Full Name :Guerroumi Moussa Groupe :G75

Provide a brief discussion of each of the following events:

1. The Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453

2. Black Death 1349
3. Wars of the Roses 1455-1485

ANSWERS
Hundred Years' War (1337-1453): England and France engaged in a bitter
conflict over the French throne, with English victories early on (Crecy,
Poitiers) followed by a French resurgence led by Joan of Arc.
Causes:
1. Dispute over the French throne due to Edward III's claim through his
mother.
2. French nobles' reluctance to accept an English king.
3. Territorial disputes in southwest France (Aquitaine).
Key events:
1. Early English victories at Sluys and Crecy.
2. Devastating impact of the Black Death on both sides.
3. French resurgence under Joan of Arc and expulsion of English from
France.
Consequences:
1. End of English territorial ambitions in continental Europe.
2. Growth of national identity in both England and France.
3. Economic and social disruption from prolonged conflict.
Q2:
Black Death (1349): A devastating plague swept across England, reducing the
population by half and impacting social and economic structures.
Origin and spread:
1. Bubonic plague originating in China, transmitted by fleas on rats.
2. Rapid spread through trade routes across Europe and England.
Impact:
1. Devastating mortality rate, wiping out nearly half of England's
population.
2. Severe labor shortage and disruption of agricultural production.
3. Rise in wages and social unrest due to increased peasant bargaining
power.
Significance:
1. Major turning point in medieval society and economy.
2. Catalyst for social reforms and changes in land ownership.
3. Increase in religious fervor and focus on spiritual matters.
Q3:
Wars of the Roses (1455-1485): Rival houses of Lancaster (red rose) and York
(white rose) clashed for the English throne, culminating in the victory of Henry
Tudor and the end of the Plantagenet dynasty.
Causes:
1. Dynastic rivalry between Lancastrians (red rose) and Yorkists (white
rose) for the English throne.
2. Discontent with weak royal leadership and economic challenges.
3. Legacy of unresolved tensions from the Hundred Years' War.
Key events:
1. Series of battles and political maneuvers between rival factions.
2. Brief Lancastrian restoration under Henry VI followed by Yorkist
victory.
3. Decisive Battle of Bosworth Field and rise of Henry Tudor as Henry
VII.
Consequences:
1. End of the Plantagenet dynasty and rise of the Tudor dynasty.
2. Strengthening of royal authority and central government.
3. Period of relative peace and stability after decades of civil war.