important aspects of ocean affairs within their broader mandates,
i.e., UNCTAD - ports and shipping, including transit oflandlocked states,105 and lAEA
- radioactive marine pollution and nuclear liability, including in the context of meas-
ures aimed to ensure safety of transport of radioactive materials and sound waste
management, and to prevent the illicit trafficking in nuclear materials. As a result of
horrifying attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon on 11 September 2001, the
IAEA and IMO have moreover importantly intensified their respective anti-terrorism
measures, forming part of the longstanding measures promoted by the United Nations
to eliminate international terrorism .' 06 The activities of a number of other programmes
105 On the Programme of Action of the UN Intemational Ministerial Conference of Land-

Locked Developing Countries and the Donor Community on Transit Transport
Cooperation, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 28-29 August 2003, see UN Press Release DEV/2434
<www.un.orglNews/Press/docs/2003/dev2434.doc.htm> and <www.dehai.org/archi-
ves/dehai_news_archive/0445.html>; "Djibouti ' Natural Gateway' for Landlocked
Ethiopia", 29 August 2003 <http://allafrica.com/stories/200308290339.html> and supra
note 71; Trade and Development Report 2004 (UNCTAD/TDR/2004) and Review of
Maritime Transport 2004 (UNCTAD/RMT/2004); 11th UNCTAD in Sao Paulo, Brazil
of 14/15 June 2004 <www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/tad I987.doc.htm>.
<www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=982> &
<www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgt2409.doc.htm>; UNSG Kofi Annan's Message
to Almaty Conference in Kazachstan of 22 October 2004
<www.un.orglNews/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9556.doc.htm>.
106 See references to terrorism in Index of Keywords in this and previous Volumes, and to
U.S. CJTF-HOA, supra notes 69, 72 and 77; UN Security Council Resolutions
S/RES/1373 of 28 September 2001, S/RES/1456 of 20 January 2003, 42 ILM 510
(2003) and S/RES/1566 of8 October 2004, supra note 43; UNGA documents, reprodu-
ced in the United Nations section of this Yearbook's Volume 17 - 2001 (2004) and
Volume 18 - 2002 (2005); websites of the NATO <www.nato.int/> and the U.S. Mission
to the United Nations - New York <http://www.un.int/usa/> - Intemational Law,
Terrorism; IMO News 18-23 (2001 No.4) <http://www.imo.org>; IAEA Press Releases
of I November (Calculating New Global Nuclear Terrorism Threat) and No.26 of 30
November 2001, reproduced as items IAEA-8/9 in this Yearbook's Volume 17 - 2001
(2004); No. 2002/4 (IAEA Action Plan to Combat Terrorism) <www.iaea.org>, repro-
duced as item IAEA-2 in this Volume 18 - 2002 (2004); International Instruments
Related to the Prevention and Suppression of International Terrorism (UN 2001)
<http://untreaty.un.org/EnglishiterrOlism. asp>; IAEA Measures to Improve the Security
of Nuclear Materials, 41 ILM 737 (2002); Measures to Eliminate International
Terrorism, UN Doc. A/58/116 (2003); lAEA-Nuclear Terrorism of 3 June 2004
<www.unwire.org/UNWire/20040603/449_24500.asp> . Note that issues pertaining to
nuclear terrorism have revealed themselves in the OSPAR and Annex VII Mox Plant
arbitrations, supra notes 36-39.
Cf. T.M. Franck, "Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense", 95 AJIL 839-843
(2001); S.D. Murphy, "Terrorist Attacks on WTC and Pentagon", 96 AJIL 237-255
(2002); I. Bantekas, "The Intemational Law of Terrorist Financing", 97 AJIL 314-333
(2003) ; E. Rosand, "Security Council Resolution 1373, the Counter-Terrorism
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Preface liii
and organizations concerned, operating both within (e.g., UNDp, ICAO, WMO, World
Bank 107) and outside (e.g., WTO, IHOI08) the United Nations system, can be traced
through the Yearbook's Index of Keywords.
It is due to limited space that, as in the previous Volumes, the most important
documents are reproduced in whole or in part, while other relevant documents are only
listed. The listed documents include, as appropriate , the ocean-related conventions
adopted under the auspices of international organizations which may be found in other
accessible collections oflegal documents, especially International Legal Materials and
ASIL International Law in Briej,109 United Nations Law of the Sea Bulletin and other
publications issued by the UNDOALOS/OLA, International Journal of Marine and
Coastal Law under the outstanding Editorship-in-Chief of the World Bank's Deputy
General Counsel, Professor David Freestone, 11 0 as well as at the Internet addresses of
Ministries of Foreign Affairs, the United Nations and other organizations concerned.
Given excellent accessibility of the decisions of the International Court of
Justice, the annual President's Statements to the UN General Assembly, the ICJ Press

