Manuel S.

Enverga University Foundation

College of Business and Accountancy
Lucena City

Chapter 2: Basic Logical Concepts

GEL101 – Business Logic

Prof. Leah Q. Alva
January 2024
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Arguments, Premises, and
Conclusions
Argument – is a connected series of statements or
propositions, some of which are intended to provide
support, justification or evidence for the truth of
another statement or proposition.
• Consists of one or more premises, and a
conclusion.

Premises – are those statements that are taken to

provide the support or evidence;
Conclusion – is that which premises allegedly
support.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Arguments, Premises, and
Conclusions

• The death penalty should be

adopted only if it deters murder.
However, it could only do this if
murderers understood the
consequences of their actions
before acting, and since this is
not so, we must reject adopting
the death penalty.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Arguments, Premises, and
Conclusions
Arguments often contain words such as:
therefore, thus, hence, consequently, so, before
their conclusions.

Similarly, words or expressions such as:

because, inasmuch as, since, for the reason
that, etc., are also found accompanying the
premises of an argument.
Conclusion and Premise GEL101 – Business Logic

Indicators

Common Conclusion
Indicators Premise Indicators
therefore, implies that, because, seeing that, in
wherefore, hence, as much, since, as
entails that, accordingly, indicated by, given that,
whence, we may as, for this reason, for
conclude that, the reason that, for, on
consequently, thus, we the basis of this, in that,
may infer that, it follows owing to, based on the,
that, so it must be the maybe inferred from
case that, as a result
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Conclusion and Premise
Indicators
Ex 1: I chose philosophy to be my course
because I planned of becoming a
lawyer someday.
Ex 2: Because of inequality in the
distribution of wealth in the
Philippines, where wealth is
concentrated in the hands of very few
families, the gains of economic growth
do not trickle down to the masses.
This is a tragic situation for the
Philippines.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Conclusion and Premise
Indicators
Conclusion is stated first.

Conclusion: Science students are most likely to

pass their subjects.
Premise 1: Science students are bright and
diligent students who can produce scholarly
assignments and projects.
Premise 2: They are also well-behaved, being
pre-occupied more with studies than leisure and
idle talks.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Conclusion and Premise
Indicators
Conclusion is sandwiched between
premises .

Premise 1: Anyone familiar with our prison system

knows that there are some inmates who behave little
better than brute beasts.
Conclusion: But the very fact that these prisoners exist
is a telling argument against the efficacy of capital
punishment as a deterrent.
Premise 2: If the death penalty had been truly effective
as a deterrent, such prisoners would long ago have
vanished.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Conclusion and Premise
Indicators
Conclusion is stated last.

Premise 1: All men are rational beings.

Premise 2: While animals, plants, and machines
are not.
Conclusion: It follows that only men can reason
out.
 GEL101 – Business Logic

Types of Arguments
Deductive Arguments – arguments in which
the conclusion is presented as following from
the premises with necessity.

Inductive Arguments – arguments in which the

conclusion is presented as following from the
premises only with probability.
 GEL101 – Business Logic

Types of Arguments
Deductive Arguments
Example:

• All men are mortal.

• Jason John Wilbert is a man.
• Therefore, Jason John Wilbert is mortal.
 GEL101 – Business Logic

Types of Arguments
Inductive Arguments
Example:

• Jason is human and is mortal.

• Wilber is human and is mortal.
• Joebert is human and is mortal.
• Sidney is human and is mortal.
• Therefore, probably all humans are
mortal.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Deductive vs Inductive
Arguments
Deductive argument – all the information
needed to reach the conclusion is contained in
the premises. It is not necessary to go outside
the argument for any additional information.

Inductive argument – the conclusion is not

contained by necessity in the premises given. It
does not give us absolute certainty because the
premises cannot provide absolute support.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Deductive vs Inductive
Arguments
Deductive argument – prove or fail to prove
their conclusions with certainty. They are either
valid or invalid. The validity of the a deductive
argument is determined by its logical form, not
by the content of the argument.

Inductive argument – neither valid or invalid.

Since the conclusion is only probable, they are
said to be good or bad, strong or weak, or
better or worse. It depends on the strength of
the argument.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Truth, Validity, and
Soundness
Truth– is generally considered to be that which
is in accord with a state of affairs. A statement is
true if it is in accord with the facts. Truth is more
concerned with the content of an argument,
rather than with its form.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Truth, Validity, and
Soundness
Validity – refers to the correctness of the
reasoning involved in an argument. A conclusion
has been correctly inferred from the premises in
an argument if the conclusion follows them.

Soundness – if it meets the two criteria: the

conclusion of the argument is valid (the
inference made on the basis of the premises is
valid) and its premises is true. A sound
argument has the right form and it is true.
 GEL101 – Business Logic
Truth, Validity, and
Soundness