–

A branch of
mathematics that
deals with the
collection,

organization,
presentation,
analysis, and
interpretation of
data.
BASIC TERMS
Population
Sample Census
COLLECTION
OF DATA

Surveys
Observation
Experiments
Reading
ORGANIZATION
OF DATA

Frequency
Distribution Table
Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
PRESENTATION
OF DATA

Graphs
Line Graph
Pie Graph
Bar Graph
Pictograph
 ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
OF DATA

Measures of Central
Tendency
Mean Mode
Median
 ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
OF DATA

Measures of Variability
Range Mean Deviation
Standard Variance
Deviation
 ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
OF DATA

Measures of Position
Quartile Decile
Percentile
 When can we APPLY…

Measures of central tendency provide information about typical or

average value of data set.
Average value provides a clear picture about the field
under study for guidance and necessary conclusion.
A single value that attempts to describe a set of
data by identifying the central position within that
set of data.
 When can we APPLY…

The MEAN, MEDIAN and MODE are valid

measures of central tendency but under
different conditions, some measures of central
tendency become more appropriate to use than
the others.
When can we APPLY…
 When can we APPLY…

https://www.google.com/s
earch?q=when+can+we+ap
ply+measures+of+variabilit
y&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE
wjot97XqarwAhUZAKYKHa
RdBUQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=when+ca
n+we+apply+measures+of+
variability&gs_lcp=CgNpbW
cQAzoECCMQJzoECAAQQz
oECAAQHlCOwA9YnPQPYJ
z2D2gAcAB4AYAByQSIAfop
kgELMC44LjMuNS4xLjKYA
QCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6L
WltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&e
i=tkCOYOiEOpmAmAWku5
WgBA#imgrc=HU5ZQOwVi
cwg1M&imgdii=f55y_lQAJz
B_UM
 When can we APPLY…

https://www.google.com
/search?q=when+can+we
+apply+measures+of+vari
ability&tbm=isch&ved=2a
hUKEwjot97XqarwAhUZ
AKYKHaRdBUQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=when+c
an+we+apply+measures+
of+variability&gs_lcp=Cg
NpbWcQAzoECCMQJzoE
CAAQQzoECAAQHlCOwA
9YnPQPYJz2D2gAcAB4A
YAByQSIAfopkgELMC44L
jMuNS4xLjKYAQCgAQGq
AQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8AB
AQ&sclient=img&ei=tkCO
YOiEOpmAmAWku5WgB
A#imgrc=q22kMiG_NicZx
M&imgdii=HU5ZQOwVic
wg1M
 When can we APPLY…

https://www.google.com
/search?q=when+can+we
+apply+measures+of+vari
ability&tbm=isch&ved=2a
hUKEwjot97XqarwAhUZ
AKYKHaRdBUQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=when+c
an+we+apply+measures+
of+variability&gs_lcp=Cg
NpbWcQAzoECCMQJzoE
CAAQQzoECAAQHlCOwA
9YnPQPYJz2D2gAcAB4A
YAByQSIAfopkgELMC44L
jMuNS4xLjKYAQCgAQGq
AQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8AB
AQ&sclient=img&ei=tkCO
YOiEOpmAmAWku5WgB
A#imgrc=q22kMiG_NicZx
M
When can we APPLY…
When can we APPLY…
Measures of
Position
(Quartile)
 Score Frequency (f)
Erika’s teacher summarized the 90 – 99 3
achievement test results of her 80 – 89 4
class in the table at the right. If 70 – 79 6
Erika belongs to this class and 60 – 69 11
her scire is 76, does she belong 50 – 59 8
to the upper 25% of her class? 40 – 49 5
30 – 39 3
There are three (3) quartiles in each data,
denoted by 𝑸𝟏 , 𝑸𝟐 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸𝟑 .

𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟑
𝑸𝟏 (First Quartile) is a 𝑸𝟑 (Third Quartile) is a
number such that at 𝑸𝟐 (Second Quartile) is number such that at
most one-fourth or 25% a number such that at most three-fourths or
of the data are smaller most one-half or 50% of 75% of the data are
in value than 𝑸𝟏 , and the data are below and smaller in value than
at most three-fourths or above in value than 𝑸𝟐 . 𝑸𝟑 , and at most one -
75% are larger than fourths or 25% are
𝑸𝟏 . 𝑸𝟐 is larger than 𝑸𝟑 .
obviously the
𝑸𝟏 is sometimes called median. 𝑸𝟑 is sometimes called
the lower quartile. the upper quartile.
• A = {15, 19, 23, 25, 37, 39, 43}
• Find the lower quartile and the upper
quartile.

