Chapter 1 Measurements and Units-3 - Tagged

Chapter1
Physics & Measurements
th th rd
Figures in this presentation are taken from: University Physics by Young and Freedman, 11 Ed, Physics for Scientists and Engineers by Serway, 5 Ed, Physics for Scientists and engineers by Giancoli 3 Ed, and many
websites like physicsclassroom.com and HyperPhysics.com
nd
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2 Semester 2020-2021
College: Science
Department: Physics
Program: B.Sc. in Physics
Course code: PHYCS 101
Course title: General Physics I
Course credits: 4, Lecture Hours: 3, Tutorial Hours: 1, Lab Hours:2
Pre-requisites: None
Lectures Timing & Location: Blackboard
Course web-page: https://blackboard.uob.edu.bh/
Course coordinator:
Course Instructors:
Lab coordinator: To be assigned

Academic year: 2021/2022
Semester: First  Second Summer
Textbook(s): Physics for Scientists and Engineers by Serway and Jewett, 9 th or 10th edition
References:
University Physics by Young and Freedman, 11th Edition
Principles of Physics by Walker, Halliday & Resnick, 10th Edition
Physics for Scientists & Engineers by Giancoli
Other resources used (e.g. e-Learning, field visits, periodicals, software, etc.):
Course description (from the catalog): Units and Measurements; Motion; Brief Review of Vectors; Projectile Motion;
Newton’s Laws of Motion; Work and Energy; Impulse and Momentum; Rotational Dynamics; Equilibrium of a Rigid Body;
Periodic Motion
Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs):
Mapping to PILOs
CILOs a b c d e f g h i j k
Solve problems in kinematics  
Apply Newton's laws of motion  
Apply conservation of energy and solve problems
in dynamics using work-energy theorem
 
Solve problems in rotational kinematics and

dynamics  
Conduct experiments in mechanics, collect and

analyze data  
1. Course assessment:
(Dates and methods of assessment may be changed as per the University Policy)
Details/ Explanation of
Assessment Type Assessment in relation to Number Weight Date(s)
CILOs
Quizzes 1, 2, 3,and 4 At least 5 10% To be announced
Tests 1, 2, 3,and 4 2 30 % To be announced

Laboratory/Practical 5 8 20 % To be announced
30/05/2021
Final 1, 2, 3,and 4 1 40%
11:30 am - 1:30 pm
Total 100%
1. Description of Topics Covered
Topic Title
Description
(e.g. chapter/experiment title)
Stander of length, mass and time; conversion of units; significant figures
Ch1: Physics & Measurements
Position, velocity and speed; acceleration; motion in one dimension with constant
Ch2: Motion in One Dimension
acceleration; free fall; kinematic equation
Coordinate system; vectors and scalar quantities; some properties of vectors;

Ch3: Vectors
components of a vector and unit vectors
The position, velocity, and acceleration vectors ; two dimensional motion with
Ch4: Motion in Two Dimensions acceleration; projectile motion; uniform circular motion; tangential and radial
acceleration; relative velocity and relative acceleration
The concept of force; Newton’s first law3 and inertial frames; mass; Newton’s
Ch5: The Laws of Motion second law; the gravitational force and weight; Newton’s third law; some
application of Newton’s law; forces of friction
Newton’s second law applied to uniform circular motion; nonuniform circular

Ch6: Circular Motion
motion; motion in accelerate frames; motion in the presence of resistive forces
Systems and environments; work done by a constant force; the scalar product of
two vectors; work done by a varying force; kinetic energy and the work kinetic
Ch7: Energy of a System
energy theorem; the non-isolated system- conservation of energy; situations
involving kinetic friction; power; energy
Angular position, velocity, and acceleration; rotational kinematics: rotational
motion with constant angular acceleration; angular and linear quantities;
Ch10: Rotation of a Rigid Object
rotational kinetic energy; circulation of moments of inertia; torque;
About a Fixed Axis
relationship between torque and angular acceleration; work, power, and
energy in rotational motion; rolling motion of a rigid object
The velocity product and the torque; angular momentum; angular momentum of a
Ch11: Angular Momentum
rotating rigid object; conservation of angular momentum
Ch12: Static Equilibrium and