Committee, and the Fight Against Terrorism", id., at 333-341; 1. Roach, "Security
Initiatives", 28 Marine Policy 41-66 (2004). On relevance of the Lockerbie proceedings
(supra note 32 and infra note 115) to maritime terrorism at sea, see Kwiatkowska,
Decisions ofthe World Court, supra note 19, Table of Cases and at 205-206; and supra
notes 43,52,69,72 and 76-77.
107 See excellent appraisal by the World Bank's Deputy General Counsel David Freestone,
"International Financial Institutions and the Marine Environment: A View from the
World Bank", in The Stockholm Declaration, supra note 12, at 119-134; Yearbook of
International Cooperation on Environment and Development (Fridtjof Nansen
Institute/World Bank 2003/2004) <www.greenyearbook.org>; A.R. Parra, Discussion
Paper on "Possible Improvements of the Framework for ISCID Arbitration" of 22
October, ASIL/ILIB of 30 October 2004, infra note 109. On the World BanklICSID
having provided the Registry of the Southern Bluefin Tuna Arbitration, see supra note
27.
108 For IHO/IAG/IOC Advisory Board on the Law of the Sea (ABLOS), see
<http.z/www.gmat.unswedu.au/eblos/>.
109 See ILM <www.asil.org/resources/ilm.html> and ILIB at ASIL E-Newsletters
<www.asil.orgiresources/e-newsletters.html>.
110 See <http://www.brill.nl/product.asp?ID= 18253> &
<www.swetswise.com/link/access_db?issn=0927-3522>; supra notes 47, 103 and 107.
For Professor Freestone's Josephine Onoh Lectures, see
<http://www.law.hull.ac.uk/newsevents/onohlectures.html>.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
liv Editor s Preface
Releases and other related documents at the Court's Internet address, III these items are
not included in the Yearbook, except to the extent of their being covered by the docu-
ments reproduced (and thus also indexed) therein. The readers may find surveys of the
extensive law of the sea related decisions of the ICJ at the NILOS Internet address,
including a study on "The Law of the Sea Related Cases in the International Court of
Justice During the Presidency of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel (1997-2000) and
Beyond", the updated revision of which was published in this Yearbook's Volume 14
and The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence
(2004),112 as well as in Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UN Convention
on the Law of the Sea - A Reference Guide. I13 These surveys provide a guidance both
to the law of the sea cases par excellence (concerning fisheries or equitable maritime
boundary delimitation) and to other related jurisprudence such as, e.g., the 1997
III See the Court's bilingual website <http://www.icj-cij.org>, with the mirror sites in
Glasgow, New York and Paris, which were launched on the day of delivery of the first
Judgment under Presidency of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel in the Gabcikovo-
Nagymaros Project case (supra note 13), and which are linked to the first rate e-mail
notification system for the ICJ Press Releases. The Court's website is also accessible
through a direct link at the homepage of the UNDOALOS' website, supra note 3.
All ICJ Judgments and other decisions rendered during the triennia of Presidents
Schwebel (1997-2000) and Guillaume (2000-2003) are covered by useful Summaries of
Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court ofJustice 1997-
2002 (United Nations 2003, ST/LEG/SER .F/I /Add.2; Sales No.E.03.Y.12).
112 See Kwiatkowska, "The Law of the Sea Related Cases", supra note 9. See also
Kwiatkowska, "The Contribution of the ICJ" and Stockholm Lecture, supra note 13.
Note also that the case modelled upon the Annex VII Southern Bluefin Tuna Award,
supra notes 2, 27-32, 36-39 and 51, had been pleaded and won by Swedish team of
Uppsala University which based itself on the Award's holdings at the 27th Telders
International Law Moot Court Competition held in the Great Hall of Justice, Peace
Palace on 17 April 2004, while Nicaragua v. Honduras Case, supra notes 61-65, will be
pleaded at The Hague International Model United Nations to be held on 22-28 January
2004 and the case similar to the Mox Plant dispute, supra notes 2, 36-39 and 106, will
be pleaded at the Jessup International Moot Court Competition of which Finals will be
held during the 99th ASIL in Washington D.C. on 30 March-2 April 2005
<www.asil.org/events/annualmceting2005.html>.
113 See Kwiatkowska, Decisions ofthe World Court, supra note 19. See also supra notes 5,
9,13,18-24,32,42,48-49,53-54,58,61-83,92 and 111-112.
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Editor s Preface Iv
Hungary/Slovakia Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project Judgment 114 and the 1999 Difference