• B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}

• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.
 • A = {15, 19, 23, 25, 37, 39, 43}
• Find the lower quartile and the upper
quartile.

15 19 23 25 37 39 43
𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟑
 • A = {15, 9, 23, 25, 37, 39, 43}
• Find the lower quartile and the upper
quartile.

15 19 23 25 37 39 43

𝑄1 𝒏+𝟏
𝑄2 𝟐 𝒏+𝟏
𝑄3 𝟑 𝒏+𝟏
𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
 • A = {15, 9, 23, 25, 37, 39, 43}
• Find the lower quartile and the upper
quartile.

15 19 23 25 37 39 43

𝒏+𝟏 The lower

𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉 quartile 𝑸𝟏 ,
𝟒
𝟕+𝟏 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟐𝒏𝒅 which is the
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉
𝟒 observation 2nd
𝟖 observation, is
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉 19.
𝟒
 • A = {15, 9, 23, 25, 37, 39, 43}
• Find the lower quartile and the upper
quartile.

15 19 23 25 37 39 43

𝟑 𝒏+𝟏 The upper

𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 𝟐𝟒 quartile 𝑸𝟑 ,
𝟒 𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉
𝟑 𝟕+𝟏 𝟒 which is the
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟔𝒕𝒉 6th
𝟒
𝑸𝟑 =
𝟑 𝟖
𝒕𝒉 observation observation, is
𝟒 39.
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63
𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟑
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63

𝑄1 𝒏+𝟏
𝑄2 𝟐 𝒏+𝟏
𝑄3 𝟑 𝒏+𝟏
𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63

𝒏+𝟏
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉 It shows that
𝟒 between the 2nd
𝟗+𝟏 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒏𝒅
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉 and 3rd
𝟒 observation observation is our
𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉 lower quartile.
𝟒
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63

𝒏+𝟏
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉
𝟒
𝟗+𝟏 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝟐+𝟑𝟔
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉 𝑸𝟏 = = 𝟑𝟒
𝟒 observation 𝟐
𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉
𝟒
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63

𝒏+𝟏 The lower

𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉 quartile 𝑸𝟏 ,
𝟒
𝟗+𝟏 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒏𝒅 which is the
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒕𝒉
𝟒 observation 2.5nd
𝑸𝟏 =
𝟏𝟎
𝒕𝒉 observation, is
𝟒 34.
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63

𝟑 𝒏+𝟏
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 It shows that
𝟒 between the 7th
𝟑 𝟗+𝟏 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝒕𝒉
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 and 8th
𝟒 observation observation is our
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 upper quartile.
𝟒
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63

𝟑 𝒏+𝟏
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉
𝟒
𝟑 𝟗+𝟏 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝒕𝒉 𝟓𝟒+𝟓𝟕
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 𝑸𝟑 = = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓
𝟒 observation 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉
𝟒
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63

𝟑 𝒏+𝟏
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 The upper
𝟒 quartile 𝑸𝟑 , which
𝟑 𝟗+𝟏 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝒕𝒉
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 is the 7.5th
𝟒 observation observation, is
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒕𝒉 55.5.
𝟒
 • B = {48, 39. 57, 32, 28, 63, 51, 54, 36}
• Find the median, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄3 , and the
interquartile range.

28 32 36 39 48 51 54 57 63

Therefore:
Interquartile range = 𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑𝟒
Interquartile range = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓 − 𝟑𝟒 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓
Interquartile range = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 Interquartile
Range = 21.5
 𝑸𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸𝟑 Interquartile
Median
Range
𝑸𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸𝟑
 𝑋𝐿𝐵
𝑄1

𝑐𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑞1
𝑄1 𝑄1

𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏 𝑖
𝑄1 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 4 𝑖
𝑓𝑞1
 𝑋𝐿𝐵
𝑄3

𝑐𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑞1
𝑄3 𝑄3

3𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏 𝑖
𝑄3 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 4 𝑖
𝑓𝑞3
 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , 𝑄3