The condition for equilibrium; examples of rigid objects in static equilibrium
Elasticity
1. Course Weekly Breakdown
Teachin
Week Date Topics covered CILOs g Assessment
Method
Ch1: Physics &
1 1 Lecture &Tutorial T1
Measurements
2 Ch2: Motion in One Dimension 1 Lecture &Tutorial Q1 & T1
3 Ch2: Motion in One Dimension 1 Lecture &Tutorial Q1 &T1
4 Ch3: Vectors 1 Lecture &Tutorial Q2 & T1
Ch4: Motion in Two

5 1 Lecture &Tutorial Q3 & T1
Dimensions
Ch4: Motion in Two
Dimensions
7 Ch5: The Laws of Motion 2 Lecture &Tutorial Q4 & T2
8 Ch5: The Laws of Motion 2 Lecture &Tutorial Q4 & T2
Midterm Break
9 Ch6: Circular Motion 2 Lecture &Tutorial Q5 & T2
10 Ch7: Energy of a System 3 Lecture &Tutorial Q6 & T2
11 Ch7: Energy of a System 3 Lecture &Tutorial Q6 &T2
12 Ch8: Conservation of Energy 3 Lecture &Tutorial Q7 &T2
Ch9: Linear Momentum &

Collisions
Ch9: Linear Momentum &
14 3 Lecture &Tutorial Q8
Collisions
15 Ch10: Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis 4 Lecture &Tutorial Q9
1. Workload
Learning Activity Duration Frequency Total in hour
Lectures 1:00 3×14 42
Tutorial 1:00 14 14
Practical/lab 1:40 8 13:20
Midterms 1:00 2 2
quizzes 1:00 5 5
Final Exam 2:00. 1 2
independent study
lab assignment,
Independent Learning 80
quizzes and tests
preparation
Total ~158
nd
Measurements
nd
SI UNITS
International System of Units
Seven Base Quantities

nd
SI UNITS: The Fundamental Quantities
QUANTITY, NAME, SYMBOL
Length: metre [meter] (m)
(the correct English spelling of the unit is "metre", but the variant "meter" is frequently used in the United States)
Mass: kilogram (kg)
Time: second (s)
Electric current: ampere (A)
Thermodynamic temperature: kelvin (K)
Amount of substance : mole (mol)
Luminous intensity: candela (cd)

nd
Quantities Used In Mechanics
• Three base quantities are used:

–Length
–Mass
–Time
• Will also use derived quantities

– These are other quantities can be expressed in terms of these
nd
Derived Quantities In Mechanics
nd
SI Unit of Measure for Length
In 1799  1 meter = 1/ 10,000,000
In 1983  1 meter is the length of
path traveled by a light wave in a
vacuum in a time interval of
1/299,792,458 of a seconds.
1m
nd
SI Unit of Measure for Time
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to
the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133
atom.
Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock:
The primary time and frequency
standard for the USA (NIST)
nd
Example
How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?
Conversion factor
2.5 hr x 60 min = 150 min
1 hr
Canceled
By using dimensional analysis / factor-label method, the UNITS ensure that you have the conversion right side up, and the
UNITS are calculated as well as the numbers!
nd
SI Unit of Measure for Mass
In 1887  The kilogram is the unit of mass - it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the
kilogram.
The international 1 kg
standard of mass, a
platinum–iridium cylinder 3.9
cm in height and in diameter.
This standard is the only one that requires comparison to an artifact for
its validity. A copy of the standard is kept by the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures.
nd
Mass vs. Weight
• Mass: Amount of Matter (grams,
measured with a BALANCE)
Can you hear me now?
• Weight: Force exerted by the
mass, only present with gravity
(Newton, measured with a SCALE)
nd
nd
nd
Converting SI Units
nd
Example
• Convert 75.00 km to m.
1000 m
75.00 km 75.00 km  75000 m
1 km
• Convert 867000 cm to km
1m
867000 cm 867000 cm  8670 m
100 cm
1 km
86700 m 86700 m  86.7 km
1000 m
nd
Example
Convert speed of 15 km/h to m/s.
km 15 km 1000 m 15000 m
15   
h h 1 km h
km 15000 m 1h m
15   4.1666666666
h h 3600 s s
km m m
15 4.1666666666 4.2
h s s
nd
Example
Convert speed of 27.8 m/s to km/h.
m 27.8 m 1 km km 27.8 10  3 km