Relating to Immunity From Legal Process ofa Special Rapporteur ofthe Commission
on Human Rights Advisory Opinion. I IS The important and continuous contributions of
all these ICJ decisions to the development of the law of the sea as a part of global sys-
tem of peace and security and as a part of general international law, have been survey-
ed and assessed in the context of an ongoing follow-up to the Overall Review and
Appraisal of the UNCED Agenda 21 (Rio+!0), as well as in the context of interplay
and interaction between the decisions of the ICJ and those of the ITLOS, Arbitral
Tribunals and other courts concerned within the framework of the United Nations
Charter. 116
For the convenience of readers who would wish to order documents only partly
reproduced or listed in the Yearbook, the addresses of international organizations con-
cerned are added after the Table of Contents. Moreover, an Index of Keywords is inclu-
ded with a view to facilitate access by the reader to the complex and often interrelated
matters dealt with by various organizations as well as to the information concerning
individual states, regions and international instruments.
Like previous volumes, this Volume 17 would not have been published without
the kind, and in most cases continuous , assistance of number of individuals. The edi-
tors wish to express their gratitude to the following persons for their help in obtaining
documents :
114 See id.; Statement of President Schwebel to the 52nd UNGA, supra note 32; and the
UNEPIUNDP Compendium reproduced as item UNEP-9 in this Yearbook's Volume 15 -
1999 (2001), characterizing the 1997 Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project Judgment as "an
important milestone in the development ofthe ICI's jurisprudence on international envi-
ronmental law" , Cf. Kwiatkowska, Peaceful Settlement (BWP 2002), supra note 12, at
47-71; Sir Arthur Watts KCMG QC, "The International Court and the Continuing
Customary International Law ofTreaties", in LiberAmicorum Judge Shigeru Oda, supra
note 4, at 251-266; S.c. McCaffrey, "International Watercourses in the Jurisprudence of
the World Court", id., at 1055-1068; 57th UNGA Statement ofICJ President Guillaume
to the Sixth Committee, supra note 42; and works of Judges Higgins and Schwebel quo-
ted, supra note 13.
115 See supra notes 5 and 9. On the ongoing follow-up to the 1996 Nuclear Weapons
Advisory Opinion, see supra note 42; and on relevance of the 1992 Libya v. UK; Libya
v. USA Lockerbie (Provisional Measures) Orders, ICJ Reports 1992, 4, 114 and
(Preliminary Objections) Judgments, ICJ Reports 1998,9, 115, Dissenting Opinions of
President Schwebel , 64, 155, Judge Oda, 82, 173 and Sir Robert Jennings , 99, see supra
notes 32 and 106.
116 See reaffirmation of the commitments to the UN Charter, 1992 UNCED and 2000
Millennium Declaration (supra note 12) in the 2002 WSSD Declaration, paras 8, 32 and
Plan ofImplementation, paras 1, 12, 121(e), 124-125, supra notes 41 and45 ; UNGA and
UNSC instruments quoted supra note 24
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940
Ivi Editor s Prefa ce
UN - Mr. Fred Steenbergerof the United Nations Department, Netherlands

