Introduction to project

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OPERATING SYSTEM :
A program that act as an interface between the user and the computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. An OS
manages computer hardware and software resources and provides a
common service for computer programs. An operating system is set of
programs which control all the computer’s resources and provides an
environment in which a user can develop application programs.

LINUX :
One of the most popular operating systems being utilised on computers and
other devices is Linux. The Linux is open source operating system, or Linux
OS is a freely distributable, cross-platform operating system based on Unix
that can be installed on PCs, laptops, notebooks, mobile and tablet devices,
video laptops, notebooks, mobile and tablet devices, video game consoles,
servers, supercomputers and more..
Today Linux is used by millions of people around the world. Programmers
even can modify the source code and create their own unique version of
Linux operating system.
Linux is available in several distributions and also supports several hardware
platforms, including Intel, PowerPC, DEC Alpha, Sun Sparc, and Motorola.
 History & Basic Features
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Linux is a Unix like operating system created by Linus Torvalds. Linus
Torvalds has wanted to call his invention “Freax” i.e., Free, freak + x as
an allusion to Unix. In this project his partner Mr. A.L.Torvalds did not
think it’s a good name, so after discussion they finally decided named
their project name as “Linux”.

Basic Features :
 Portable − Portability means software can work on different types of
hardware in same way. Linux kernel and application programs
supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
 Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is
community based development project. Multiple teams work in
collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and
it is continuously evolving.
 Multi-User − Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can
access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at
same time.
 Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means
multiple applications can run at same time.
 Shell − Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used
to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do
various types of operations, call application programs. etc.
 Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features
like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/
encryption of data.
 Architecture & Components
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COMPONENTS OF LINUX : Like any operating system, Linux consists

of software, computer programs, documentation, and hardware. The main
components of Linux operating system are: Application, Shell, Kernel, Hardware,
Utilities.
Shell: Shell can be determined as the interface to the kernel, which hides the
internal execution of functions of kernel from the user. Users can just enter the
commend and using the kernel’s function that specific task is performed accordingly.
Kernel: Kernel is the main core component if Linux, it controls the activity of other
hardware components. It visualizes the common hardware resources and provide
each process with necessary virtual resources. It makes the process to wait in the
ready queue and execute in consequently to avoid any kind of conflict.
Hardware Layer: Hardware layer of Linux is the lowest level of operating system
track. It is plays a vital role in managing all the hardware components. It includes
device drivers, kernel functions, memory management, CPU control, and I/O
operations. This layer generalizes hard complexity, by providing an interface for
software by assuring proper functionality of all the components.
System utility: System utilities are the commend line tools that preforms various
tasks provided by user to make system management and administration better.
These utilities enable user to perform different tasks, such as file management,
system monitoring, network configuration, user management etc.

--- Structure of Linux ---

 Comparison with other OS
Linux v/s windows
Sr.No. LINUX
Linux is a open source operating
1 system.
Linux is more efficient in
2 comparison of windows.
There is forward slash is used for
3 Separating the directories.
4 Linux is free of cost.
5 It’s file name case-sensitive.
Linux provides more security than
6 windows.
Linux is widely used in hacking
7 purpose based systems.
Linux file naming convention in
8 case sensitive. Thus, sample and
SAMPLE are 2 different files in
Linux/Unix operating system.
There is forward slash is used for
9 Separating the directories.
10 In linux, monolithic kernel is used.
Linux v/s ios
Sr.No. LINUX
It was developed by Linus
1 Torvalds.
Its target system types are
2 embedded systems, mobile
devices, personal servers,
mainframe and supercomputers.
3 Its kernel type is Monolithic.
It has preferred license of GNU
4 GPLv2 (kernel).
Its update management depends
5 on the distribution.
WINDOWS
While windows are the not the open
source operating system
While windows are less efficient.
While there is back slash is used for
Separating the directories.
While it is costly.
While it’s file name is case-
insensitive.
While it provides less security than
linux.
While windows does not provide
much efficiency in hacking.
In Windows, you cannot have 2 files
with the same name in the same
folder.
While there is back slash is used for
Separating the directories.
While in this, micro kernel is used.
IOS
It was developed by Apple
Incorporation.
Its target system types are
smartphone, music player and
tablet computer.
Its kernel type is Hybrid.
It has the preferred license of
Proprietary, APSL and GNU GPL.
Its update management is Software
Update.
Linux v/s Unix
parameter LINUX Unix
Linux, on the other hand, is
Unix is a proprietary ary
open-source software and can
operating system, meaning that
be used freely without any
it requires a license to use.
Licensing licensing fees.
both have a similar design but both have a similar design but
are less complex than the larger and more complex than
Kernels Unixhold-upthat kernel. the Linux kernel.
Unix is typically found on
On the other hand, Linux is
enterprise-level servers and
widely used on both
workstations and is less
enterprise and personal
commonly used on personal
computers.
Availability computers.
Linux has a large and active
While Unix also has a
community of developers and
community, it is generally
users who contribute to its
smaller and more focused on
Community development and provide
enterprise-level users.
Support: support.
It is an open-source operating It is an operating system which
system which is freely can only be utilized by its
Accessibility accessible to everyone. copywriters.
Threat recognition and
solution is very fast because
Linux is mainly community
Unix clients require longer hold
driven. So, if any Linux client
up time, to get the best possible
poses any sort of threat, a
bug-fixing,and a patch.
team of qualified developers
starts working to resolve this
bug fixing time threat.
It is used everywhere from
It is used on servers,
servers, PCs, smartphones,
workstations, and PCs.
Use Cases tablets to mainframes.
Source Code The source is accessible to The source is not accessible to
Availability the general public. the general public.
Hardware Requirement to Installing Linux
 CPU
 Main Memory
 Optical Drive
 Graphic Card
 Hard Drive
 Sound Card

Software applications for Linux

 OpenOffice: word processing, spreadsheets drawing
 Adobe Acrobat Reader
 Konqueror: The KDE File Manager and Web Browser.
 TV, Video, Radio, and Webcam.

Editors of Linux
These are some editors in Linux –
 Vi/Vm editor
 Gedit editor
 Nano editor
 GNU Emacs editor
 Kate/Kwrite editor
 Lime text editor and many more….
 CLI view of Linux

Desktop view of Linux

 Conclusion
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“when is it best to use Linux and when should some other

operating system be preferred?”
It all depends on the user.
Linux is only for the programmer- based environment not for
the non-programmer because it is difficult to understand.