27.8   0.0278 
s s 1000 m s s
3
m 27.8 10 km 3600 s km
27.8   100.08
s s 1h h
m km km
27.8 100.08 100
s h h
nd
Example
Which one is faster a man runs with speed of 16.2 km/h or a bird flies with speed of 4.50 m/s?
m 4.50 m 1 km km 4.50 10 3 km

4.50   0.00450 
s s 1 000 m s s
m 4.50 10  3 km 3600 s km

4.50   16.200
s s 1h h
m km
 4.50 16.2
s h
nd
Quiz
Converts the following speeds from the given unit to the required one.
• 125.3 m/s = ______ km/hr
• 100 km/hr = ______ m/s
nd
Measurement & Significant Figures
• Every experimental measurement has a
degree of uncertainty.
• The 1’s digit is certain, 17 mL < V < 18mL
• A best guess is needed for the tenths place.
Significant figures in a measurement include the known
digits plus one estimated digit.
nd
Measurement & Significant Figures
Significant figures in a measurement include
the known digits plus one estimated digit.
nd
Significant Figures
Significant figures are the reliable digits in a number or measurement.
Significant figures show the accuracy in measurements.
8.00 cm
? nd
What is the Length?
1 2 3 4 cm
• We can see the markings between 1.6-1.7cm
• We can’t see the markings between the 0.6 - 0.7
• We must guess between 0.6 & 0.7
• We record 1.67 cm as our measurement
• The last digit an 7 was our guess...stop there!
•
Length = 1.67 cm
• Guessed figure Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Learning Check
What is the length of the wooden stick?
1) 4.5 cm
2) 4.54 cm
3) 4.547 cm nd
Significant Figures: RULES
•
1) All nonzero digits are significant
•
e.g. (34  2 sig fig), (11.257  5 sig fig)
•
2) Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
•
e.g. (3004  4 sig fig), (6.0205  5 sig fig)
•
3) In order for zeros at the end of a measurement to be significant, there must be a
decimal point.
•
e.g. (34.000  5 sig fig)
•
4) Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are NOT significant. They are indicating
the placement of the decimal point.
•
e.g. (0.00304  3 sig fig), (058.000  5 sig fig)
nd
Quiz
Measurement # of Significant Figures
1) 1400.0
2) 3.010-8
3) 0.005
4) 6001.30
5) 11232.0
6) 5.08
nd
RULE 5: In carrying out a multiplication or division, the answer cannot have
more significant figures than the one with least number of significant figures.
nd
RULE 6. In carrying out an addition or subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits
after the decimal point than the one with the least decimal numbers.
nd
Rounding Calculations
Rounding: If the left-most digit to be removed is less than 5, do not round up. If the left-most digit to be removed is
greater than or equal to 5, round up.
Examples:
2 2
(6.221 cm)(5.2 cm) = 32.3492 cm = 32 cm
2 2
(6.221 cm)(5.200 cm) = 32.3492 cm = 32.35 cm
NOTE: Do not round until the last calculation has been performed. Rounding at each step introduces more error.
NOTE: Exact numbers (not measured numbers) are indefinitely precise and have indefinite sig figs, thus they do not ever determine the
number of sig figs in a final answer! All metric conversions are exact.
NOTE: If a problem requires both addition/subtraction and multiplication or division then each rule is applied separately.
nd
DENSITY - an important and useful physical property
Density  mass (g)

volume (cm3)
Platinum
Mercury
Aluminum
3 3 3
13.6 g/cm 21.5 g/cm 2.7 g/cm
nd
Quiz
A piece of copper has a mass of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 cm wide, and 0.95 mm thick.
3
Calculate density (g/cm ).
Density  mass (g)

volume (cm3)
nd
nd
Scientific Notation
• is used to write very large or very
small numbers.
• for the width of a human hair of

-6
0.000008 m is written 8 x 10 m.
• of a large number such as 4 500 000 s

6
is written 4.5 x 10 s. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
nd
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation is a way of expressing really big numbers or
really small numbers.
Scientific notation consists of two parts:
• A number between 1 and 10
• A power of 10
m
N10 nd
Quiz
Express these numbers in Scientific Notation: (2 significant figures)
1) 405789
2) 0.003872
3) 3000000000
4) 0.478260
nd
Dimensional Analysis
Are the following equations correct?
2 2
   2a x
f i t  0  2 a x
In order to find wither a given equation correct or not we use dimensional
analysis
Dimensions (like units) can be treated algebraically.
Variable from x m t  = x/t a = /t