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, as well as Dr. Andre
Tahindro, Senior Officer of the UNDOALOS/OLA, UN Secretariat,
New York;
UNEP - Mrs. Elizabeth Mrema, Legal Officer, Division of Environmental
Policy Implementation, Nairobi;
UNCTAD - Ms. Mahin Faghfouri, Head of Legal Unit, Business Facilitation
Branch, Geneva;
FAO - Dr. William Edeson, Legal Adviser, and Ms. Jean Collins and Mr.
Armand Gribling of the Fisheries Branch Library, Rome;
IABA - the staff of the Division of Publications, Vienna;
IMO - Mr. Francis van Tongerlooy, Head of Documents Section, and Ms.
Michele Fore of this Section, London.
The editors remain grateful to the distinguishedmembersof the Advisory Board

for their continuing support and valuable suggestions related to this Yearbook. Special
thanks are due to Mrs. Annebeth Rosenboom and other staff members of Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers, presently incorporated into Brill Academic Publishers, which on I
June 2003 acquired the prestigious Public InternationalLaw and Human Rights publis-
hing programme from Kluwer Law International, for their cooperation in the publica-
tion of the Yearbook in general and this Volume in particular.
Professor Dr. Barbara Kwiatkowska

Editor-in-Chief
Deputy Director of the Netherlands Institute
for the Law of the Sea (NILOS)
Utrecht Faculty of Law
Achter Sint Pieter 200
3512 HT Utrecht - Netherlands
Fax: 31-30-2537 073
E-mail: B.Kwiatkowska@law.uu.nl
http://www.law.uu.nllnilos
Utrecht, 29 October 2004
Alfred Soons - 9789047414940

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EDITORS' PREFACE

This Volume 18 of International Organizations and the Law of the Sea -

to contribute to the better understanding and widespread acceptance of the UN

5 Difference Relating to Immunity From Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the

8 See Statement by H.E. Ambassador Satya N. Nandan, Secretary-General of the

Declaration and Plan of Implementation. 12 The authoritative definition of the critical

12 UNGA Resolution 55/2 on United Nations Millennium Declaration of 8 September

to take their international obligations and responsibilities seriously? We must all

In addition to the UNCEDIWSSD and Group-8 instruments referred to above,

The ITLOS was inaugurated in Hamburg on 18 October 1996, when the 21

18 Statement of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, President of the International Court of

tion of the paramount doctrine of parallelismbetweenthe "umbrella" UNCLOS and its

29 See infra notes 36-39.

33 For Chile v. EC Swordfish, see ITLOS/Press No.43, 21 December2000, and No.45, 21

37 On Answer by the European Commission to Parliamentary Question H-0256/03 by

(gillnet) fishing, unauthorized fishing in zones of national jurisdiction and fisheries

Summit.P The United Nations Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans

45 See UNGA Resolutions 53/186-188 of 15 December 1998, reproduced as items UNEP-

The longstanding Greeceffurkey territorial sovereignty/navigational dispute-'

including Diego Garcia, have continuedv in parallel to Costa RicalNicaragua diplo-

Intervening GulfofFonseca (Merits) Judgment has been subjected to Request filed by

68 Press Release of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Eritrea of 20 December 1999, UN

delievered in 2002-2003 by the Five-Member UN Commission, presided over by Sir

ving territorial sovereignty and/or mantime delimitation include the 2001

75 This case of pronounced procedural importance comprises: Cameroon v. Nigeria

79 See supra notes 57-58. On UN Guyana/Venezuela mediation, see 24 February 2004

82 The Malaysia/Singapore compromis <www.icj-cij.org> was signed on the day of Judge

Several other disputes, e.g., between Australia/Timor Leste,84 BruneilMalaysia

84 On the ongoing Australiatrimor Leste maritime delimitation negotiations, see 27 August

Member States and China,85 China/Japan (Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands),86 Japan/Republic

85 "Brunei/Malaysia Hopeful of Resolving Oil Issue Soon" of 25 August 2003 <www.bru-

Kuril Islands),87 Canada/USA (Machias Seal Island),88 FranceNanuatu (Matthew and

(PerejillParsley Island)?', have continued to form subject of direct negotiations of the

The important initiative is, moreover, a Conference on Maritime Delimitation in

Two additional UN organizations covered by the Yearbook have dealt conti-

105 On the Programme of Action of the UN Intemational Ministerial Conference of Land-

Footnote 106 continued

Hungary/Slovakia Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project Judgment 114 and the 1999 Difference

UN - Mr. Fred Steenbergerof the United Nations Department, Netherlands

The editors remain grateful to the distinguishedmembersof the Advisory Board

Professor Dr. Barbara Kwiatkowska

Utrecht, 29 October 2004

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