 Para-magnetic material: - Na, Al, Ca, O (at STP), CuCl2 (copper chloride)

05. MAGNETISM & MATTER etc.

INTRODUCTION  Ferromagnetic material: - Fe, Co, Ni (4,3,2 up 𝑒 − ) etc.
 Introduction (Magnesia, Chines in Direction)  Different terminology-
 Magnetic induction or Magnetic flux density(B).
Chapter can be divided into- - No. of MFL passing by magnetic substance per unit area.
1. Bar magnet. 2. Magnetic Materials. - SI Unit = Wb /m2, CGS Unit= Gauss;
 Magnetic Intensity or Magnetic field strength (H).
MAGNET & BAR MAGNET - Capacity of magnetising filed to magnetised the substance.
B
 Definition of Magnet (Fe3O4; Iron oxide) - H= − I; Independent from material.
μo
 Pole & pole Strength
- SI unit= Amp/meter (As I); CGS unit= Oersted.
 Fact about Bar magnet-
 Intensity of Magnetisation (I)
1). Mono-pole does not exist: - Always N-S pole & can’t isolate, 2). Directional
- Net magnetic moment per unit volume or pole strength per unit
properties: - Always directed along Magnetic pole of earth, 3). Earth behaves like bar
area.
magnet, 4). like repel & unlike att. 5). Possible to make & Destroy Magnet, 6). Force M m
is strong at pole, 7). Attract ferromagnetic material. - I = = ; SI unit= Amp/meter.
V A
Note- Repulsion is sure test of magnetism.  Magnetic susceptibility (χ𝑚 )
I
- χ𝑚 = = μr -1; It is measure of how easily material get magnetised.
H
THE ELECTROSTATIC ANALOGY - It is unit & Dimension less.
 Coulomb’s law for magnetism, B & V due to Imaginary Mono-pole.  Magnetic Permeability (μ)
 Dipole moment - It is measure of Magnetic lines of force through material.
 Field and Potential at all 3 Positions B
- μ = H;
 Torque & Energy in External Field
 Stable and Unstable equilibrium.  Relative Magnetic Permeability (μ𝑟 )
μ
- μ𝑟 = μm;
o
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES.  Derivation of μr = 1 + χm ;
 Definition 1
 Explanation of Dia-magnetic (T 0), Paramagnetic (χm ∝ T)& Ferromagnetic materials
 Properties- 1. Imaginary, 2. Continuous, 3. Straight or curve, 4. Direction 5. Tangent
1
gives direction, 6. never intersect, 7. Pass through magnetic material, 8. Enter or leave (χm ∝ T−T ).
c
at any angle to material, 9. No of MFL ∝ Q, 10. Line density is propenal to B, 11.  Domain Size- 1mm, it contains about 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 atoms.
Magnet may not follow MFL, 12. Always form closed loop, (non-Conservative field)  Curie’s law
13. Try to contract.  Curie’s temperature.
Bext
 I= C T(K)
NOTE: Why it is non-conservative. (Closed loop, V is undefined, 𝐖𝐃𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐩 ≠ 0)
 Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid.  Types of Ferromagnetic material- Soft and Hard.
 Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole.  Difference among all 3 materials.

MAGNETISM AND GAUSS’S LAW Diamagnetic Material Para-magnetic Ferro magnetic

 Flux & Gauss law 1. Feebly magnetised in opposite Feebly in same Strong in same
direction
MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2. Feebly repelled by magnet Feebly attracted Strongly attracted
 Definition with MFL & Examples: 3. In U-tube it falls in tube It raises in tube No liquid is Ferro
 Dia-magnetic material: - Bi, Cu, Pb, Si, N (at STP), H2 O, NaCl etc. 4. Liquid in pain Liquid in pain No liquid exists.
 5. If B is non-uniform, it attracts Towards stronger Towards stronger
towards weaker field.
6. Freely diamagnetic rod become Become along field. Become along field.
perpendicular to field
1
7. Ind. to temp. χm ∝
1
χm ∝
T T−Tc
8. If Bext = 0, MMnet = 0; MMnet = 0; MMnet ≠ 0;
9. In substance MFL are farther. Closer. Much closer.
10. μr less than unity; μr slightly more than μr much more than
0<μr <1; i.e., μ < μr unity; μr >1; i.e., μ > unity; μr >>1; i.e., μ
μr >> μr
11. χ is small & -ve, i.e., -1< χ < 0 χ is small & +ve χ is large & +ve

KEY POINTS:
 B due to current caring conductor is non- conservative while, Magnetic force
between two magnetic poles is a conservative force.