Eq.
Dimension L M T L/T L/T2
nd
Example
Checking equations with dimensional analysis:
1 2
x f  xi vi t  at
2
2 2
(L/T )T =L
L (L/T)T=L
• Each term must have same dimension
• Two variables can not be added if dimensions are different
• Multiplying variables is always fine
• Numbers (e.g. ½ or ) are dimensionless
nd
Quiz
Could the following equations be correct?
1) t v 0  2ax
No !
2 2
T = L / T +L / T
2 2
2) v v  2ax
f 0
Yes,
2 2 2 2
(L/T) = (L/T) + L / T
It “could” be.
nd
Units vs. Dimensions
• Dimensions: L, T, M, L/T …
• Units: m, mm, cm, kg, g, mg, s, hr, years …
• When equation is all algebra: Check dimensions
• When numbers are inserted: Check units
• Units and dimensions obey same rules: Never add terms with different units.
• Angles are dimensionless but have units (degrees or radians)
• In physics sin or cos never occur unless  is dimensionless
nd

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Chapter1

Physics & Measurements

websites like physicsclassroom.com and HyperPhysics.com

Lab coordinator: To be assigned

Solve problems in rotational kinematics and

Conduct experiments in mechanics, collect and

Quizzes 1, 2, 3,and 4 At least 5 10% To be announced

Tests 1, 2, 3,and 4 2 30 % To be announced

Coordinate system; vectors and scalar quantities; some properties of vectors;

Newton’s second law applied to uniform circular motion; nonuniform circular

Ch12: Static Equilibrium and

2 Ch2: Motion in One Dimension 1 Lecture &Tutorial Q1 & T1

3 Ch2: Motion in One Dimension 1 Lecture &Tutorial Q1 &T1

4 Ch3: Vectors 1 Lecture &Tutorial Q2 & T1

Ch4: Motion in Two

7 Ch5: The Laws of Motion 2 Lecture &Tutorial Q4 & T2

8 Ch5: The Laws of Motion 2 Lecture &Tutorial Q4 & T2

9 Ch6: Circular Motion 2 Lecture &Tutorial Q5 & T2

10 Ch7: Energy of a System 3 Lecture &Tutorial Q6 & T2

11 Ch7: Energy of a System 3 Lecture &Tutorial Q6 &T2

12 Ch8: Conservation of Energy 3 Lecture &Tutorial Q7 &T2

Ch9: Linear Momentum &

Learning Activity Duration Frequency Total in hour

Lectures 1:00 3×14 42

Practical/lab 1:40 8 13:20

Final Exam 2:00. 1 2

Seven Base Quantities

QUANTITY, NAME, SYMBOL

Length: metre [meter] (m)

Mass: kilogram (kg)

Time: second (s)

Electric current: ampere (A)

Thermodynamic temperature: kelvin (K)

Amount of substance : mole (mol)

Luminous intensity: candela (cd)

• Three base quantities are used:

• Will also use derived quantities

In 1799  1 meter = 1/ 10,000,000

In 1983  1 meter is the length of

path traveled by a light wave in a

vacuum in a time interval of

Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock:

The primary time and frequency

standard for the USA (NIST)

How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

2.5 hr x 60 min = 150 min

UNITS are calculated as well as the numbers!

platinum–iridium cylinder 3.9

cm in height and in diameter.

its validity. A copy of the standard is kept by the International Bureau of

Weights and Measures.

measured with a BALANCE)

Can you hear me now?

• Weight: Force exerted by the

mass, only present with gravity

(Newton, measured with a SCALE)

Convert speed of 15 km/h to m/s.

Convert speed of 27.8 m/s to km/h.

m 27.8 m 1 km km 27.8 10  3 km

m 4.50 m 1 km km 4.50 10 3 km

m 4.50 10  3 km 3600 s km

• 125.3 m/s = ______ km/hr

• 100 km/hr = ______ m/s

• Every experimental measurement has a