Class Interval (f) < 𝒄𝒇

Daily Frequency 134 – 139 10 50
Wages (₱) (f) 128 – 133 9 40
426 – 450 3 122 – 127 8 31
401 – 425 12 116 – 121 1 23
376 – 400 9 110 – 115 𝐵 5 22
351 – 375 𝑨 8 104 – 109
98 – 103
2
9
17
15
326 – 350 5
92 – 97 5 6
301 – 325 3
86 – 91 1 1
N = 40
N = 50
Daily Wages Frequency
< 𝒄𝒇
(₱) (f)
426 – 450 3 40
401 – 425 12 37
376 – 400 9 25
351 – 375 8 16
326 – 350 5 8
301 – 325 3 3
N = 40
 𝑄1
𝑁 40
𝑄1 = = 10 Daily
Frequenc
4 4 Wages < 𝒄𝒇
y (f)
(₱)
426 – 450 3 40
401 – 425 12 37
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 350.5 376 – 400 9 25
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 8 𝑸𝟏 351 – 375 8 16
326 – 350 5 8
𝑓𝑞1 = 8 301 – 325 3 3
𝑖 = 25 N = 40
 𝑄1

𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 350.5 𝑁
−𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 8 𝑄1 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 4
𝑖
𝑓𝑞1 = 8 𝑓𝑞1
40
𝑖 = 25 4
−8
𝑄1 = 350.5 + 25
8
10−8
𝑄1 = 350.5 + 25
8
 𝑄1

𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 350.5 10−8

𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 8 𝑄1 = 350.5 + 25
8
𝑓𝑞1 = 8 2
𝑄1 = 350.5 + 25
𝑖 = 25 8
𝑄1 = 350.5 + 6.25
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟕𝟓
 𝑄2

2𝑁 2 40 80
𝑄2 = = = 20 Daily
4 4 4 Frequenc
Wages < 𝒄𝒇
y (f)
(₱)
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 375.5 426 – 450 3 40
401 – 425 12 37
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 16 𝑸𝟐 376 – 400 9 25
𝑓𝑞2 = 9 351 – 375 8 16
326 – 350 5 8
𝑖 = 25 301 – 325 3 3
N = 40
 𝑄2

𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 375.5
𝑁
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 16 2
−𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑄2 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
𝑓𝑞1 = 9 𝑓𝑞2
40
𝑖 = 25 2
−16
𝑄2 = 375.5 + 25
9
20−16
𝑄2 = 375.5 + 25
9
 𝑄2

𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 375.5
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 16 20−16
𝑄2 = 375.5 + 25
𝑓𝑞1 = 9 9
4
𝑖 = 25 𝑄2 = 375.5 + 25
9
𝑄2 = 375.5 + 11. 11
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟏
 𝑄3

3𝑁 3 40 120
𝑄3 = = = 30 Daily
4 4 4 Frequenc
Wages < 𝒄𝒇
y (f)
(₱)
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 400.5 426 – 450 3 40

𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 25
𝑸𝟑 401 – 425 12 37
376 – 400 9 25
𝑓𝑞3 = 12 351 – 375 8 16
326 – 350 5 8
𝑖 = 25 301 – 325 3 3
N = 40
 𝑄3

𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 400.5 3𝑁
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 25 −𝑐𝑓 𝑏
4
𝑄3 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
𝑓𝑞3 = 12 𝑓𝑞3
3 40
𝑖 = 25 4
−25
𝑄3 = 400.5 + 25
12
120
−25
4
𝑄3 = 400.5 + 25
12
 𝑄3

𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 400.5
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 25 30−25
𝑄3 = 400.5 + 25
𝑓𝑞3 = 12 12
5
𝑖 = 25 𝑄3 = 400.5 + 25
12
𝑄3 = 400.5 + 10.42
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟐
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟐
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟕𝟓
Interquartile Range = 𝑸𝟑 - 𝑸𝟏
Interquartile Range = 𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟐 - 𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟕𝟓
Interquartile Range = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟕
 𝑸𝟑 (Third Quartile) =
𝑸𝟏 (First Quartile) =
₱𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟐.
₱𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟕𝟓. THEREFOR 𝑸𝟐 (Second Quartile) =
THEREFORE at most
E, one-fourth or 25% of ₱𝟑𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟏.
three-fourths or 75% of
the WAGES are smaller in THEREFORE one-half or
the WAGES are smaller in
value than ₱𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟕𝟓, 50% of the WAGES are
value than ₱𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟐.,
and at most three- below and above in value
and at most one -fourths
fourths or 75% are than ₱𝟑𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟏.
or 25% are larger than
larger than ₱𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟕𝟓.
₱𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟐.